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Xu X, Jia Z, Chen N, Lele SM, Arash S, Reinhardt RA, Killeen AC, Wang D. The Development of Thermoresponsive Polymeric Simvastatin Prodrug for the Treatment of Experimental Periodontitis in Rats. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:5631-5645. [PMID: 37772991 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Periodontitis (PD) is a severe inflammatory gum pathology that damages the periodontal soft tissue and bone. It is highly prevalent in the US, affecting more than 47% of adults. Besides routine scaling and root planing, there are few effective treatments for PD. Developed as an effective treatment for hyperlipidemia, simvastatin (SIM) is also known for its well-established anti-inflammatory and osteogenic properties, suggesting its potential utility in treating PD. Its clinical translation, however, has been impeded by its poor water-solubility, lack of osteotropicity, and side effects (e.g., hepatoxicity) associated with systemic exposure. To address these challenges, an N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer-based thermoresponsive polymeric prodrug of SIM (ProGel-SIM) was developed as a local therapy for PD. Its aqueous solution is free-flowing at 4 °C and transitions into a hydrogel at ∼30 °C, allowing for easy local application and retention. After a thorough characterization of its physicochemical properties, ProGel-SIM was administered weekly into the periodontal pocket of an experimental rat model of PD. At 3 weeks post initiation of the treatment, the animals were euthanized with palate isolated for μ-CT and histological analyses. When compared to dose equivalent simvastatin acid (SMA, active form of SIM) treatment, the rats in the ProGel-SIM treated group showed significantly higher periodontal bone volume (0.34 mm3 vs 0.20 mm3, P = 0.0161) and less neutrophil (PMN) infiltration (P < 0.0001) and IL-1β secretion (P = 0.0036). No measurable side effect was observed. Collectively, these results suggest that ProGel-SIM may be developed as a promising drug candidate for the effective clinical treatment of PD.
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Performance of simvastatin microsponges as a local treatment for chronic periodontitis – Randomized clinical trial. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Chen N, Ren R, Wei X, Mukundan R, Li G, Xu X, Zhao G, Zhao Z, Lele SM, Reinhardt RA, Wang D. Thermoresponsive Hydrogel-Based Local Delivery of Simvastatin for the Treatment of Periodontitis. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:1992-2003. [PMID: 33754729 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c01196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Except for routine scaling and root planing, there are few effective nonsurgical therapeutic interventions for periodontitis and associated alveolar bone loss. Simvastatin (SIM), one of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-cosenzyme A reductase inhibitors, which is known for its capacity as a lipid-lowering medication, has been proven to be an effective anti-inflammatory and bone anabolic agent that has shown promising benefits in mitigating periodontal bone loss. The local delivery of SIM into the periodontal pocket, however, has been challenging due to SIM's poor water solubility and its lack of osteotropicity. To overcome these issues, we report a novel SIM formulation of a thermoresponsive, osteotropic, injectable hydrogel (PF127) based on pyrophosphorolated pluronic F127 (F127-PPi). After mixing F127-PPi with F127 at a 1:1 ratio, the resulting PF127 was used to dissolve free SIM to generate the SIM-loaded formulation. The thermoresponsive hydrogel's rheologic behavior, erosion and SIM release kinetics, osteotropic property, and biocompatibility were evaluated in vitro. The therapeutic efficacy of SIM-loaded PF127 hydrogel on periodontal bone preservation and inflammation resolution was validated in a ligature-induced periodontitis rat model. Given that SIM is already an approved medication for hyperlipidemia, the data presented here support the translational potential of the SIM-loaded PF127 hydrogel for better clinical management of periodontitis and associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningrong Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986125 Nebraska Medical Center, PDD 3020, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-6125, United States
| | - Rongguo Ren
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986125 Nebraska Medical Center, PDD 3020, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-6125, United States
| | - Xin Wei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986125 Nebraska Medical Center, PDD 3020, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-6125, United States
| | - Roshni Mukundan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986125 Nebraska Medical Center, PDD 3020, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-6125, United States
| | - Guojuan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986125 Nebraska Medical Center, PDD 3020, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-6125, United States
| | - Xiaoke Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986125 Nebraska Medical Center, PDD 3020, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-6125, United States
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986125 Nebraska Medical Center, PDD 3020, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-6125, United States
| | - Zhifeng Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986125 Nebraska Medical Center, PDD 3020, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-6125, United States
| | - Subodh M Lele
- Department of Pathology & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Richard A Reinhardt
- Department of Surgical Specialties, College of Dentistry, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583, United States
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986125 Nebraska Medical Center, PDD 3020, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-6125, United States
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Petit C, Batool F, Stutz C, Anton N, Klymchenko A, Vandamme T, Benkirane-Jessel N, Huck O. Development of a thermosensitive statin loaded chitosan-based hydrogel promoting bone healing. Int J Pharm 2020; 586:119534. [PMID: 32531451 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Statins have been proposed as potential adjuvant to periodontal treatment due to their pleiotropic properties. A new thermosensitive chitosan hydrogel loaded with statins (atorvastatin and lovastatin) nanoemulsions was synthesized to allow a spatially controlled local administration of active compounds at lesion site. Spontaneous nano-emulsification method was used to synthesize statins loaded nanoemulsions. In vitro, atorvastatin and lovastatin loaded nanoemulsions were cytocompatible and were able to be uptake by oral epithelial cells. Treatment of Porphyromonas gingivalis infected oral epithelial cells and gingival fibroblasts with atorvastatin and lovastatin loaded nanoemulsions decreased significantly pro-inflammatory markers expression (TNF-α and IL-1β) and pro-osteoclastic RANKL. Nevertheless, such treatment induced the expression of Bone sialoprotein 2 (BSP2) in osteoblast emphasizing the pro-healing properties of atorvastatin and lovastatin nanoemulsions. In vivo, in a calvarial bone defect model (2 mm), treatment with the hydrogel loaded with atorvastatin and lovastatin nanoemulsions induced a significant increase of the neobone formation in comparison with systemic administration of statins. This study demonstrates the potential of this statins loaded hydrogel to improve bone regeneration and to decrease soft tissue inflammation. Its use in the specific context of periodontitis management could be considered in the future with a reduced risk of side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Petit
- INSERM, UMR 1260 'Regenerative Nanomedicine', Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France; Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Pôle de Médecine et de Chirurgie Bucco-Dentaires, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Fareeha Batool
- INSERM, UMR 1260 'Regenerative Nanomedicine', Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France; Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Céline Stutz
- INSERM, UMR 1260 'Regenerative Nanomedicine', Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Nicolas Anton
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, CAMB UMR 7199, Strasbourg, France
| | - Andrey Klymchenko
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, LBP UMR 7021, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Thierry Vandamme
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, CAMB UMR 7199, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nadia Benkirane-Jessel
- INSERM, UMR 1260 'Regenerative Nanomedicine', Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Olivier Huck
- INSERM, UMR 1260 'Regenerative Nanomedicine', Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France; Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Pôle de Médecine et de Chirurgie Bucco-Dentaires, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
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Hanafy AS, El-Ganainy SO. Thermoresponsive Hyalomer intra-articular hydrogels improve monoiodoacetate-induced osteoarthritis in rats. Int J Pharm 2019; 573:118859. [PMID: 31778752 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by degenerative knees, fingers and hip joints. In OA joints, the concentration and polymerization of hyaluronic acid (HA) are changed; affecting the viscosity of the synovial fluid. Replenishing HA synovial fluid content, along with an anti-inflammatory drug could be a cost-effective strategy. As free drugs are rapidly cleared out of the synovial fluid, we aimed to prepare Hyalomer in situ forming gel for intra-articular (IA) injection. Hyalomer contains poloxamer 407 (PX) as thermogelling agent, HA, and diclofenac potassium (DK) as an anti-inflammatory. Hyalomer formulations were prepared and characterized in terms of sol-gel transition, gelation time, in vitro release and 3-month stability. The selected Hyalomer formula was injected IA in OA rat model, in comparison to its individual components. The optimized Hyalomer formulation showed 25% DK release after 24 h and 40% after 4 days. The gelation time was 40 ± 2.08 s and gelation temperature was 26 ± 1.87 °C. Hyalomer maintained the percentage drug release and DK content after 3-months storage. In OA rats, Hyalomer showed the highest anti-nociceptive and anti-edematous effect. Both radiography and histopathology revealed regenerated cartilage profile in Hyalomer-treated group. combining IA HA and diclofenac in thermoresponsive gel represents a promising therapeutic alternative for OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Sayed Hanafy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy & Drug Manufacturing, Pharos University in Alexandria (PUA), Alexandria, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Samar O El-Ganainy
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy & Drug Manufacturing, Pharos University in Alexandria (PUA), Alexandria, Egypt.
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Yao Y, Xia M, Wang H, Li G, Shen H, Ji G, Meng Q, Xie Y. Preparation and evaluation of chitosan-based nanogels/gels for oral delivery of myricetin. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 91:144-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Hattori Y, Mori H, Chou J, Otsuka M. Mechanochemical synthesis of zinc-apatitic calcium phosphate and the controlled zinc release for bone tissue engineering. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2015; 42:595-601. [PMID: 26165245 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2015.1061537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study, in order to control zinc (Zn)-release from calcium phosphate (CaP), the crystalline forms of CaP-containing Zn were modified by wet ball milling and/or heat treatment. The CaP (CaO:CaHPO4:ZnO = 7:20:3, molar ratio) was ground in a ball mill with the addition of purified water, and the ground products were heated to 400 °C and 800 °C. The physicochemical properties of these ground products were measured by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (IR), scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Zn release characteristics from the samples were evaluated using a dissolution tester. The results of XRD and IR suggested that the structures of the starting materials were destroyed after 2.5 h of grinding, and new apatite-like amorphous solid containing Zn was generated. The Zn-release from the ground products was markedly suppressed after 2.5 h of grinding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Hattori
- a Faculty of Pharmacy , Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Hiroe Mori
- a Faculty of Pharmacy , Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Joshua Chou
- a Faculty of Pharmacy , Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Makoto Otsuka
- a Faculty of Pharmacy , Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University , Tokyo , Japan
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Hazzah HA, Farid RM, Nasra MMA, Zakaria M, Gawish Y, El-Massik MA, Abdallah OY. A new approach for treatment of precancerous lesions with curcumin solid-lipid nanoparticle-loaded gels: in vitro and clinical evaluation. Drug Deliv 2015; 23:1409-19. [PMID: 26146889 DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2015.1065524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Preparation and characterization of curcumin solid-lipid nanoparticle (CurSLN)-loaded mucoadhesive gel for local treatment of oral precancerous lesions with low dose. METHODOLOGY The formulated CurSLNs were dispersed in a mucoadhesive gel matrix to be applied to the buccal mucosa. Conventional mucoadhesive gel using binary system was adopted. The prepared gels were evaluated for in vitro drug dialysis, ex vivo mucoadhesion test and ex vivo permeation study using chicken buccal mucosa. Short-term clinical evaluation was carried out on 10 patients suffering oral erythroplakia in terms of pain index and lesion size measurement. (1) RESULTS: The results showed that the loaded gel with CurSLN showed good mucoadhesion property and 25 min in vivo residence time. In addition to stability enhancement for the Cur powder. All formulae did not show any drug permeated, however, significant amount of Cur was retained within the chicken buccal mucosal tissue confirmed by histological examination. Significant reduction in pain, and complete healing was observed after 6 weeks of treatment. CONCLUSION The local use of Cur in low dose is a promising option for treatment of precancerous lesions. The lack of local anti-inflammatory compounds with reduced side effects intensifies the importance of studying natural products for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba A Hazzah
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Drug Manufacturing , Pharos University in Alexandria , Alexandria , Egypt
| | - Ragwa M Farid
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Drug Manufacturing , Pharos University in Alexandria , Alexandria , Egypt
| | - Maha M A Nasra
- b Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy , and
| | - Mennatallah Zakaria
- c Department of Oral Medicine, Periodontology, Oral Diagnosis and Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry , Alexandria University , Alexandria , Egypt
| | - Yousria Gawish
- c Department of Oral Medicine, Periodontology, Oral Diagnosis and Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry , Alexandria University , Alexandria , Egypt
| | - Magda A El-Massik
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Drug Manufacturing , Pharos University in Alexandria , Alexandria , Egypt
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Labib GS, Aldawsari H. Innovation of natural essential oil-loaded Orabase for local treatment of oral candidiasis. Drug Des Devel Ther 2015; 9:3349-59. [PMID: 26170621 PMCID: PMC4492630 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s85356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Oral candidiasis may be manifested in the oral cavity as either mild or severe oral fungal infection. This infection results from the overgrowth of Candida species normally existing in the oral cavity in minute amounts based on many predisposing factors. Several aspects have spurred the search for new strategies in the treatment of oral candidiasis, among which are the limited numbers of new antifungal drugs developed in recent years. Previous studies have shown that thyme and clove oils have antimycotic activities and have suggested their incorporation into pharmaceutical preparations. This study aimed to investigate the possibility of the incorporation and characterization of essential oils or their extracted active ingredients in Orabase formulations. METHODS Orabase loaded with clove oil, thyme oil, eugenol, and thymol were prepared and evaluated for their antifungal activities, pH, viscosity, erosion and water uptake characteristics, mechanical properties, in vitro release behavior, and ex vivo mucoadhesion properties. RESULTS All prepared bases showed considerable antifungal activity and acceptable physical characteristics. The release pattern from loaded bases was considerably slow for all oils and active ingredients. All bases showed appreciable adhesion in the in vitro and ex vivo studies. CONCLUSION The incorporation of essential oils in Orabase could help in future drug delivery design, with promising outcomes on patients' well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gihan S Labib
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hibah Aldawsari
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Efficacy of Simvastatin in Bone Regeneration After Surgical Removal of Mandibular Third Molars: A Clinical Pilot Study. J Maxillofac Oral Surg 2014. [PMID: 26225047 DOI: 10.1007/s12663-014-0697-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Simvastatin, a common cholesterol-lowering drug that inhibits hepatic hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the mevalonate pathway, increases expression of the BMP-2 gene and thus promotes bone regeneration. MATERIALS AND METHODS A study was conducted in mandibular third molar sockets to study the efficacy of the drug by implanting it into sockets (experimental group) and observations were made over 3 months to compare the healing with the (control group). CONCLUSION The results showed faster regeneration of the bone in the simvastatin site using the gray level histogram values.
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12
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Labib GS, Farid RM. Osteogenic effect of locally applied Pentoxyfilline gel:in vitroandin vivoevaluations. Drug Deliv 2014; 22:1094-1102. [DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2014.884193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Simões RG, Bernardes CES, Diogo HP, Agapito F, Minas da Piedade ME. Energetics and Structure of Simvastatin. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:2713-22. [DOI: 10.1021/mp400132r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo G. Simões
- Departamento
de Química
e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carlos E. S. Bernardes
- Departamento
de Química
e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Centro de Química Estrutural,
Complexo Interdisciplinar, Instituto Superior Técnico, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Hermínio P. Diogo
- Centro de Química Estrutural,
Complexo Interdisciplinar, Instituto Superior Técnico, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Filipe Agapito
- Departamento
de Química
e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Manuel E. Minas da Piedade
- Departamento
de Química
e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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Tiwari R, Pathak K. Statins therapy: a review on conventional and novel formulation approaches. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:983-98. [PMID: 21718281 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2011.01273.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE High levels of cholesterol lead to atherosclerosis, a factor predisposing to the development of coronary artery disease. Statin drugs, i.e. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, have been known since the end of the last century for their benefits against cardio- and cerebrovascular diseases and are widely used clinically. This review aims at compiling the research inputs being made for developing therapeutically efficacious dosage forms that have the potential to surmount the limitations of conventional dosage forms of statins. KEY FINDINGS Statin drugs can reduce the endogenous synthesis of cholesterol and prevent the onset and development of atherosclerosis, and are therefore used as an effective treatment against primary hypercholesterolemia. At present, statin drugs are most often administered orally, on a daily basis. After administration, the bioavailability and the general circulation of statin drugs is fairly low due to the first-pass metabolism in the liver and clearance by the digestive system. Extensive pharmaceutical research in understanding the causes of low oral bioavailability has led to the development of novel technologies to address these challenges. SUMMARY These technologies vary from conventional dosage forms to nanoparticulate drug-delivery systems, and have the potential to cause improvements in bioavailability and consequently therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radheshyam Tiwari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajiv Academy for Pharmacy, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Jeon JH, Piepgrass WT, Lin YL, Thomas MV, Puleo DA. Localized Intermittent Delivery of Simvastatin Hydroxyacid Stimulates Bone Formation in Rats. J Periodontol 2008; 79:1457-64. [PMID: 18672996 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2008.080004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ju Hyeong Jeon
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0070, USA
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