Pilosebaceous targeting by isotretenoin-loaded invasomal gel for the treatment of eosinophilic pustular folliculitis: optimization, efficacy and cellular analysis

pH-Sensitive In Situ Gel of Mirtazapine Invasomes for Rectal Drug Delivery: Protruded Bioavailability and Anti-Depressant Efficacy

The present research emphasizes fabrication alongside the assessment of an innovative nano-vesicular membranous system known as invasomes (NVMs) laden with Mirtazapine for rectal administration. This system could circumvent the confines of orally administered counterparts regarding dose schedules and bioavailability. Mirtazapine invasomes were tailored by amalgamating phospholipid, cineole, and ethanol through a thin-film hydration approach rooted in the Box-Behnken layout. Optimization of composition parameters used to fabricate desired NVMs' physicochemical attributes was undertaken using the Design-Expert® program. The optimal MRZ-NVMs were subsequently transformed to a pH-triggered in situ rectal gel followed by animal pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic investigations relative to rectal plain gel and oral suspension. The optimized NVMs revealed a diameter size of 201.3 nm, a z potential of -28.8 mV, an entrapment efficiency of 81.45%, a cumulative release within 12 h of 67.29%, and a cumulative daily permeated quantity of 468.68 µg/cm2. Compared to the oral suspension, pharmacokinetic studies revealed a 2.85- and 4.45-fold increase in calculated rectal bioavailability in circulation and brain, respectively. Pharmacodynamic and immunohistopathology evaluations exposed superior MRZ-NVMs attributed to the orally administered drug. Consequently, rectal MRZ-NVMs can potentially be regarded as a prospective nanoplatform with valuable pharmacokinetics and tolerability assets.

Terpene-based novel invasomes: pioneering cancer treatment strategies in traditional medicine

Health care workers have faced a significant challenge because of the rise in cancer incidence around the world during the past 10 years. Among various forms of malignancy skin cancer is most common, so there is need for the creation of an efficient and safe skin cancer treatment that may offer targeted and site-specific tumor penetration, and reduce unintended systemic toxicity. Nanocarriers have thus been employed to get around the issues with traditional anti-cancer drug delivery methods. Invasomes are lipid-based nanovesicles having small amounts of terpenes and ethanol or a mixture of terpenes and penetrate the skin more effectively. Compared to other lipid nanocarriers, invasomes penetrate the skin at a substantially faster rate. Invasomes possess a number of advantages, including improved drug effectiveness, higher compliance, patient convenience, advanced design, multifunctionality, enhanced targeting capabilities, non-invasive delivery methods, potential for combination therapies, and ability to overcome biological barriers,. These attributes position invasomes as a promising and innovative platform for the future of cancer treatment. The current review provides insights into invasomes, with a fresh organizational scheme and incorporates the most recent cancer research, including their composition, historical development and methods of preparation, the penetration mechanism involving effect of various formulation variables and analysis of anticancer mechanism and the application of invasomes.

Lipid-based nanoparticles as a promising treatment for the skin cancer

The prevalence of skin disorders, especially cancer, is increasing worldwide. Several factors are involved in causing skin cancer, but ultraviolet (UV) light, including sunlight and tanning beds, are considered the leading cause. Different methods such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, cryotherapy, and photodynamic therapy are mostly used for the skin cancer treatment. However, drug resistance and toxicity against cancer cells are related to these treatments. Lipid-nanoparticles have attracted significant interest as delivery systems due to non-invasive and targeted delivery based on the type of active drug. However, the stratum corneum, the outer layer of the skin, is inherently impervious to drugs. Due to their ability to penetrate the deep layers of the skin, skin delivery systems are capable of delivering drugs to target cells in a protected manner. The aim of this review was to examine the properties and applications of nanoliposomes used in the treatment and prevention of numerous types of skin cancer.

A comprehensive review on invasomal carriers incorporating natural terpenes for augmented transdermal delivery

Background

Transdermal drug delivery is one of the most widely used drug administration routes, which offer several advantages over other routes of drug delivery. The apical layer of the skin called the stratum corneum is the most dominant obstacle in the transdermal drug delivery, which restricts the passage of drugs across the skin. Considerable strategies have been applied to enhance the rate of permeation across the epithelial cells; however, the most widely used strategy is the use of sorption boosters, also known as permeation enhancers.

Main body

Terpenes were considered as efficient skin permeation enhancers and are generally recognized as safe as per Food and Drug Administration. Terpenes improve the permeability of drugs either by destructing the stratum corneum’s tightly packed lipid framework, excessive diffusivity of drug in cell membrane or by rampant drug partitioning into epithelial cells. Various vesicular systems have been developed and utilized for the transdermal delivery of many drugs. Invasomes are one such novel vesicular system developed which are composed of phospholipids, ethanol and terpenes. The combined presence of ethanol and terpenes provides exceptional flexibility to the vesicles and improves the permeation across the barrier offered due to the stratum corneum as both ethanol and terpenes act as permeation enhancers. Therefore, utilization of invasomes as carriers to facilitate higher rate of drug permeation through the skin can be a very useful approach to improve transdermal drug delivery of a drug.

Conclusion

The paper focuses on a broad updated view of terpenes as effective permeation enhancers and invasomes along with their applications in the pharmaceutical formulations.

Novel Hyaluronic Acid ethosomes based gel formulation for topical use with reduced toxicity, better skin permeation, deposition, and improved pharmacodynamics

Hyaluronic Acid (HA) has been applied as an anti-ageing molecule in the form of topical products. Current topical commercial formulations of HA face the limitations of very small and stagnant skin permeation, thereby demanding enduring administration of the formulation to sustain its action. In this study, Lipid-based nanocarriers in the form of ethosomes were formulated in a 1% w/w HA strength and were extensively evaluated in vitro, ex-vivo, and in vivo parameters along with a comparison to it's commercial counterpart. The optimised ethosomes-based HA gel formulation revealed required pH (6.9 ± 0.2), small globule size (1024 ± 9 nm), zeta potential of -6.39 ± 0.2 mV, and 98 ± 1.1% HA content. The ex vivo skin permeation and deposition potenwere conferred on synthetic membrane Strat-M, Human cadaver skin, mice skin, rat skin, and pig skin, and both parameters were found to be much higher in comparison to the commercial topical formulation. Skin deposition capacity of the optimised HA formulation was further confirmed by Scan Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) and it was observed that the developed ethosomal gel formulation got deposited more on the treated skin. The in vivo anti-ageing effect of optimised ethosomal gel on rats was found to be greater when compared to commercial formulation of HA and the developed carrier-based system proved to deliver the HA molecule in very small amounts into the systemic circulation. The results endorse the ethosomal carrier-based formulation of HA as a attractive technique for better local bioavailability of HA.

Design and optimization of nano invasomal gel of Glibenclamide and Atenolol combination: in vitro and in vivo evaluation

Background

There are many circumstances where chronic disease is associated with other disorders, especially in diseases such as diabetes with noncommunicable disease risk factors, such as hypertension. The current therapies for treating such chronic comorbid diseases are limited and challenging due to the difficulties in overcoming the side effects from complex therapeutic treatment regimen. The present study is aimed to develop and optimize the combinational nano invasomal gel of Glibenclamide (GLB) and Atenolol (ATN) as a novel combination therapy for comorbid treatment of diabetic hypertensive patients. The developed formulations were characterized for various parameters, including in-vitro skin permeation, skin irritation, in-vivo antidiabetic, and antihypertensive activities.

Results

OCNIG showed that the % entrapment efficiency of GLB is 96.67 ± 0.65% and % entrapment efficiency of ATN is 93.76 ± 0.89%, flux of GLB (240.43 ± 1.76 μg/cm2/h), and flux of ATN (475.2 ± 1.54 μg/cm2/h) which was found to conform to the expected value. The results indicated desired release and permeation profiles. Optimized formulation showed significant pharmacokinetic properties, which shows improvement in bioavailability by 134.30% and 180.32% respectively for two drugs, when compared to marketed oral preparation. Pharmacodynamic studies showed improved and prolonged management of diabetes and hypertension in Wistar rats, compared to oral and drug-loaded nano invasomes formulations.

Conclusion

Overall, the results showed that nano invasomal gel was found to be a useful and promising transdermal delivery system for the treatment of concurrent diseases.

Smart invasome synthesis, characterizations, pharmaceutical applications, and pharmacokinetic perspective: a review

Background

Scientists are constantly looking for the introduction of unique drug delivery systems for the existing drug molecule. Since the skin is one of the primary and essential organs of the human body, it needs successful research development for the delivery of the drug. While the skin is assumed a human body’s multifunctional organ, it has minimal permeability across the stratum corneum (SC). Since this is an influential barrier for the active agent, several carrier platforms to surmount this obstacle have been created. Invasomes are the liposomal vesicles, which incorporate small quantities of ethanol and terpenes or a mixture of terpenes, as potentials for improved penetration of the skin. The rate of penetration of invasomes through the skin is significantly greater than that of liposomes and ethosomes. Invasomes focus on providing a series of benefits namely enhanced drug effectiveness, increased conformity, and ease for patients.

Main body

The present article portrays insights of invasomes which include composition and preparation methods of invasomes. The article gives a brief review of the penetration mechanism, synthesis process, and characterizations of invasomes. The article gives a point by point audit about pharmaceutical applications, viz. anticancer, antihypertensive, anti-acne, vitamin analog, anticholinergic, antioxidant, etc. The pharmacokinetic properties of invasomes have also been described.

Conclusion

The key goal of an invasome-based delivery system is not only to strengthen the efficacy and safety of the drug but also to dramatically increase patient conformity and the therapeutic value to a significant extent. The delivery of drugs via the skin membrane in advanced drug delivery systems is a fascinating fact. Many pharmaceutical studies have shown that plentiful drug molecules are less soluble, have less bioavailability and stability, have less penetration, etc. Therefore, a new form of dosage with exceptional characteristics like invasomes can be created.

Graphical abstract

Recent Progress and Future Directions: The Nano-Drug Delivery System for the Treatment of Vitiligo

Vitiligo is a depigmentation disease that seriously affects the physical health, mental health and quality of life of a patient. Therapeutic aim at control immunoreaction by relieving oxidative stress. Unfortunately, the cuticle barrier function and lack of specific accumulation lead to unsatisfactory therapeutic outcomes and side effects. The introduction and innovation of nanotechnology offers inspiration and clues for the development of new strategies to treat vitiligo. However, not many studies have been done to interrogate how nanotechnology can be used for vitiligo treatment. In this review, we summarize and analyze recent studies involving nano-drug delivery systems for the treatment of vitiligo, with a special emphasis on liposomes, niosomes, nanohydrogel and nanoparticles. These studies made significant progress by either increasing drug loading efficiency or enhancing penetration. Based on these studies, there are three proposed principles for topical nano-drug delivery systems treatment of vitiligo including the promotion of transdermal penetration, enhancement of drug retention and facilitation of melanin regeneration. The presentation of these ideas may provide inspirations for the future development of topical drug delivery systems that will conquer vitiligo.

Development of an optimized avanafil-loaded invasomal transdermal film: Ex vivo skin permeation and in vivo evaluation

Avanafil (AVA) is a recent FDA approved selective phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor used for oral treatment of erectile dysfunction. The oral bioavailability of the drug is challenged by its reduced water solubility, considerable presystemic metabolism, and altered absorption in the presence of food. Accordingly, this work aimed to surmount the aforementioned challenges through the development of optimized nanosized AVA invasomes with enhanced transdermal delivery. AVA invasomes were prepared according to a Box-Behnken experimental design to explore the impact of the following formulation factors: phospholipid % (X₁), ethanol % (X₂), terpene % (X₃), and terpene type (X₄) on vesicle size (Y₁) and entrapment efficiency (Y₂). The three numerical variables were used at three levels, while the categorical variable was used at two levels. The optimized formulation with vesicular size of 109.92 nm and entrapment efficiency of 96.98% was incorporated into a hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose-based transdermal film and characterized for its ex vivo permeation behavior and in vivo performance in rats. The optimized AVA invasomal film showed enhanced ex vivo permeation with an enhancement factor of 2.514 and a more than four-fold increase in relative bioavailability compared to the raw AVA film. These results provide insight into the capability of the optimized invasomal film to enhance the transdermal permeation and bioavailability of AVA.

Elastic liposomes as novel carriers: recent advances in drug delivery

Elastic liposomes (EL) are some of the most versatile deformable vesicular carriers that comprise physiologically biocompatible lipids and surfactants for the delivery of numerous challenging molecules and have marked advantages over other colloidal systems. They have been investigated for a wide range of applications in pharmaceutical technology through topical, transdermal, nasal, and oral routes for efficient and effective drug delivery. Increased drug encapsulation efficiency, enhanced drug permeation and penetration into or across the skin, and ultradeformability have led to widespread interest in ELs to modulate drug release, permeation, and drug action more efficiently than conventional drug-release vehicles. This review provides insights into the versatile role that ELs play in the delivery of numerous drugs and biomolecules by improving drug release, permeation, and penetration across the skin as well as stability. Furthermore, it provides future directions that should ensure the widespread use of ELs across all medical fields.

Inflammatory dermatoses in human immunodeficiency virus

Various inflammatory dermatoses have been described in association with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. These either present in the usual way or in varied atypical presentations. This article gives a brief review about the etiopathogenesis and clinical presentation of the common inflammatory dermatoses associated with HIV such as psoriasis, reactive arthritis, seborrheic dermatitis, eosinophilic folliculitis, pruritic papular eruption, photosensitivity disorders prurigo nodularis, atopic dermatitis, and ichthyosis.