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Valencia-Olvera AC, Maldonado Weng J, Christensen A, LaDu MJ, Pike CJ. Role of estrogen in women's Alzheimer's disease risk as modified by APOE. J Neuroendocrinol 2023; 35:e13209. [PMID: 36420620 PMCID: PMC10049970 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by numerous sexual dimorphisms that impact the development, progression, and probably the strategies to prevent and treat the most common form of dementia. In this review, we consider this topic from a female perspective with a specific focus on how women's vulnerability to the disease is affected by the individual and interactive effects of estrogens and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype. Importantly, APOE appears to modulate systemic and neural outcomes of both menopause and estrogen-based hormone therapy. In the brain, dementia risk is greater in APOE4 carriers, and the impacts of hormone therapy on cognitive decline and dementia risk vary according to both outcome measure and APOE genotype. Beyond the CNS, estrogen and APOE genotype affect vulnerability to menopause-associated bone loss, dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease risk. An emerging concept that may link these relationships is the possibility that the effects of APOE in women interact with estrogen status by mechanisms that may include modulation of estrogen responsiveness. This review highlights the need to consider the key AD risk factors of advancing age in a sex-specific manner to optimize development of therapeutic approaches for AD, a view aligned with the principle of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- AC Valencia-Olvera
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - J Maldonado Weng
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - A Christensen
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA
| | - MJ LaDu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - CJ Pike
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA
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APOE Genetic Polymorphism rs7412 T/T Genotype May Be a Risk Factor for Essential Hypertension among Hakka People in Southern China. Int J Hypertens 2022; 2022:8145896. [PMID: 36158751 PMCID: PMC9492438 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8145896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective One of the causes of hypertension is a genetic factor. The purpose of this study was to look at the relationship between apolipoprotein E (APOE) and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) polymorphisms and essential hypertension in the Hakka population. Methods The study included 2,850 patients with hypertension and 2,034 controls. APOE rs429358, rs7412, and MTHFR rs1801133 were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-microarray. The differences in these polymorphisms between the two groups were analyzed. Results The genotype and allele frequency of APOE and MTHFR polymorphisms did not differ significantly between hypertensive patients and controls. Patients with hypertension who were APOE rs429358C/C homozygous had higher TG, TC, LDL-C, and Apo-B levels, whereas patients with the T/T genotype had higher HDL-C levels. Patients with hypertension who were APOE rs7412T/T homozygous had higher TG and TC levels and lower LDL-C and Apo-B levels. Homocysteine (Hcy) levels in patients with MTHFR CC, CT, and TT genotypes were increased, while patients with the TT genotype and T allele had higher Hcy levels than those of patients with other genotypes and the C allele. The APOE rs7412T/T genotype in the co-dominant model (APOE rs7412T/T vs. C/C) (gender-, age-, smoking-, and drinking-adjusted OR 2.682, 95% CI, 1.072–6.710, P=0.035) was a significant risk factor for hypertension. The APOE rs429358 and MTHFR rs1801133 genotypes in co-dominant, dominant, and recessive models were not significant risk factors for hypertension. Conclusions It supports that APOE polymorphisms are related to hypertension in the Hakka population. Specifically, the APOE rs7412T/T genotype may be a risk factor for hypertension.
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Organokines in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Critical Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116193. [PMID: 35682868 PMCID: PMC9180954 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease that primarily affects the joints. Organokines can produce beneficial or harmful effects in this condition. Among RA patients, organokines have been associated with increased inflammation and cartilage degradation due to augmented cytokines and metalloproteinases production, respectively. This study aimed to perform a review to investigate the role of adipokines, osteokines, myokines, and hepatokines on RA progression. PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, and Cochrane were searched, and 18 studies were selected, comprising more than 17,000 RA patients. Changes in the pattern of organokines secretion were identified, and these could directly or indirectly contribute to aggravating RA, promoting articular alterations, and predicting the disease activity. In addition, organokines have been implicated in higher radiographic damage, immune dysregulation, and angiogenesis. These can also act as RA potent regulators of cells proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, controlling osteoclasts, chondrocytes, and fibroblasts as well as immune cells chemotaxis to RA sites. Although much is already known, much more is still unknown, principally about the roles of organokines in the occurrence of RA extra-articular manifestations.
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Chen YM, Chen PK, Chang CK, Lin CC, Chen HH, Lan JL, Chang SH, Chen DY. Association of Apolipoprotein E Polymorphism with Adipokines and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:E330. [PMID: 33297350 PMCID: PMC7762228 DOI: 10.3390/life10120330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) polymorphism and adipokines are linked to atherosclerosis. We aimed to investigate the associations of apoE genotypes with adipokines, inflammatory parameters, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risks in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. We enrolled 152 RA patients and 49 healthy control (HC) subjects. The apoE genotyping was determined by a polymerase chain reaction, while plasma levels of adipokines and inflammatory cytokines were measured with ELISA. Although apoE genotypes distributions were indistinguishable between RA patients and HC, we found significantly higher levels of apoE and adipokines in RA patients compared with HC. RA patients with ε2ε3 genotype had lower levels of TNF-α, IL-6, resistin, and visfatin, but higher leptin levels compared with ε3ε3 genotype patients. Patients with ε3ε4 genotype had significantly higher low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and atherogenic index scores compared with ε2ε3 genotype carriers. Moreover, patients with ε2ε3 genotype had significantly lower 10-year CVD risk than ε3ε3 or ε3ε4 genotype patients. ε3ε4 genotype and adiponectin levels were independent predictors of a high 10-year CVD risk. RA patients with ε2ε3 genotype are associated with lower levels of TNF-α, IL-6, resistin, visfatin, and CVD risk, while RA patients with ε3ε4 genotype exhibited higher levels of LDL-C, insulin resistance, and higher CVD risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ming Chen
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40705, Taiwan; (Y.-M.C.); (H.-H.C.)
- Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine & Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan;
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Po-Ku Chen
- Rheumatology and Immunology Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan; (P.-K.C.); (C.-K.C.); (J.-L.L.); (S.-H.C.)
- Translational Medicine Laboratory, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Kun Chang
- Rheumatology and Immunology Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan; (P.-K.C.); (C.-K.C.); (J.-L.L.); (S.-H.C.)
- Translational Medicine Laboratory, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chen Lin
- Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine & Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan;
- Translational Medicine Laboratory, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hua Chen
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40705, Taiwan; (Y.-M.C.); (H.-H.C.)
- Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine & Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan;
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Joung-Liang Lan
- Rheumatology and Immunology Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan; (P.-K.C.); (C.-K.C.); (J.-L.L.); (S.-H.C.)
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
- Rheumatic Diseases Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
- Research and Development Center for Immunology, China Medical University, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsin Chang
- Rheumatology and Immunology Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan; (P.-K.C.); (C.-K.C.); (J.-L.L.); (S.-H.C.)
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Der-Yuan Chen
- Rheumatology and Immunology Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan; (P.-K.C.); (C.-K.C.); (J.-L.L.); (S.-H.C.)
- Translational Medicine Laboratory, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
- Research and Development Center for Immunology, China Medical University, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
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Nasr A, Matthews KA, Brooks MM, McConnell DS, Orchard TJ, Billheimer J, Rader DJ, El Khoudary SR. Vasomotor symptoms and lipids/lipoprotein subclass metrics in midlife women: Does level of endogenous estradiol matter? The SWAN HDL Ancillary Study. J Clin Lipidol 2020; 14:685-694.e2. [PMID: 32747311 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A greater frequency of vasomotor symptoms (VMSs) has been associated with higher low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), but the association with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) remains unclear. Endogenous estradiol (E2) levels are associated with both VMS and lipid levels and thus may confound such associations. OBJECTIVES To assess the relationship of VMS frequency with HDL-C, LDL-C, and lipoprotein concentrations (HDL and LDL particles [HDL-P; LDL-P]) and lipoprotein sizes in midlife women and to evaluate whether these associations are explained by E2. METHODS Participants were from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN) HDL ancillary study who had both nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy lipoprotein subclass metrics and self-reported frequency of VMS measured 2-5 times over the menopause transition. VMS frequency was categorized into none, 1-5 days (infrequent), or ≥6 days (frequent) within the past 2 weeks. RESULTS We evaluated 522 women [at baseline: mean age 50.3 (SD: 2.8) years; infrequent VMS: 29.8%, frequent VMS: 16.5%]. Adjusting for potential confounders except E2, frequent VMS was associated with smaller HDL size [β(SE): -0.06 (0.03); P = .04] and higher concentrations of LDL-C [β(SE): 3.58 (1.77); P = .04] and intermediate LDL-P [β(SE): 0.09 (0.05); P = .04] than no VMS. These associations were largely explained by E2, all P's > .05. CONCLUSIONS Frequent VMSs were associated with smaller HDL size and higher concentrations of LDL-C and intermediate LDL-P. These associations were explained by endogenous E2. Whether treating frequent VMS with exogenous E2 could simultaneously improve lipids/lipoproteins profile should be assessed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Nasr
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Karen A Matthews
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Maria M Brooks
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Trevor J Orchard
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Billheimer
- Department of Geriatrics and Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel J Rader
- Department of Geriatrics and Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Sriprasert I, Mack WJ, Hodis HN, Allayee H, Brinton RD, Karim R. Effect of ApoE4 Genotype on the Association Between Metabolic Phenotype and Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Postmenopausal Women. Am J Cardiol 2019; 124:1031-1037. [PMID: 31362877 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2019.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic profile and ApoE4 genotype have effects on coronary heart disease. We examined the interaction between these factors on subclinical atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women from the Early versus Late Intervention Trial with Estradiol (n = 497). Based on nine metabolic biomarkers (fasting blood glucose, insulin sensitivity, ketones, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, hemoglobin A1c, and blood pressure), K-means clustering categorized women into three distinct phenotypes: healthy, high blood pressure, and poor metabolic. ApoE4 genotype was classified as either ApoE4+ or ApoE4-. General linear models tested whether the cross-sectional association between metabolic phenotypes and common carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) differed by ApoE4 genotype. Mixed effects linear models evaluated the modifying role of ApoE4 genotype on the association of metabolic phenotype with CIMT progression over a median follow-up of 4.8 years. In cross-sectional analysis, ApoE4+ women with poor metabolic phenotype had the highest CIMT compared with all other groups. In ApoE4- women, CIMT was significantly lower in those classified as healthy compared with high blood pressure phenotype (p = 0.004). In ApoE4+ women, CIMT was significantly higher in those with poor metabolic phenotype compared with healthy (p = 0.0003) and high blood pressure (p = 0.001) phenotypes. These results indicate that metabolic phenotype had a negative effect on CIMT in women with ApoE4+ but not ApoE4- (interaction p = 0.001). These effects were not observed on CIMT progression in longitudinal analysis. In conclusion, ApoE4+ women are more likely to have higher levels of subclinical atherosclerosis if their metabolic phenotype is poor compared with ApoE4+ women without poor metabolic profile and ApoE4- women.
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