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Gao J, Li J, Luo Z, Wang H, Ma Z. Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Treatment. Drug Des Devel Ther 2024; 18:2921-2949. [PMID: 39055164 PMCID: PMC11269238 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s461977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic, non-specific inflammatory condition characterized by recurring inflammation of the intestinal mucosa. However, the existing IBD treatments are ineffective and have serious side effects. The etiology of IBD is multifactorial and encompasses immune, genetic, environmental, dietary, and microbial factors. The nanoparticles (NPs) developed based on specific targeting methodologies exhibit great potential as nanotechnology advances. Nanoparticles are defined as particles between 1 and 100 nm in size. Depending on their size and surface functionality, NPs exhibit different properties. A variety of nanoparticle types have been employed as drug carriers for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), with encouraging outcomes observed in experimental models. They increase the bioavailability of drugs and enable targeted drug delivery, promoting localized treatment and thus enhancing efficacy. Nevertheless, numerous challenges persist in the translation from nanomedicine to clinical application, including enhanced formulations and preparation techniques, enhanced drug safety profiles, and so forth. In the future, it will be necessary for scientists and clinicians to collaborate in order to study disease mechanisms, develop new drug delivery strategies, and screen new nanomedicines. Nevertheless, numerous challenges persist in the translation from nanomedicine to clinical application, including enhanced formulations and preparation techniques, enhanced drug safety profiles, and so forth. In the future, it will be necessary for scientists and clinicians to collaborate in order to study disease mechanisms, develop new drug delivery strategies, and screen new nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Gao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Hernia Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiannan Li
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zengyou Luo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Hernia Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongyong Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiming Ma
- Department of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Hernia Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
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2
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Mehta P, Sharma M, Devi M. Hydrogels: An overview of its classifications, properties, and applications. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 147:106145. [PMID: 37797557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.106145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
The review paper starts with the introduction to hydrogels along with broad literature survey covering different modes of synthesis including high energy radiation methods. After that, paper covered broad classification of the hydrogels depending upon the basis of their source of origin, method of synthesis, type of cross-linking present and ionic charges on bound groups. Another advanced category response triggered hydrogels, which includes pH, temperature, electro, and light and substrate responsive hydrogels was also studied. Presented paper summarises chemical structure, properties, and synthesis of different kinds of hydrogels. Main focus was given to the preparation super absorbents such as: Semi-interpenetrating networks (semi-IPNs), Interpenetrating networks (IPNs) and cross-linked binary graft copolymers (BGCPs). The weak mechanical properties and easy degradation limit the uses of bio-based -hydrogels in biomedical field. Their properties can be improved through different chemical and physical methods. These methods were also discussed in the current research paper. Also, it includes development of hydrogels as controlled drug delivery devices, as implants and biomaterials to replace malfunctioned body parts along with their use in several other applications listed in the literature. Literature survey on the application of hydrogels in different fields like biomedical, nano-biotechnology, tissue engineering, drug delivery and agriculture was also carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Mehta
- Department of Applied Sciences, CEC-Chandigarh Group of Colleges, Landran, Mohali, 140307, Punjab, India.
| | - Monika Sharma
- Department of Applied Sciences, CEC-Chandigarh Group of Colleges, Landran, Mohali, 140307, Punjab, India.
| | - Meena Devi
- Department of Applied Sciences, CEC-Chandigarh Group of Colleges, Landran, Mohali, 140307, Punjab, India.
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Froelich A, Jakubowska E, Jadach B, Gadziński P, Osmałek T. Natural Gums in Drug-Loaded Micro- and Nanogels. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030759. [PMID: 36986620 PMCID: PMC10059891 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Gums are polysaccharide compounds obtained from natural sources, such as plants, algae and bacteria. Because of their excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability, as well as their ability to swell and their sensitivity to degradation by the colon microbiome, they are regarded as interesting potential drug carriers. In order to obtain properties differing from the original compounds, blends with other polymers and chemical modifications are usually applied. Gums and gum-derived compounds can be applied in the form of macroscopic hydrogels or can be formulated into particulate systems that can deliver the drugs via different administration routes. In this review, we present and summarize the most recent studies regarding micro- and nanoparticles obtained with the use of gums extensively investigated in pharmaceutical technology, their derivatives and blends with other polymers. This review focuses on the most important aspects of micro- and nanoparticulate systems formulation and their application as drug carriers, as well as the challenges related to these formulations.
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Purohit P, Bhatt A, Mittal RK, Abdellattif MH, Farghaly TA. Polymer Grafting and its chemical reactions. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 10:1044927. [PMID: 36714621 PMCID: PMC9874337 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1044927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymer grafting is a technique to improve the morphology, chemical, and physical properties of the polymer. This technique has the potential to improve the existing conduction and properties of polymers other than charge transport; as a result, it enhances the solubility, nano-dimensional morphology, biocompatibility, bio-communication, and other property of parent polymer. A polymer's physicochemical properties can be modified even further by creating a copolymer with another polymer or by grafting. Here in the various chemical approaches for polymer grafting, like free radical, click reaction, amide formation, and alkylation have been discussed with their importance, moreover the process and its importance are covered comprehensively with their scientific explanation. The present review also covers the effectiveness of the graft-to approaches and its application in various fields, which will give reader a glimpse about polymer grafting and its uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyank Purohit
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, India,*Correspondence: Priyank Purohit, ,
| | - Akanksha Bhatt
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, India
| | | | | | - Thoraya A. Farghaly
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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Patel J, Maiti S, Moorthy NHN. Repaglinide-laden hydrogel particles of xanthan gum derivatives for the management of diabetes. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 287:119354. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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6
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Chemical modification of xanthan gum through graft copolymerization: Tailored properties and potential applications in drug delivery and wastewater treatment. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 251:117095. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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7
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Xanthan gum-based materials for omega-3 PUFA delivery: Preparation, characterization and antineoplastic activity evaluation. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 208:431-440. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Kabir SMF, Sikdar PP, Haque B, Bhuiyan MAR, Ali A, Islam MN. Cellulose-based hydrogel materials: chemistry, properties and their prospective applications. Prog Biomater 2018; 7:153-174. [PMID: 30182344 PMCID: PMC6173681 DOI: 10.1007/s40204-018-0095-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels based on cellulose comprising many organic biopolymers including cellulose, chitin, and chitosan are the hydrophilic material, which can absorb and retain a huge proportion of water in the interstitial sites of their structures. These polymers feature many amazing properties such as responsiveness to pH, time, temperature, chemical species and biological conditions besides a very high-water absorption capacity. Biopolymer hydrogels can be manipulated and crafted for numerous applications leading to a tremendous boom in research during recent times in scientific communities. With the growing environmental concerns and an emergent demand, researchers throughout the globe are concentrating particularly on naturally derived hydrogels due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability and abundance. Cellulose-based hydrogels are considered as useful biocompatible materials to be used in medical devices to treat, augment or replace any tissue, organ, or help function of the body. These hydrogels also hold a great promise for applications in agricultural activity, as smart materials and some other useful industrial purposes. This review offers an overview of the recent and contemporary research regarding physiochemical properties of cellulose-based hydrogels along with their applications in multidisciplinary areas including biomedical fields such as drug delivery, tissue engineering and wound healing, healthcare and hygienic products as well as in agriculture, textiles and industrial applications as smart materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Fijul Kabir
- Department of Textiles, Apparel Design and Merchandising, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.
| | - Partha P Sikdar
- Department of Textiles, Merchandising and Interiors, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - B Haque
- College of Textile Engineering, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, 4331, Bangladesh
| | - M A Rahman Bhuiyan
- Department of Textile Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology, DUET, Gazipur, 1700, Bangladesh
| | - A Ali
- Department of Textile Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology, DUET, Gazipur, 1700, Bangladesh
| | - M N Islam
- Department of Chemistry, Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology, DUET, Gazipur, 1700, Bangladesh
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9
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Sathasivam T, Muniyandy S, Chuah LH, Janarthanan P. Encapsulation of red palm oil in carboxymethyl sago cellulose beads by emulsification and vibration technology: Physicochemical characterization and in vitro digestion. J FOOD ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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10
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Rajesh AM, Popat KM. Taste masking of ofloxacin and formation of interpenetrating polymer network beads for sustained release. J Pharm Anal 2017; 7:244-251. [PMID: 29404045 PMCID: PMC5790690 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to carry out taste masking of ofloxacin (Ofl) by ion exchange resins (IERs) followed by sustained release of Ofl by forming interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) beads. Drug-resin complexes (DRCs) with three different ratios of Ofl to IERs (1:1, 1:2, 1:4) were prepared by batch method and investigated for in vivo and in vitro taste masking. DRC of methacrylic acid-divinyl benzene (MD) resin and Ofl prepared at a ratio of 1:4 was used to form IPN beads. IPN beads of MD 1:4 were prepared by following the ionic cross-linking method using sodium carboxymethyl xanthan gum (SCMXG) and SCMXG-sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (SCMXG-SCMC). IPN beads were characterized with FT-IR and further studied on sustained release of Ofl at different pH. In vivo taste masking carried out by human volunteers showed that MD 1:4 significantly reduced the bitterness of Ofl. Characterization studies such as FT-IR, DSC, P-XRD and taste masking showed that complex formation took place between drug and resin. In vitro study at gastric pH showed complete release of drug from MD 1:4 within 30 min whereas IPN beads took 5 h at gastric pH and 10 h at salivary pH for the complete release of drug. As the crosslinking increased the release kinetics changed into non-Fickian diffusion to zero-order release mechanism. MD 1:4 showed better performance for the taste masking of Ofl and IPNs beads prepared from it were found useful for the sustained release of Ofl at both the pH, indicating a versatile drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Michael Rajesh
- Reverse Osmosis Membrane Division, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), G.B. Marg, Bhavnagar 364 002, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), G.B. Marg, Bhavnagar 364 002, India
| | - Kiritkumar Mangaldas Popat
- Reverse Osmosis Membrane Division, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), G.B. Marg, Bhavnagar 364 002, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), G.B. Marg, Bhavnagar 364 002, India
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Dadoo N, Landry SB, Bomar JD, Gramlich WM. Synthesis and Spatiotemporal Modification of Biocompatible and Stimuli-Responsive Carboxymethyl Cellulose Hydrogels Using Thiol-Norbornene Chemistry. Macromol Biosci 2017; 17. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201700107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nayereh Dadoo
- Department of Chemistry; University of Maine; 5706 Aubert Hall Room 154 Orono ME 04469-5706 USA
| | - Samuel B. Landry
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; University of Maine; 5737 Jenness Hall Room 117 Orono ME 04469-5737 USA
| | - Jonathan D. Bomar
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering; University of Maine; Orono ME 04469 USA
| | - William M. Gramlich
- Department of Chemistry; University of Maine; 5706 Aubert Hall Room 154 Orono ME 04469-5706 USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering; University of Maine; Orono ME 04469 USA
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12
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Jana S, Sharma R, Maiti S, Sen KK. Interpenetrating hydrogels of O-carboxymethyl Tamarind gum and alginate for monitoring delivery of acyclovir. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 92:1034-1039. [PMID: 27514441 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work, an interpenetrating hydrogel network was constructed using varying combination of O-carboxymethyl Tamarind gum (CTG) and alginate by Ca+2 ion induced gelation method. The hydrogels were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses. The hydrogels were spherical in shape with rough surface textures. Depending on the alginate: CTG mass ratio, the hydrogel particles entrapped a maximum of ∼70% acyclovir. The drug release from interpenetrating hydrogels was 18-23% in HCl solution (pH1.2) in 2h. The drug release became faster in phosphate buffer solution (pH6.8) as the proportion of CTG was increased from 25% to 50%. However, the drug release was still slower than that observed for hydrogel particles of sodium alginate alone. Overall, the drug release tendency of the particles was higher in phosphate buffer solution than that in HCl solution. The non-Fickian drug release behavior was assumed after fitting the drug release data into Korsmeyer-Peppas model. The drug release was found to control by diffusion and swelling kinetics of the hydrogels. Thus, CTG gum could effectively retard drug release when used in combination with sodium alginate at an optimized mass ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sougata Jana
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Gupta College of Technological Sciences, Ashram More, G.T. Road, Asansol 713301, West Bengal, India.
| | - Rashmi Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Gupta College of Technological Sciences, Ashram More, G.T. Road, Asansol 713301, West Bengal, India
| | - Sabyasachi Maiti
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Gupta College of Technological Sciences, Ashram More, G.T. Road, Asansol 713301, West Bengal, India
| | - Kalyan Kumar Sen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Gupta College of Technological Sciences, Ashram More, G.T. Road, Asansol 713301, West Bengal, India
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Mutalik S, Suthar NA, Managuli RS, Shetty PK, Avadhani K, Kalthur G, Kulkarni RV, Thomas R. Development and performance evaluation of novel nanoparticles of a grafted copolymer loaded with curcumin. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 86:709-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.11.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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14
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Boppana R, Kulkarni RV, Mohan GK, Mutalik S, Aminabhavi TM. In vitro and in vivo assessment of novel pH-sensitive interpenetrating polymer networks of a graft copolymer for gastro-protective delivery of ketoprofen. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra04218j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel pH-sensitive IPN microbeads exhibited drug release in response to changing pH and reduced side effects of ketoprofenin vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Boppana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology
- BLDEA's College of Pharmacy
- Vijayapur (Bijapur) 586 103
- India
| | - Raghavendra V. Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology
- BLDEA's College of Pharmacy
- Vijayapur (Bijapur) 586 103
- India
| | - G. Krishna Mohan
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University
- Hyderabad 500 585
- India
| | - Srinivas Mutalik
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Manipal University
- Manipal
- India
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Kondaveeti S, Cornejo DR, Petri DFS. Alginate/magnetite hybrid beads for magnetically stimulated release of dopamine. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 138:94-101. [PMID: 26674837 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid beads composed of magnetite nanoparticles (MNP) and alginate (Alg) were synthesized and coded as Alg-MNP. They were incubated in dopamine (DOPA) solution (5 g/L), at pH 7.4 and 8 °C, during 12 h, promoting the DOPA loaded magnetic beads, coded as Alg-MNP/DOPA. The release of DOPA was further evaluated in the absence and the presence of external magnetic field (EMF) of 0.4 T. The products Alg-MNP and Alg-MNP/DOPA were characterized by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), Fourier transform infrared vibrational spectroscopy (FTIR), UV spectrophotometry, thermogravimetric analyses (TGA), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) analyses and superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer. The magnetic and chemical properties of Alg-MNP beads were not affected by DOPA loading. The incorporation of DOPA into the beads depended on the pH and on the negative charge density. At pH 7.4 38% of DOPA were loaded into Alg-MNP beads, whereas at pH 2 or using neat Alg beads (lower charge density than Alg-MNP) the loading efficiency decreased to one third or less. In the absence of EMF, 24% of the loaded DOPA was released from Alg-MNP at pH 7.4 over a period of 26 h. The released amount increased to 33% under the stimulus of EMF. A model was proposed to explain the loading efficiency of charged drugs, as DOPA, into hybrid beads and the role played by EMF on delivery systems, where drug and matrix are oppositely charged. The results suggest that the alginate combined with magnetite nanoparticles is a promising system for release of DOPA in the presence of EMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stalin Kondaveeti
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel R Cornejo
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Novel pH-sensitive IPNs of polyacrylamide-g-gum ghatti and sodium alginate for gastro-protective drug delivery. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 75:133-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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17
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Aminabhavi TM, Nadagouda MN, More UA, Joshi SD, Kulkarni VH, Noolvi MN, Kulkarni PV. Controlled release of therapeutics using interpenetrating polymeric networks. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 12:669-88. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2014.974871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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18
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Kulkarni RV, Patel FS, Nanjappaiah H, Naikawadi AA. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of novel interpenetrated polymer network microparticles containing repaglinide. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 69:514-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Setty CM, Deshmukh AS, Badiger AM. Hydrolyzed polyacrylamide grafted carboxymethylxyloglucan based microbeads for pH responsive drug delivery. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 67:28-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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Tranexamic acid loaded gellan gum-based polymeric microbeads for controlled release: In vitro and in vivo assessment. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 112:483-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Bhattacharya SS, Mazahir F, Banerjee S, Verma A, Ghosh A. Preparation and in vitro evaluation of xanthan gum facilitated superabsorbent polymeric microspheres. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 98:64-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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22
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Alvarez-Lorenzo C, Blanco-Fernandez B, Puga AM, Concheiro A. Crosslinked ionic polysaccharides for stimuli-sensitive drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:1148-71. [PMID: 23639519 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharides are gaining increasing attention as components of stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems, particularly since they can be obtained in a well characterized and reproducible way from the natural sources. Ionic polysaccharides can be readily crosslinked to render hydrogel networks sensitive to a variety of internal and external variables, and thus suitable for switching drug release on-off through diverse mechanisms. Hybrids, composites and grafted polymers can reinforce the responsiveness and widen the range of stimuli to which polysaccharide-based systems can respond. This review analyzes the state of the art of crosslinked ionic polysaccharides as components of delivery systems that can regulate drug release as a function of changes in pH, ion nature and concentration, electric and magnetic field intensity, light wavelength, temperature, redox potential, and certain molecules (enzymes, illness markers, and so on). Examples of specific applications are provided. The information compiled demonstrates that crosslinked networks of ionic polysaccharides are suitable building blocks for developing advanced externally activated and feed-back modulated drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Alvarez-Lorenzo
- Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Kulkarni RV, Baraskar VV, Alange VV, Naikawadi AA, Sa B. Controlled Release of an Antihypertensive Drug through Interpenetrating Polymer Network Hydrogel Tablets of Tamarind Seed Polysaccharide and Sodium Alginate. J MACROMOL SCI B 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2013.789327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raghavendra V. Kulkarni
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , Bijapur Liberal District Education Association's College of Pharmacy , Bijapur , Karnataka , India
| | - Vaibhav V. Baraskar
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , Bijapur Liberal District Education Association's College of Pharmacy , Bijapur , Karnataka , India
| | - Vijaykumar V. Alange
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , Bijapur Liberal District Education Association's College of Pharmacy , Bijapur , Karnataka , India
| | - Akram A. Naikawadi
- b Department of Pharmacology, Shri. B.M. Patil Medical College , Bijapur Liberal District Education University , Bijapur , Karnataka , India
| | - Biswanath Sa
- c Division of Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , Jadavpur University , Kolkata , India
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Tripathi R, Mishra B. Preparation and evaluation of composite microspheres of polyacrylamide-grafted polysaccharides. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Tripathi
- Department of Pharmaceutics; Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University; Varanasi; 221 005; India
| | - Brahmeshwar Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutics; Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University; Varanasi; 221 005; India
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Giri TK, Thakur D, Alexander A, Badwaik H, Tripathy M, Tripathi DK. Biodegradable IPN hydrogel beads of pectin and grafted alginate for controlled delivery of diclofenac sodium. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2013; 24:1179-1190. [PMID: 23423649 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-013-4884-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A novel diclofenac sodium (DS) loaded interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) beads of pectin and hydrolyzed polyacrylamide-graft-sodium alginate (PAAm-g-SA) was developed through ionotropic gelation and covalent cross-linking. The graft copolymer was synthesized by free radical polymerization under the nitrogen atmosphere followed by alkaline hydrolysis. The grafting, alkaline hydrolysis, and characterization of beads were confirmed by Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy. The crystalline structure of drug after encapsulation into IPN beads were evaluated by differential scanning colorimetry and X-ray diffraction analyses. DS encapsulation was up to 96.45 %. The effect of hydrolyzed graft copolymer/pectin ratios and glutaraldehyde concentration on drug release in acidic and phosphate buffer solutions were investigated. The release of drug was significantly increased with increase of pH. The release of drug depends on the extent of cross-linking. The results indicated that IPN beads of hydrolyzed PAAm-g-SA and pectin could be used for sustained release of DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Kumar Giri
- Rungta College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Kohka Road, Kurud, Bhilai 491024, India.
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Qiu X, Hu S. "Smart" Materials Based on Cellulose: A Review of the Preparations, Properties, and Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2013; 6:738-781. [PMID: 28809338 PMCID: PMC5512797 DOI: 10.3390/ma6030738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose is the most abundant biomass material in nature, and possesses some promising properties, such as mechanical robustness, hydrophilicity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. Thus, cellulose has been widely applied in many fields. "Smart" materials based on cellulose have great advantages-especially their intelligent behaviors in reaction to environmental stimuli-and they can be applied to many circumstances, especially as biomaterials. This review aims to present the developments of "smart" materials based on cellulose in the last decade, including the preparations, properties, and applications of these materials. The preparations of "smart" materials based on cellulose by chemical modifications and physical incorporating/blending were reviewed. The responsiveness to pH, temperature, light, electricity, magnetic fields, and mechanical forces, etc. of these "smart" materials in their different forms such as copolymers, nanoparticles, gels, and membranes were also reviewed, and the applications as drug delivery systems, hydrogels, electronic active papers, sensors, shape memory materials and smart membranes, etc. were also described in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Qiu
- Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, College of Resources & Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Shuwen Hu
- Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, College of Resources & Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Kang H, Liu R, Huang Y. Cellulose derivatives and graft copolymers as blocks for functional materials. POLYM INT 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Kang
- Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Ruigang Liu
- Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Yong Huang
- Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
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Tripathi R, Mishra B. "Development and evaluation of sodium alginate-polyacrylamide graft-co-polymer-based stomach targeted hydrogels of famotidine". AAPS PharmSciTech 2012; 13:1091-102. [PMID: 22936406 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-012-9824-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, grafting technology has been used to develop novel grafted hydrogel beads as controlled drug delivery carriers. The chemical crosslinking and grafting of polyacrylamide onto sodium alginate has been found to be efficient method for the development of new polymeric carrier. The successful crosslinking has been confirmed by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and elemental analysis. The polymeric network of sodium alginate-co-polyacrylamide (NaAlg-g-PAM) has been interlinked by covalent and hydrogen bonds which also strength the gel network. Simple ionotropic gelation method has been used for the preparation of NaAlg-g-PAM hydrogel beads. Its swelling and gelation were dependent on monomer and crosslinker concentrations. Entrapment of the drug moiety (famotidine; an antiulcer drug) within the grafted beads has been confirmed by X-ray powder diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. More than 75% of drug loading in beads occurred with the increase of monomer and crosslinker concentration. In vitro drug release was found to be sustained up to the 12 h with 80% drug release.
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Dey P, Maiti S, Sa B. Gastrointestinal delivery of glipizide from carboxymethyl locust bean gum-Al3+-alginate hydrogel network: In vitro and in vivo performance. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.38272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Dey P, Maiti S, Sa B. Novel etherified locust bean gum-alginate hydrogels for controlled release of glipizide. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2012; 24:663-83. [PMID: 23565908 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2012.703950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paramita Dey
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , Jadavpur University , Kolkata , 700032 , West Bengal , India
| | - Sabyasachi Maiti
- b Department of Pharmaceutics , Gupta College of Technological Sciences , Ashram More, G.T. Road, Asansol , 713301 , West Bengal , India
| | - Biswanath Sa
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , Jadavpur University , Kolkata , 700032 , West Bengal , India
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Gundogdu E, Koksal C, Karasulu E. Comparison of cefpodoxime proxetil release and antimicrobial activity from tablet formulations: complexation with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin in the presence of water soluble polymer. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2012; 38:689-96. [PMID: 22010782 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2011.621434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to prove the complexation of cefpodoxime proxetil (CP) by hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) in the presence of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Na CMC), and makes a comparison of commercial tablets by dissolution and antimicrobial activity studies. The CP--HP-β-CD complex was prepared by kneading method and characterized by SEM, FTIR and DSC. The solubility method was used to investigate the effect of HP-β-CD and Na CMC on the solubility of CP. The complex tablets were prepared using direct compression method. Dissolution studies were performed with complex tablets and commercial tablets in pH 1.2, 4.5, 6.8 and 7.4 buffer solutions. It was observed that complexation occurred in all formulations, and HP-β-CD is able to increase CP solubility and dissolution rate of CP was improved from complex tablets, when compared with commercial tablets. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activity studies revealed that the CP--HP-β-CD complex and complex tablets were shown to have more effective antimicrobial activity than commercial tablets. It is evident from the results that complexation with HP-β-CD in the presence of Na CMC is feasible way to prepare a more efficient tablet formulation with improved dissolution and antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evren Gundogdu
- Ege University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Izmir, Turkey
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32
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Samsudin A, Isa M. Structural and Ionic Transport Study on CMC Doped NH4Br: A New Types of Biopolymer Electrolytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.3923/jas.2012.174.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Samsudin AS, Isa MIN. Structural and Electrical Properties of Carboxy Methylcellulose-Dodecyltrimethyl Ammonium Bromide-Based Biopolymer Electrolytes System. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2011.557810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Kulkarni RV, Mutalik S, Mangond BS, Nayak UY. Novel interpenetrated polymer network microbeads of natural polysaccharides for modified release of water soluble drug: in-vitro and in-vivo evaluation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 64:530-40. [PMID: 22420659 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2011.01433.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this work was to prepare novel interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) microbeads of tamarind seed polysaccharide and sodium alginate for controlled release of the water soluble drug, diltiazem hydrochloride. METHODS The diltiazem-Indion 254(®) (a cation exchange resin) complex was prepared and the resulting complex was entrapped within IPN microbeads prepared by ionotropic gelation and covalent crosslinking. Microbeads were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses, and evaluated for swelling, in-vitro release and preclinical pharmacokinetics. KEY FINDINGS The unformulated drug showed complete dissolution within 60min, while drug release from diltiazem-ion-exchange resin complex was extended for 2.5h but IPN microbeads extended the release for longer period. The ionically crosslinked microbeads released the drug for 6h, while dual crosslinked microbeads extended the release for 9h. The microbeads containing a higher amount of glutaraldehyde released the drug very slowly. The results of in-vivo pharmacokinetics of pure drug and drug-loaded IPN microbeads showed that the microbeads demonstrated prolonged release supporting the findings of in-vitro studies. CONCLUSIONS Prepared IPN microbeads showed prolonged in-vitro and in-vivo release for diltiazem, indicating that this IPN would be a versatile delivery system for water soluble drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghavendra V Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmaceutics, BLDEA's College of Pharmacy, BLDE University Campus, Bijapur, India.
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Timko BP, Dvir T, Kohane DS. Remotely triggerable drug delivery systems. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:4925-43. [PMID: 20818618 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201002072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 428] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Triggerable drug delivery systems enable on-demand controlled release profiles that may enhance therapeutic effectiveness and reduce systemic toxicity. Recently, a number of new materials have been developed that exhibit sensitivity to visible light, near-infrared (NIR) light, ultrasound, or magnetic fields. This responsiveness can be triggered remotely to provide flexible control of dose magnitude and timing. Here we review triggerable materials that range in scale from nano to macro, and are activated by a range of stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Timko
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Drug Delivery, Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Interpenetrating network hydrogel membranes of sodium alginate and poly(vinyl alcohol) for controlled release of prazosin hydrochloride through skin. Int J Biol Macromol 2010; 47:520-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2010.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Revised: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Wang FQ, Li P, Zhang JP, Wang AQ, Wei Q. A novel pH-sensitive magnetic alginate-chitosan beads for albendazole delivery. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2010; 36:867-77. [PMID: 20345282 DOI: 10.3109/03639040903567117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug delivery system using polymer-coated magnetic carriers is considered as an effective strategy for passive targeting, which can not only increase drug utilization but also reduce the adverse reaction. With the carriers, sensitivity to physical stimuli (e.g., magnetic field, pH) has been developed and drugs were conjugated to form incorporating magnetic particles, so that drugs could be located to desire position. METHOD Novel magnetic alginate (Alg)-chitosan (CS) beads loaded with albendazole (ABZ) were prepared and evaluated for pH sensitivity and drug release characteristics. The effects of six different factors (Alg concentration, the weight ratio of drug to polymer, the weight ratio of magnetite nanoparticles to polymer, CaCl2 concentration, CS concentration, the volume ratio of Alg to CS) were studied on the swelling ability of the magnetic beads. The magnetic beads were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, and vibrating sample magnetometry. In addition, the delivery behavior of ABZ from the magnetic beads was studied. RESULT The magnetic Alg-CS beads had showed unique pH-dependent swelling behaviors and a continuous release of ABZ. From the magnetometer measurements data, the beads also had superparamagnetic property as well as fast magnetic response. CONCLUSION The pH-sensitive magnetic beads may be used as a magnetic drug targeting system for ABZ in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa-Qin Wang
- The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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Kulkarni RV, Wagh YJ. Crosslinked Alginate Films as Rate Controlling Membranes for Transdermal Drug Delivery Application. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2010.483620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Boppana R, Kulkarni RV, Mutalik SS, Setty CM, Sa B. Interpenetrating network hydrogel beads of carboxymethylcellulose and egg albumin for controlled release of lipid lowering drug. J Microencapsul 2010; 27:337-44. [DOI: 10.3109/02652040903191842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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40
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Kulkarni RV, Setty CM, Sa B. Polyacrylamide-g-alginate-based electrically responsive hydrogel for drug delivery application: Synthesis, characterization, and formulation development. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.31203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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41
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More SM, Kulkarni RV, Sa B, Kayane NV. Glutaraldehyde-crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel discs for the controlled release of antidiabetic drug. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.31627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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