1
|
Hammid A, Honkakoski P. Ocular Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes: Focus on Esterases. Drug Metab Rev 2024:1-23. [PMID: 38888291 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2024.2368247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Anam Hammid
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonrinne3, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Paavo Honkakoski
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonrinne3, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang R, Li Y, Gao S, Zhang Y, He Z, Ji J, Yang X, Ye L, Zhao L, Liu A, Zhai G. An active transport dual adaptive nanocarrier designed to overcome the corneal microenvironment for neovascularization therapy. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:361-374. [PMID: 37982147 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01349a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
The eyes have a complicated microenvironment with many clearance mechanisms, making it challenging for effective drug delivery to the targeted areas of the eyes. Substrate transport mediated by active transporters is an important way to change drug metabolism in the ocular microenvironment. We designed multifunctional, dual-adaptive nanomicelles (GSCQ@NTB) which could overcome multiple physiological barriers by acting on both the efflux transporter and influx transporter to achieve deep delivery of the P-gp substrate in the cornea. Specifically, an effective "triple" antiangiogenic agent, nintedanib (NTB), was loaded into the biocompatible micelles. The expression of the efflux transporter was reversed by grafting quercetin. The peptide (glycylsarcosine, GS) was modified to target the influx transporter "Peptide Transporter-1" (PepT-1). Quercetin (QRT) and nintedanib (NTB) were transported to the cornea cooperatively, achieving long retention on the ocular surface and high compatibility. In a New Zealand rabbit model, within 8 hours after local administration, GSCQ@NTB was enriched in corneal stromal neovascularization and effectively inhibited the progress of neovascularization. Its effectiveness is slightly better than that in the first-line clinical application of steroids. In this study, we introduce the preparation of a dual adaptive nano-micelle system, which may provide an effective non-invasive treatment for corneal neovascularization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Xilu, Jinan 250012, P.R. China.
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, P.R. China.
- Department of Pharmacy, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University (Qingdao), No. 758 Hefei Road, Qingdao, 266035, P.R. China
| | - Yingying Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, P.R. China.
| | - Shan Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, P.R. China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, P.R. China.
| | - Zhijing He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, P.R. China.
| | - Jianbo Ji
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, P.R. China.
| | - Xiaoye Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, P.R. China.
| | - Lei Ye
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, P.R. China.
| | - Lixia Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Xilu, Jinan 250012, P.R. China.
| | - Anchang Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Xilu, Jinan 250012, P.R. China.
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, P.R. China.
- Department of Pharmacy, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University (Qingdao), No. 758 Hefei Road, Qingdao, 266035, P.R. China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xilu, Jinan 250012, P.R. China
| | - Guangxi Zhai
- Department of Pharmacy, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Xilu, Jinan 250012, P.R. China.
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, P.R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang W, Deng M, Li M, Liu L, Zou J, Qian Y. Exploring Corneal Neovascularization: An Integrated Approach Using Transcriptomics and Proteomics in an Alkali Burn Mouse Model. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:21. [PMID: 38190126 PMCID: PMC10777872 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.1.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Corneal neovascularization (CNV) impairs corneal transparency and visual acuity. The study aims to deepen our understanding of the molecules involved in CNV induced by alkali burns, facilitate a better grasp of CNV mechanisms, and uncover potential therapeutic targets. Methods Eighty-four mice were selected for establishing CNV models via alkali burns. On days 3, 7, and 14 after the burns, corneal observations and histological investigations were conducted. An integrated analysis of RNA sequencing (RNA-seq)-based transcriptomics and label-free quantitative proteomics was performed in both normal and burned corneas. Bioinformatics approaches, encompassing Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis, were applied to discern differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and crucial signaling pathways. Four potentially CNV-related genes were validated using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blot. Results Significant CNV was observed on the seventh day. Forty-one genes were differentially expressed in neovascularized corneas, with 15 upregulated and 26 downregulated at both mRNA and protein levels. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that these DEGs participated in diverse biological processes, encompassing retinol and retinoic acid metabolism, neutrophil chemotaxis, and actin filament assembly, along with significant enrichment pathways like cytochrome P450, tyrosine, and phenylalanine metabolism. The upregulation of lymphocyte cytosolic protein 1 (LCP1) and cysteine and glycine-rich protein 2 (CSRP2) genes and the downregulation of transglutaminase 2 (TGM2) and transforming growth factor-beta-induced (TGFBI) genes were confirmed. Conclusions We analyzed gene expression differences in mouse corneas 7 days after alkali burns, finding 41 genes with altered expression. The exact role of these genes in CNV is not fully understood, but exploring angiogenesis-related molecules offers potential for CNV treatment or prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Manli Deng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiyong Qian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kunikane E, Orii Y, Inoue A, Inatani M. Patient Factors Influencing Intraocular Penetration of Brimonidine-Related Eye Drops in Adults: A Post Hoc Pooled Analysis. Ophthalmol Ther 2023; 12:3083-3098. [PMID: 37676633 PMCID: PMC10640521 DOI: 10.1007/s40123-023-00794-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The factors related to the ocular penetration of drugs after the administration of eye drops in humans have not been examined in detail. Therefore, this study assessed the influence of patient factors on the intraocular penetration of eye drops. METHODS A pooled analysis was performed on the data of 42 participants from three studies to evaluate the ocular pharmacokinetics in humans after the topical application of brimonidine-related eye drops. The patients were scheduled for vitrectomy and received brimonidine-related eye drops (0.1% brimonidine tartrate ophthalmic solution, 0.1% brimonidine tartrate and 0.5% timolol fixed-combination ophthalmic solution, or 0.1% brimonidine tartrate and 1% brinzolamide fixed-combination suspension) twice daily for 1 week. We analyzed the effects of patient factors (sex, the presence or absence of lens, age, corneal thickness, corneal endothelial cell density, tear secretion, eye axial length, height, weight and body mass index [BMI]) on brimonidine, timolol and brinzolamide concentrations in the aqueous and vitreous humor after topical application. RESULTS The drug concentrations in the aqueous and vitreous humor were not significantly different, regardless of sex or the presence or absence of lens. Age correlated positively with brimonidine (r = 0.3948, p = 0.012) and brinzolamide (r = 0.6809, p = 0.030) concentrations in the aqueous humor; the correlation with timolol showed a trend towards significance (r = 0.6425, p = 0.086). Corneal thickness, corneal endothelial cell density, tear secretion, eye axial length, height and BMI did not correlate with the drug concentrations in the aqueous or vitreous humor. Timolol concentration in the vitreous humor was negatively correlated with weight (r = - 0.8333, p = 0.010). CONCLUSION The findings of this study emphasize the necessity of considering individual differences in ocular pharmacokinetics during drug therapy (formulation design of the eye drops and dose regimen).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yusuke Orii
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Akiko Inoue
- Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaru Inatani
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sanap SN, Kedar A, Bisen AC, Agrawal S, Bhatta RS. A recent update on therapeutic potential of vesicular system against fungal keratitis. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
6
|
Soni PK, Saini TR. Formulation design and optimization of cationic-charged liposomes of brimonidine tartrate for effective ocular drug delivery by Design of Experiment (DoE) approach. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2022; 47:1847-1866. [PMID: 35484943 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2022.2070198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study was aimed to design and optimize brimonidine tartrate (BRT) loaded cationic-charged liposome formulation with enhanced trans-corneal drug permeation, prolonged corneal residence, and sustained drug release for effective ocular delivery. METHODS Design of experiment (DoE) based formulation optimization was done by 3-factor, 3-level Box-Behnken design selecting lipid, cholesterol, and drug content as independent variables and particle size (PS), PDI, zeta potential (ZP), entrapment efficiency (EE%), and cumulative % drug release (CDR) as response variables. The optimized formulation consisting of 79.2 mM lipid, 36.2 mM cholesterol, and 15.8 mg/ml drug was prepared by thin film hydration-sonication method using EPCS:DOTAP(1:1) as lipid component and characterized for all desired critical quality attributes (CQAs), drug release kinetics, TEM, DSC, XRD analysis, ex-vivo trans-corneal drug permeation, and physical stability studies. RESULTS The optimized liposome formulation exhibited experimentally observed responses close to predicted values having 150.4 nm (PS), 0.203 (PDI), 30.62 mV (ZP), and 55.17% (EE). The observed CDR(%) was 36.15% at 1h and 91.13% at 12h exhibiting sustained drug release profile and followed Higuchi drug release kinetics. The TEM, DSC, and XRD studies revealed spherical, nanosized, small unilamellar vesicles effectively entrapping BRT in liposomes. The ex-vivo permeation study across goat cornea recorded apparent permeability (Papp) 1.011 ± 0.07 cm.min-1 and steady-state flux (Jss) 17.63 ± 1.22 µg.cm-2.min-1 showing >2 fold enhanced drug permeation as compared to BRT solution. CONCLUSION The developed liposomal formulation possessed all recommended CQAs in optimal range with enhanced trans-corneal drug permeation and remained physically stable in 3 months stability study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prakash K Soni
- Nanotechnology Research Lab, Department of Pharmacy, Shri G. S. Institute of Technology and Science, 23- Park Road, Indore - 452003 (M.P.), India
| | - T R Saini
- Nanotechnology Research Lab, Department of Pharmacy, Shri G. S. Institute of Technology and Science, 23- Park Road, Indore - 452003 (M.P.), India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Del Amo EM, Hammid A, Tausch M, Toropainen E, Sadeghi A, Valtari A, Puranen J, Reinisalo M, Ruponen M, Urtti A, Sauer A, Honkakoski P. Ocular metabolism and distribution of drugs in the rabbit eye: Quantitative assessment after intracameral and intravitreal administrations. Int J Pharm 2021; 613:121361. [PMID: 34896561 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Quantitation of ocular drug metabolism is important, but only sparse data is currently available. Herein, the pharmacokinetics of four drugs, substrates of metabolizing enzymes, was investigated in albino rabbit eyes after intracameral and intravitreal administrations. Acetaminophen, brimonidine, cefuroxime axetil, and sunitinib and their corresponding metabolites were quantitated in the cornea, iris-ciliary body, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor, and neural retina with LC-MS/MS analytics. Non-compartmental analysis was employed to estimate the pharmacokinetic parameters of the parent drugs and metabolites. The area under the curve (AUC) values of metabolites were 12-70 times lower than the AUC values of the parent drugs in the tissues with the highest enzymatic activity. The ester prodrug cefuroxime axetil was an exception because it was efficiently and quantitatively converted to cefuroxime in the ocular tissues. In contrast to the liver, sulfotransferases, aldehyde oxidase, and cytochrome P450 3A activities were low in the eye and they had negligible impact on ocular drug clearance. With the exception of esterase substrates, metabolism seems to be a minor player in ocular pharmacokinetics. However, metabolites might contribute to ocular toxicity, and drug metabolism in various eye tissues should be investigated and understood thoroughly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Del Amo
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics, Yliopistonranta 1, 70210 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Anam Hammid
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics, Yliopistonranta 1, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Elisa Toropainen
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics, Yliopistonranta 1, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Amir Sadeghi
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics, Yliopistonranta 1, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Annika Valtari
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics, Yliopistonranta 1, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jooseppi Puranen
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics, Yliopistonranta 1, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mika Reinisalo
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics, Yliopistonranta 1, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marika Ruponen
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics, Yliopistonranta 1, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Arto Urtti
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics, Yliopistonranta 1, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; University of Helsinki, Faculty of Pharmacy, Drug Research Program, Yliopistonkatu 3, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Saint-Petersburg State University, Institute of Chemistry, Universitetskiy Prospekt, 26, Petergoff 198504, Russian Federation
| | - Achim Sauer
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach, Germany
| | - Paavo Honkakoski
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics, Yliopistonranta 1, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cellulosic Polymers for Enhancing Drug Bioavailability in Ocular Drug Delivery Systems. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14111201. [PMID: 34832983 PMCID: PMC8621906 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major impediments to drug development is low aqueous solubility and thus poor bioavailability, which leads to insufficient clinical utility. Around 70–80% of drugs in the discovery pipeline are suffering from poor aqueous solubility and poor bioavailability, which is a major challenge when one has to develop an ocular drug delivery system. The outer lipid layer, pre-corneal, dynamic, and static ocular barriers limit drug availability to the targeted ocular tissues. Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) class II drugs with adequate permeability and limited or no aqueous solubility have been extensively studied for various polymer-based solubility enhancement approaches. The hydrophilic nature of cellulosic polymers and their tunable properties make them the polymers of choice in various solubility-enhancement techniques. This review focuses on various cellulose derivatives, specifically, their role, current status and novel modified cellulosic polymers for enhancing the bioavailability of BCS class II drugs in ocular drug delivery systems.
Collapse
|
9
|
Balhara A, Basit A, Argikar UA, Dumouchel JL, Singh S, Prasad B. Comparative Proteomics Analysis of the Postmitochondrial Supernatant Fraction of Human Lens-Free Whole Eye and Liver. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 49:592-600. [PMID: 33952609 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing incidence of ocular diseases has accelerated research into therapeutic interventions needed for the eye. Ocular enzymes play important roles in the metabolism of drugs and endobiotics. Various ocular drugs are designed as prodrugs that are activated by ocular enzymes. Moreover, ocular enzymes have been implicated in the bioactivation of drugs to their toxic metabolites. The key purpose of this study was to compare global proteomes of the pooled samples of the eye (n = 11) and the liver (n = 50) with a detailed analysis of the abundance of enzymes involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics and endobiotics. We used the postmitochondrial supernatant fraction (S9 fraction) of the lens-free whole eye homogenate as a model to allow accurate comparison with the liver S9 fraction. A total of 269 proteins (including 23 metabolic enzymes) were detected exclusively in the pooled eye S9 against 648 proteins in the liver S9 (including 174 metabolic enzymes), whereas 424 proteins (including 94 metabolic enzymes) were detected in both the organs. The major hepatic cytochrome P450 and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases enzymes were not detected, but aldehyde dehydrogenases and glutathione transferases were the predominant proteins in the eye. The comparative qualitative and quantitative proteomics data in the eye versus liver is expected to help in explaining differential metabolic and physiologic activities in the eye. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Information on the enzymes involved in xenobiotic and endobiotic metabolism in the human eye in relation to the liver is scarcely available. The study employed global proteomic analysis to compare the proteomes of the lens-free whole eye and the liver with a detailed analysis of the enzymes involved in xenobiotic and endobiotic metabolism. These data will help in better understanding of the ocular metabolism and activation of drugs and endobiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Balhara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, India (An.B., S.S.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (Ab.B., B.P.); Biotransformation Group, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts (U.A.A.); and Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (J.L.D.)
| | - Abdul Basit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, India (An.B., S.S.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (Ab.B., B.P.); Biotransformation Group, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts (U.A.A.); and Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (J.L.D.)
| | - Upendra A Argikar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, India (An.B., S.S.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (Ab.B., B.P.); Biotransformation Group, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts (U.A.A.); and Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (J.L.D.)
| | - Jennifer L Dumouchel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, India (An.B., S.S.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (Ab.B., B.P.); Biotransformation Group, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts (U.A.A.); and Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (J.L.D.)
| | - Saranjit Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, India (An.B., S.S.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (Ab.B., B.P.); Biotransformation Group, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts (U.A.A.); and Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (J.L.D.)
| | - Bhagwat Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, India (An.B., S.S.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (Ab.B., B.P.); Biotransformation Group, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts (U.A.A.); and Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (J.L.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hammid A, Fallon JK, Lassila T, Salluce G, Smith PC, Tolonen A, Sauer A, Urtti A, Honkakoski P. Carboxylesterase Activities and Protein Expression in Rabbit and Pig Ocular Tissues. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:1305-1316. [PMID: 33595329 PMCID: PMC8023712 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c01154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hydrolytic reactions constitute an important pathway of drug metabolism and a significant route of prodrug activation. Many ophthalmic drugs and prodrugs contain ester groups that greatly enhance their permeation across several hydrophobic barriers in the eye before the drugs are either metabolized or released, respectively, via hydrolysis. Thus, the development of ophthalmic drug therapy requires the thorough profiling of substrate specificities, activities, and expression levels of ocular esterases. However, such information is scant in the literature, especially for preclinical species often used in ophthalmology such as rabbits and pigs. Therefore, our aim was to generate systematic information on the activity and expression of carboxylesterases (CESs) and arylacetamide deacetylase (AADAC) in seven ocular tissue homogenates from these two species. The hydrolytic activities were measured using a generic esterase substrate (4-nitrophenyl acetate) and, in the absence of validated substrates for rabbit and pig enzymes, with selective substrates established for human CES1, CES2, and AADAC (d-luciferin methyl ester, fluorescein diacetate, procaine, and phenacetin). Kinetics and inhibition studies were conducted using these substrates and, again due to a lack of validated rabbit and pig CES inhibitors, with known inhibitors for the human enzymes. Protein expression levels were measured using quantitative targeted proteomics. Rabbit ocular tissues showed significant variability in the expression of CES1 (higher in cornea, lower in conjunctiva) and CES2 (higher in conjunctiva, lower in cornea) and a poor correlation of CES expression with hydrolytic activities. In contrast, pig tissues appear to express only CES1, and CES3 and AADAC seem to be either low or absent, respectively, in both species. The current study revealed remarkable species and tissue differences in ocular hydrolytic enzymes that can be taken into account in the design of esterase-dependent prodrugs and drug conjugates, the evaluation of ocular effects of systemic drugs, and in translational and toxicity studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anam Hammid
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 C, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - John K Fallon
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Campus Box 7355, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7355, United States
| | | | - Giulia Salluce
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Philip C Smith
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Campus Box 7355, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7355, United States
| | - Ari Tolonen
- Admescope Ltd, Typpitie 1, 90620 Oulu, Finland
| | - Achim Sauer
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach, Germany
| | - Arto Urtti
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 C, 70210 Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskii pr. 26, 198584 Saint Petersburg, Russia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paavo Honkakoski
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 C, 70210 Kuopio, Finland.,Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Campus Box 7569, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7569, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang R, Gao Y, Liu A, Zhai G. A review of nanocarrier-mediated drug delivery systems for posterior segment eye disease: challenges analysis and recent advances. J Drug Target 2021; 29:687-702. [PMID: 33474998 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2021.1878366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Posterior segment eye disease is a leading cause of irreversible vision impairment and blindness. As the unique organ for vision, eyes are protected by various protective barriers. The existence of physiological barriers and elimination mechanisms makes it challenging to treat the posterior segment eye diseases. To achieve efficient drug delivery to the posterior segment of eyes, different drug delivery systems have been proposed. Due to their abilities to enhance ocular tissue permeability, make controlled drug release and target retina, nanocarriers, such as lipid nanoparticles, liposomes and polymeric nanomicelles, have been widely studied for posterior segment drug delivery. However, clinical applications of nanocarrier mediated drug delivery systems as non-invasive ocular drops is still not ready. The delivery of nanocarrier-mediated drug for posterior segment disease still faces the choice of being more effective or more invasive for long-term treatment. Therefore, it is necessary to have a clear understanding of the barriers and the routes of ocular drug delivery while developing the delivery systems. In this review, types of ocular barriers and drug administration routes are categorised in a more intuitive way. Recent advances in nanocarrier mediated drug delivery systems with focus on posterior segment are reviewed with illustrative examples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Anchang Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Guangxi Zhai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dumouchel JL, Kramlinger VM. Case Study 10: A Case to Investigate Acetyl Transferase Kinetics. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2342:781-808. [PMID: 34272717 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1554-6_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Major routes of metabolism for marketed drugs are predominately driven by enzyme families such as cytochromes P450 and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases. Less studied conjugative enzymes, like N-acetyltransferases (NATs), are commonly associated with detoxification pathways. However, in the clinic, the high occurrence of NAT polymorphism that leads to slow and fast acetylator phenotypes in patient populations has been linked to toxicity for a multitude of drugs. A key example of this is the observed clinical toxicity in patients who exhibit the slow acetylator phenotype and were treated with isoniazid. Toxicity in patients has led to detailed characterization of the two NAT isoforms and their polymorphic genotypes. Investigation in recombinant enzymes, genotyped hepatocytes, and in vivo transgenic models coupled with acetylator status-driven clinical studies have helped understand the role of NATs in drug development, clinical study design and outcomes, and potential roles in human disease models. The selected case studies herein document NAT enzyme kinetics to explore substrate overlap from two human isoforms, preclinical species considerations, and clinical genotype population concerns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Dumouchel
- Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology Graduate Training Program, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Valerie M Kramlinger
- Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dumouchel JL, Argikar UA, Adams CM, Prasanna G, Ehara T, Kim S, Breen C, Mogi M. Understanding metabolism related differences in ocular efficacy of MGV354. Xenobiotica 2020; 51:5-14. [PMID: 32662714 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2020.1794658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
MGV354 was being developed as a novel ocular therapy for lowering of intraocular pressure, a key modifiable risk factor for glaucoma. MGV354 is an activator of soluble guanylate cyclase, an enzyme known to be involved in the regulation of IOP. MGV354 has been shown to robustly lower IOP over 24 h after a single topical ocular drop in rabbit and monkey pharmacology models. However, MGV354 failed to produce similar results in patients with ocular hypertension or open-angle glaucoma. With an objective of explaining the lack of efficacy in the clinic, we attempted to study whether human metabolism was significantly different from animal metabolism. The present study documents the investigation of metabolism of MGV354 in an effort to understand potential differences in biotransformation pathways of MGV354 in rabbits, monkeys, and humans. Overall twenty-six metabolites, formed via oxidative and conjugative pathways, were identified in vitro and in vivo. In vitro hepatic metabolism was qualitatively similar across species, with minor but distinct differences. There were no observable interspecies differences in the hepatic and ocular metabolism of MGV354. Although ocular metabolism was not as extensive as hepatic, the results do not explain the lack of efficacy of MGV354 in clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Dumouchel
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Upendra A Argikar
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christopher M Adams
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ganesh Prasanna
- Ophthalmology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Takeru Ehara
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sean Kim
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Chris Breen
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Muneto Mogi
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Burchill MA, Goldberg AR, Tamburini BAJ. Emerging Roles for Lymphatics in Chronic Liver Disease. Front Physiol 2020; 10:1579. [PMID: 31992991 PMCID: PMC6971163 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver disease (CLD) is a global health epidemic causing ∼2 million deaths annually worldwide. As the incidence of CLD is expected to rise over the next decade, understanding the cellular and molecular mediators of CLD is critical for developing novel therapeutics. Common characteristics of CLD include steatosis, inflammation, and cholesterol accumulation in the liver. While the lymphatic system in the liver has largely been overlooked, the liver lymphatics, as in other organs, are thought to play a critical role in maintaining normal hepatic function by assisting in the removal of protein, cholesterol, and immune infiltrate. Lymphatic growth, permeability, and/or hyperplasia in non-liver organs has been demonstrated to be caused by obesity or hypercholesterolemia in humans and animal models. While it is still unclear if changes in permeability occur in liver lymphatics, the lymphatics do expand in number and size in all disease etiologies tested. This is consistent with the lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC) upregulating proliferation specific genes, however, other transcriptional changes occur in liver LECs that are dependent on the inflammatory mediators that are specific to the disease etiology. Whether these changes induce lymphatic dysfunction or if they impact liver function has yet to be directly addressed. Here, we will review what is known about liver lymphatics in health and disease, what can be learned from recent work on the influence of obesity and hypercholesterolemia on the lymphatics in other organs, changes that occur in LECs in the liver during disease and outstanding questions in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Burchill
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Alyssa R Goldberg
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States.,Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Health Institute, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Beth A Jirón Tamburini
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Dumouchel JL, Chemuturi N, Milton MN, Camenisch G, Chastain J, Walles M, Sasseville V, Gunduz M, Iyer GR, Argikar UA. Models and Approaches Describing the Metabolism, Transport, and Toxicity of Drugs Administered by the Ocular Route. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1670-1683. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.082974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|