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Hong S, Li S, Meng X, Li P, Wang X, Su M, Liu X, Liu L. Bile duct ligation differently regulates protein expressions of organic cation transporters in intestine, liver and kidney of rats through activation of farnesoid X receptor by cholate and bilirubin. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:227-245. [PMID: 36815051 PMCID: PMC9939304 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Body is equipped with organic cation transporters (OCTs). These OCTs mediate drug transport and are also involved in some disease process. We aimed to investigate whether liver failure alters intestinal, hepatic and renal Oct expressions using bile duct ligation (BDL) rats. Pharmacokinetic analysis demonstrates that BDL decreases plasma metformin exposure, associated with decreased intestinal absorption and increased urinary excretion. Western blot shows that BDL significantly downregulates intestinal Oct2 and hepatic Oct1 but upregulates renal and hepatic Oct2. In vitro cell experiments show that chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), bilirubin and farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist GW4064 increase OCT2/Oct2 but decrease OCT1/Oct1, which are remarkably attenuated by glycine-β-muricholic acid and silencing FXR. Significantly lowered intestinal CDCA and increased plasma bilirubin levels contribute to different Octs regulation by BDL, which are confirmed using CDCA-treated and bilirubin-treated rats. A disease-based physiologically based pharmacokinetic model characterizing intestinal, hepatic and renal Octs was successfully developed to predict metformin pharmacokinetics in rats. In conclusion, BDL remarkably downregulates expressions of intestinal Oct2 and hepatic Oct1 protein while upregulates expressions of renal and hepatic Oct2 protein in rats, finally, decreasing plasma exposure and impairing hypoglycemic effects of metformin. BDL differently regulates Oct expressions via Fxr activation by CDCA and bilirubin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijin Hong
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Shuai Li
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Xiaoyan Meng
- Tianjin Institutes of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300301, China
| | - Ping Li
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Xun Wang
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Mengxiang Su
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210098, China,Corresponding author. Tel./fax: +86 25 83271060.
| | - Li Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210098, China,Corresponding author. Tel./fax: +86 25 83271060.
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Kim MC, Lee YJ. Analysis of Time-Dependent Pharmacokinetics Using In Vitro-In Vivo Extrapolation and Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122562. [PMID: 36559055 PMCID: PMC9780873 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
SCR430, a sorafenib derivative, is an investigational drug exhibiting anti-tumor action. This study aimed to have a mechanistic understanding of SCR430's time-dependent pharmacokinetics (TDPK) through an ex vivo study combined with an in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) and physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. A non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis was performed after intravenous SCR430 administration in female Sprague-Dawley rats for a control group (no treatment), a vehicle group (vehicle only, 14 days, PO), and a repeated-dosing group (SCR430, 30 mg/kg/day, 14 days, PO). In addition, hepatic uptake and metabolism modulation were investigated using isolated hepatocytes from each group of rats. The minimal PBPK model based on IVIVE was constructed to explain SCR430's TDPK. Repeated SCR430 administration decreased the systemic exposure by 4.4-fold, which was explained by increased hepatic clearance (4.7-fold). The ex vivo study using isolated hepatocytes from each group suggested that the increased hepatic uptake (9.4-fold), not the metabolic activity, contributes to the increased hepatic clearance. The minimal PBPK modeling based on an ex vivo study could explain the decreased plasma levels after the repeated doses. The current study demonstrates the TDPK after repeated dosing by hepatic uptake induction, not hepatic metabolism, as well as the effectiveness of an ex vivo approach combined with IVIVE and PBPK modeling to investigate the TDPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Chang Kim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemungu, Seoul 02453, Republic of Korea
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joo Lee
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Integrated Drug Development and Natural Products, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence:
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3
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Zhao Y, Wang J, Liu L, Wu Y, Hu Q, Zhao R. Vinegar-baked Radix Bupleuri enhances the liver-targeting effect of rhein on liver injury rats by regulating transporters. J Pharm Pharmacol 2022; 74:1588-1597. [PMID: 36181768 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgac062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore whether the liver-targeting enhancing effect of vinegar-baked Radix Bupleuri (VBRB) on rhein was achieved by affecting transporters, metabolism enzymes as well as hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α/4α (HNF1α/HNF4α) in liver injury. METHODS The effect of VBRB on the efficacy of rhein was performed with the LPS-induced acute liver injury rat model. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were determined and histopathological examination was taken. Drug concentrations in tissues were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The protein expressions of drug transporters, metabolic enzymes and hepatic nuclear factors were determined by Western blotting and ELISA assays. KEY FINDING VBRB improved the liver protecting effect of rhein, which was consistent with its promoting effect on targeted enrichment of rhein in the liver. VBRB or in combination with rhein inhibited P-glycoprotein (Pgp) and multi-resistance related protein 2 (MRP2), while increased organic anion transporting polypeptide 2 (OATP2), which might be the reason why VBRB promoted liver-targeting effect of rhein. CONCLUSION VBRB enhances the liver-protecting effect of rhein by down-regulating Pgp, MRP2, and up-regulating OATP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Zhao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Neihuan Xilu, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jinqiu Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Waihuan Donglu, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lijuan Liu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Neihuan Xilu, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yayun Wu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Neihuan Xilu, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qiaohong Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Waihuan Donglu, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ruizhi Zhao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Neihuan Xilu, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Neihuan Xilu, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
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4
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Nies AT, Schaeffeler E, Schwab M. Hepatic solute carrier transporters and drug therapy: Regulation of expression and impact of genetic variation. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 238:108268. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Brouwer KLR, Evers R, Hayden E, Hu S, Li CY, Meyer Zu Schwabedissen HE, Neuhoff S, Oswald S, Piquette-Miller M, Saran C, Sjöstedt N, Sprowl JA, Stahl SH, Yue W. Regulation of Drug Transport Proteins-From Mechanisms to Clinical Impact: A White Paper on Behalf of the International Transporter Consortium. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2022; 112:461-484. [PMID: 35390174 PMCID: PMC9398928 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Membrane transport proteins are involved in the absorption, disposition, efficacy, and/or toxicity of many drugs. Numerous mechanisms (e.g., nuclear receptors, epigenetic gene regulation, microRNAs, alternative splicing, post‐translational modifications, and trafficking) regulate transport protein levels, localization, and function. Various factors associated with disease, medications, and dietary constituents, for example, may alter the regulation and activity of transport proteins in the intestine, liver, kidneys, brain, lungs, placenta, and other important sites, such as tumor tissue. This white paper reviews key mechanisms and regulatory factors that alter the function of clinically relevant transport proteins involved in drug disposition. Current considerations with in vitro and in vivo models that are used to investigate transporter regulation are discussed, including strengths, limitations, and the inherent challenges in predicting the impact of changes due to regulation of one transporter on compensatory pathways and overall drug disposition. In addition, translation and scaling of in vitro observations to in vivo outcomes are considered. The importance of incorporating altered transporter regulation in modeling and simulation approaches to predict the clinical impact on drug disposition is also discussed. Regulation of transporters is highly complex and, therefore, identification of knowledge gaps will aid in directing future research to expand our understanding of clinically relevant molecular mechanisms of transporter regulation. This information is critical to the development of tools and approaches to improve therapeutic outcomes by predicting more accurately the impact of regulation‐mediated changes in transporter function on drug disposition and response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim L R Brouwer
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Raymond Evers
- Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Johnson & Johnson, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elizabeth Hayden
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Shuiying Hu
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | | | - Stefan Oswald
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Chitra Saran
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Noora Sjöstedt
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jason A Sprowl
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Simone H Stahl
- CVRM Safety, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Wei Yue
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
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6
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Functional Genomic Screening in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Reveals New Roadblocks in Early Pancreatic Endoderm Formation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030582. [PMID: 35159392 PMCID: PMC8834018 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells, with their ability to proliferate indefinitely and to differentiate into virtually all cell types of the human body, provide a novel resource to study human development and to implement relevant disease models. Here, we employed a human pancreatic differentiation platform complemented with an shRNA screen in human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) to identify potential drivers of early endoderm and pancreatic development. Deep sequencing followed by abundancy ranking pinpointed six top hit genes potentially associated with either improved or impaired endodermal differentiation, which were selected for functional validation in CRISPR-Cas9 mediated knockout (KO) lines. Upon endoderm differentiation (DE), particularly the loss of SLC22A1 and DSC2 led to impaired differentiation efficiency into CXCR4/KIT-positive DE cells. qPCR analysis also revealed changes in differentiation markers CXCR4, FOXA2, SOX17, and GATA6. Further differentiation of PSCs to the pancreatic progenitor (PP) stage resulted in a decreased proportion of PDX1/NKX6-1-positive cells in SLC22A1 KO lines, and in DSC2 KO lines when differentiated under specific culture conditions. Taken together, our study reveals novel genes with potential roles in early endodermal development.
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7
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Boyer JL, Soroka CJ. Bile formation and secretion: An update. J Hepatol 2021; 75:190-201. [PMID: 33617926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bile formation is a fundamental physiological process that is vital to the survival of all vertebrates. However, little was known about the mechanisms of this secretion until after World War II. Initial studies involved classic physiologic studies in animal models and humans, which progressed to include studies in isolated cells and membrane vesicles. The advent of molecular biology then led to the identification of specific transport systems that are the determinants of this secretion. Progress in this field was reviewed in the American Physiologic Society's series on "Comprehensive Physiology" in 2013. Herein, we provide an in-depth update of progress since that time.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Lorenzen Boyer
- Department of Medicine and Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
| | - Carol Jean Soroka
- Department of Medicine and Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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8
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Ciarimboli G. Regulation Mechanisms of Expression and Function of Organic Cation Transporter 1. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:607613. [PMID: 33732143 PMCID: PMC7959823 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.607613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) belongs together with OCT2 and OCT3 to the solute carrier family 22 (SLC22). OCTs are involved in the movement of organic cations through the plasma membrane. In humans, OCT1 is mainly expressed in the sinusoidal membrane of hepatocytes, while in rodents, OCT1 is strongly represented also in the basolateral membrane of renal proximal tubule cells. Considering that organic cations of endogenous origin are important neurotransmitters and that those of exogenous origin are important drugs, these transporters have significant physiological and pharmacological implications. Because of the high expression of OCTs in excretory organs, their activity has the potential to significantly impact not only local but also systemic concentration of their substrates. Even though many aspects governing OCT function, interaction with substrates, and pharmacological role have been extensively investigated, less is known about regulation of OCTs. Possible mechanisms of regulation include genetic and epigenetic modifications, rapid regulation processes induced by kinases, regulation caused by protein–protein interaction, and long-term regulation induced by specific metabolic and pathological situations. In this mini-review, the known regulatory processes of OCT1 expression and function obtained from in vitro and in vivo studies are summarized. Further research should be addressed to integrate this knowledge to known aspects of OCT1 physiology and pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliano Ciarimboli
- Experimental Nephrology, Medicine Clinic D, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany
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9
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PPARα-Dependent Modulation by Metformin of the Expression of OCT-2 and MATE-1 in the Kidney of Mice. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25020392. [PMID: 31963528 PMCID: PMC7024194 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25020392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin is the first-line drug for type 2 diabetes mellitus control. It is established that this drug traffics through OCT-2 and MATE-1 transporters in kidney tubular cells and is excreted in its unaltered form in the urine. Hereby, we provide evidence that points towards the metformin-dependent upregulation of OCT-2 and MATE-1 in the kidney via the transcription factor proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα). Treatment of wild type mice with metformin led to the upregulation of the expression of OCT-2 and MATE-1 by 34% and 157%, respectively. An analysis in a kidney tubular cell line revealed that metformin upregulated PPARα and OCT-2 expression by 37% and 299% respectively. MK-886, a PPARα antagonist, abrogated the OCT-2 upregulation by metformin and reduced MATE-1 expression. Conversely, gemfibrozil, an agonist of PPARα, elicited the increase of PPARα, OCT-2, and MATE-1 expression by 115%, 144%, and 376%, respectively. PPARα knockout mice failed to upregulate both the expression of OCT-2 and MATE-1 in the kidney upon metformin treatment, supporting the PPARα-dependent metformin upregulation of the transporters in this organ. Taken together, our data sheds light on the metformin-induced mechanism of transporter modulation in the kidney, via PPARα, and this effect may have implications for drug safety and efficacy.
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10
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Brosseau N, Ramotar D. The human organic cation transporter OCT1 and its role as a target for drug responses. Drug Metab Rev 2019; 51:389-407. [PMID: 31564168 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2019.1670204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The human organic cation uptake transporter OCT1, encoded by the SLC22A1 gene, is highly expressed in the liver and reported to possess a broad substrate specificity. OCT1 operates by facilitated diffusion and allows the entry of nutrients into cells. Recent findings revealed that OCT1 can mediate the uptake of drugs for treating various diseases such as cancers. The levels of OCT1 expression correlate with the responses towards many drugs and functionally defective OCT1 lead to drug resistance. It has been recently proposed that OCT1 should be amongst the crucial drug targets used for pharmacogenomic analyses. Several single nucleotide polymorphisms exist and are distributed across the entire OCT1 gene. While there are differences in the OCT1 gene polymorphisms between populations, there are at least five variants that warrant consideration in any genetic screen. To date, and despite two decades of research into OCT1 functional role, it still remains uncertain what are the define substrates for this uptake transporter, although studies from mice revealed that one of the substrates is vitamin B1. It is also unclear how OCT1 recognizes a broad array of ligands and whether this involves specific modifications and interactions with other proteins. In this review, we highlight the current findings related to OCT1 with the aim of propelling further studies on this key uptake transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Brosseau
- Department of Medicine, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Dindial Ramotar
- Department of Medicine, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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11
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Li J, Yang Z, Tuo B. Role of OCT1 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:6013-6022. [PMID: 31413596 PMCID: PMC6662865 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s212088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers causing death worldwide. It is difficult to detect at an early stage and most patients with advanced HCC rarely achieve satisfying therapeutic results. Accordingly, researchers have been trying to find new biomarkers for diagnosis and new methods of treatment. OCT1, a member of solute carrier super family, is highly expressed in normal liver tissues, and predominantly transports endogenous and exogenous substances, such as metabolites, drugs and toxins to hepatocytes. Studies have demonstrated that the expression of OCT1 is related to the progression and survival of HCC patients. Furthermore, sorafenib, which is regarded as the only effective molecular targeting drug for advanced HCC, is affected by OCT1 variants. In the current review, we summarized the reports about OCT1 and HCC in order to present a comprehensive overview of the relationship between OCT1 and HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingguo Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengyi Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Bijie First People's Hospital, Bijie, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Biguang Tuo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People's Republic of China
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12
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Green CJ, Marjot T, Tomlinson JW, Hodson L. Of mice and men: Is there a future for metformin in the treatment of hepatic steatosis? Diabetes Obes Metab 2019; 21:749-760. [PMID: 30456918 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses a spectrum of liver diseases, of which the first stage is steatosis. It is one of the most common liver diseases in developed countries and there is a clear association between type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and NAFLD. It is estimated that 70% of people with T2DM have NAFLD and yet there is currently no licensed pharmacological agent to treat it. Whilst lifestyle modification may ameliorate liver fat, it is often difficult to achieve or sustain; thus, there is great interest in pharmacological treatments for NAFLD. Metformin is the first-line medication in the management of T2DM and evidence from animal and human studies has suggested that it may be useful in reducing liver fat via inhibition of lipogenesis and increased fatty acid oxidation. Findings from the majority of studies undertaken in rodent models clearly suggest that metformin may be a powerful therapeutic agent specifically to reduce liver fat accumulation; data from human studies are less convincing. In the present review we discuss the evidence for the specific effects of metformin treatment on liver fat accumulation in animal and human studies, as well as the underlying proposed mechanisms, to try and understand and reconcile the difference in findings between rodent and human work in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte J Green
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Thomas Marjot
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Jeremy W Tomlinson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Leanne Hodson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
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13
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Ferretti AC, Hidalgo F, Tonucci FM, Almada E, Pariani A, Larocca MC, Favre C. Metformin and glucose starvation decrease the migratory ability of hepatocellular carcinoma cells: targeting AMPK activation to control migration. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2815. [PMID: 30809021 PMCID: PMC6391381 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39556-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly metastatic cancer with very poor prognosis. AMP activated kinase (AMPK) constitutes a candidate to inhibit HCC progression. First, AMPK is downregulated in HCC. Second, glucose starvation induces apoptosis in HCC cells via AMPK. Correspondingly, metformin activates AMPK and inhibits HCC cell proliferation. Nevertheless, the effect of AMPK activation on HCC cell invasiveness remains elusive. Here, migration/invasion was studied in HCC cells exposed to metformin and glucose starvation. Cell viability, proliferation and differentiation, as well as AMPK and PKA activation were analyzed. In addition, invasiveness in mutants of the AMPKα activation loop was assessed. Metformin decreased cell migration, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and interference with AMPKα expression avoided metformin actions. Those antitumor effects were potentiated by glucose deprivation. Metformin activated AMPK at the same time that inhibited PKA, and both effects were enhanced by glucose starvation. Given that AMPKα(S173) phosphorylation by PKA decreases AMPK activation, we hypothesized that the reduction of PKA inhibitory effect by metformin could explain the increased antitumor effects observed. Supporting this, in AMPK activating conditions, cell migration/invasion was further impaired in AMPKα(S173C) mutant cells. Metformin emerges as a strong inhibitor of migration/invasion in HCC cells, and glucose restriction potentiates this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabela C Ferretti
- Institute of Experimental Physiology, CONICET, School of Biochemical Sciences, University of Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Florencia Hidalgo
- Institute of Experimental Physiology, CONICET, School of Biochemical Sciences, University of Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Facundo M Tonucci
- Institute of Experimental Physiology, CONICET, School of Biochemical Sciences, University of Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Evangelina Almada
- Institute of Experimental Physiology, CONICET, School of Biochemical Sciences, University of Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Pariani
- Institute of Experimental Physiology, CONICET, School of Biochemical Sciences, University of Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - María C Larocca
- Institute of Experimental Physiology, CONICET, School of Biochemical Sciences, University of Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Cristián Favre
- Institute of Experimental Physiology, CONICET, School of Biochemical Sciences, University of Rosario, Rosario, Argentina.
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Al-Abdulla R, Lozano E, Macias RIR, Monte MJ, Briz O, O'Rourke CJ, Serrano MA, Banales JM, Avila MA, Martinez-Chantar ML, Geier A, Andersen JB, Marin JJG. Epigenetic events involved in organic cation transporter 1-dependent impaired response of hepatocellular carcinoma to sorafenib. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:787-800. [PMID: 30592786 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The expression of the human organic cation transporter-1 (hOCT1, gene SLC22A1) is reduced in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The molecular bases of this reduction and its relationship with the poor response of HCC to sorafenib were investigated. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH HCC transcriptomes from 366 samples available at TCGA were analysed. Alternative splicing was determined by RT-PCR. The role of miRNAs in SLC22A1 downregulation was investigated. Expression of Oct1 was measured in rodent HCC models (spontaneously generated in Fxr-/- mice and chemically-induced in rats). hOCT1 was overexpressed in human hepatoma cells (HuH7 and HepG2). Sorafenib and regorafenib uptake was determined by HPLC-MS/MS. KEY RESULTS hOCT1 overexpression enhanced sorafenib, but not regorafenib, quinine-inhibitable uptake by hepatoma cells. In rodent HCC, Oct1 was downregulated, which was accompanied by impaired sorafenib uptake. In mice with s.c.-implanted HCC, sorafenib inhibited the growth of hOCT1 overexpressing tumours. In human HCC, hOCT1 expression was inversely correlated with SLC22A1 promoter methylation, whereas demethylation with decitabine enhanced hOCT1 expression in hepatoma cells. Increased proportion of aberrant hOCT1 mRNA variants was found in HCC samples. In silico analysis identified six miRNAs as candidates to target hOCT1 mRNA. When overexpressed in HepG2 cells a significant hOCT1 mRNA decay was induced by hsa-miR-330 and hsa-miR-1468. Analysis of 39 paired tumour/adjacent samples from TCGA revealed that hsa-mir-330 was consistently upregulated in HCC. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Impaired hOCT1 expression/function in HCC, in part due to epigenetic modifications, plays an important role in the poor pharmacological response of this cancer to sorafenib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruba Al-Abdulla
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Elisa Lozano
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocio I R Macias
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria J Monte
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar Briz
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Colm J O'Rourke
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Department of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria A Serrano
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesus M Banales
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology. Biodonostia Biomedical Research Institute, San Sebastian University Hospital. Basque Country University, San Sebastian, Spain.,National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Matias A Avila
- Hepatology Programme, Centre for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), IDISNA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria L Martinez-Chantar
- Department of Metabolomics, CIC bioGUNE, Derio, Vizcaya, Spain.,National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andreas Geier
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, Würzburg University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jesper B Andersen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Department of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jose J G Marin
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
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15
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Bokelmann K, Brockmöller J, Tzvetkov MV. Impact of Promoter Polymorphisms on the Transcriptional Regulation of the Organic Cation Transporter OCT1 (SLC22A1). J Pers Med 2018; 8:jpm8040042. [PMID: 30544975 PMCID: PMC6313513 DOI: 10.3390/jpm8040042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1, SLC22A1) is strongly expressed in the human liver and facilitates the hepatic uptake of drugs such as morphine, metformin, tropisetron, sumatriptan and fenoterol and of endogenous substances such as thiamine. OCT1 expression is inter-individually highly variable. Here, we analyzed SNPs in the OCT1 promoter concerning their potential contribution to the variability in OCT1 expression. Using electrophoretic mobility shift and luciferase reporter gene assays in HepG2, Hep3B, and Huh7 cell lines, we identified the SNPs −1795G>A (rs6935207) and −201C>G (rs58812592) as having effects on transcription factor binding and/or promoter activity. The A-allele of the −1795G>A SNP showed allele-specific binding of the transcription factor NF-Y leading to 2.5-fold increased enhancer activity of the artificial SV40 promoter. However, the −1795G>A SNP showed no significant effects on the native OCT1 promoter activity. Furthermore, the −1795G>A SNP was not associated with the pharmacokinetics of metformin, fenoterol, sumatriptan and proguanil in healthy individuals or tropisetron efficacy in patients undergoing chemotherapy. Allele-dependent differences in USF1/2 binding and nearly total loss in OCT1 promoter activity were detected for the G-allele of −201C>G, but the SNP is apparently very rare. In conclusion, common OCT1 promoter SNPs have only minor effects on OCT1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Bokelmann
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Brockmöller
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Mladen V Tzvetkov
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany.
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16
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Ferrigno A, Di Pasqua LG, Berardo C, Siciliano V, Rizzo V, Adorini L, Richelmi P, Vairetti M. The farnesoid X receptor agonist obeticholic acid upregulates biliary excretion of asymmetric dimethylarginine via MATE-1 during hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191430. [PMID: 29346429 PMCID: PMC5773219 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We previously showed that increased asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) biliary excretion occurs during hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), prompting us to study the effects of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist obeticholic acid (OCA) on bile, serum and tissue levels of ADMA after I/R. Material and methods Male Wistar rats were orally administered 10mg/kg/day of OCA or vehicle for 5 days and were subjected to 60 min partial hepatic ischemia or sham-operated. After a 60 min reperfusion, serum, tissue and bile ADMA levels, liver mRNA and protein expression of ADMA transporters (CAT-1, CAT-2A, CAT-2B, OCT-1, MATE-1), and enzymes involved in ADMA synthesis (protein-arginine-N-methyltransferase-1, PRMT-1) and metabolism (dimethylarginine-dimethylaminohydrolase-1, DDAH-1) were measured. Results OCA administration induced a further increase in biliary ADMA levels both in sham and I/R groups, with no significant changes in hepatic ADMA content. A reduction in CAT-1, CAT-2A or CAT-2B transcripts was found in OCA-treated sham-operated rats compared with vehicle. Conversely, OCA administration did not change CAT-1, CAT-2A or CAT-2B expression, already reduced by I/R. However, a marked decrease in OCT-1 and increase in MATE-1 expression was observed. A similar trend occurred with protein expression. Conclusion The reduced mRNA expression of hepatic CAT transporters suggests that the increase in serum ADMA levels is probably due to decreased liver uptake of ADMA from the systemic circulation. Conversely, the mechanism involved in further increasing biliary ADMA levels in sham and I/R groups treated with OCA appears to be MATE-1-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ferrigno
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Clarissa Berardo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Veronica Siciliano
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Vittoria Rizzo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, IRCCS San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Luciano Adorini
- Intercept Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Plinio Richelmi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mariapia Vairetti
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- * E-mail:
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17
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Vollmar J, Lautem A, Closs E, Schuppan D, Kim YO, Grimm D, Marquardt JU, Fuchs P, Straub BK, Schad A, Gründemann D, Schattenberg JM, Gehrke N, Wörns MA, Baumgart J, Galle PR, Zimmermann T. Loss of organic cation transporter 3 (Oct3) leads to enhanced proliferation and hepatocarcinogenesis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:115667-115680. [PMID: 29383190 PMCID: PMC5777802 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Organic cation transporters (OCT) are responsible for the uptake of a broad spectrum of endogenous and exogenous substrates. Downregulation of OCT is frequently observed in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and is associated with a poor outcome. The aim of our current study was to elucidate the impact of OCT3 on hepatocarcinogenesis. Methods Transcriptional and functional loss of OCT was investigated in primary murine hepatocytes, derived from Oct3-knockout (Oct3−/−; FVB.Slc22a3tm1Dpb) and wildtype (WT) mice. Liver tumors were induced in Oct3−/− and WT mice with Diethylnitrosamine and Phenobarbital over 10 months and characterized macroscopically and microscopically. Key survival pathways were investigated by Western Blot analysis. Results Loss of Oct3−/− in primary hepatocytes resulted in significantly reduced OCT activity determined by [3H]MPP+ uptake in vivo. Furthermore, tumor size and quantity were markedly enhanced in Oct3−/− mice (p<0.0001). Oct3−/− tumors showed significant higher proliferation (p<0.0001). Ki-67 and Cyclin D expression were significantly increased in primary Oct3−/− hepatocytes after treatment with the OCT inhibitors quinine or verapamil (p<0.05). Functional inhibition of OCT by quinine resulted in an activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (Jnk), especially in Oct3−/− hepatocytes. Conclusion Loss of Oct3 leads to enhanced proliferation and hepatocarcinogenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Vollmar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anja Lautem
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Transplantation Surgery, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ellen Closs
- Department of Pharmacology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology, Fibrosis and Metabolism Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yong Ook Kim
- Institute of Translational Immunology, Fibrosis and Metabolism Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniel Grimm
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jens U Marquardt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter Fuchs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Beate K Straub
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Arno Schad
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dirk Gründemann
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cologne, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jörn M Schattenberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nadine Gehrke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marcus A Wörns
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jan Baumgart
- Translational Animal Research Center (TARC), Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter R Galle
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tim Zimmermann
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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18
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Park JE, Ryoo G, Lee W. Alternative Splicing: Expanding Diversity in Major ABC and SLC Drug Transporters. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 19:1643-1655. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0150-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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