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Saednia S, Emami S, Moslehi M, Hosseinimehr SJ. Insights into the development of 99mTc-radioligands for serotonergic receptors imaging: Synthesis, labeling, In vitro, and In vivo studies. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 270:116349. [PMID: 38555856 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Serotonergic (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) receptors play critical roles in neurological and psychological disorders such as schizophrenia, anxiety, depression, and Alzheimer's diseases. Therefore, it is particularly important to develop novel radioligands or modify the existing ones to identify the serotonergic receptors involved in psychiatric disorders. Among the 16 subtypes of serotonergic systems, only technetium-99m based radiopharmaceuticals have been evaluated for serotonin-1A (5-HT1A), serotonin-2A (5-HT2A), 5-HT1A/7 heterodimers and serotonin receptor neurotransmitter (SERT). This review focuses on recent efforts in the design, synthesis and evaluation of 99mTc-radioligands used for single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) imaging of serotonergic (5-HT) receptors. Additionally, the discussion will cover aspects such as chemical structure, in vitro/vivo stability, affinity toward serotonin receptors, blood-brain barrier permeation (BBB), and biodistribution study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahnaz Saednia
- Farabi Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Saeed Emami
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Masoud Moslehi
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Seyed Jalal Hosseinimehr
- Department of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
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2
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Sarhan MO, Haffez H, Elsayed NA, El-Haggar RS, Zaghary WA. New phenothiazine conjugates as apoptosis inducing agents: Design, synthesis, In-vitro anti-cancer screening and 131I-radiolabeling for in-vivo evaluation. Bioorg Chem 2023; 141:106924. [PMID: 37871390 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Phenothiazines (PTZs) are a group of compounds characterized by the presence of the 10H-dibenzo-[b,e]-1,4-thiazine system. PTZs used in clinics as antipsychotic drugs with other diverse biological activities. The current aim of the study is to investigate and understand the effect of potent PTZs compounds using a group of In-vitro and In-vivo assays. A total of seventeen novel phenothiazine derivatives have been designed, synthesized, and evaluated primarily in-vitro for their ability to inhibit proliferation activity against NCI-60 cancer cell lines, including several multi-drug resistant (MDR) tumor cell lines. Almost all compounds were active and displayed promising cellular activities with GI50 values in the sub-micromolar range. Four of the most promising derivatives (4b, 4h, 4g and 6e) have been further tested against two selected sensitive cancer cell lines (colon cancer; HCT-116 and breast cancer; MDA-MB231). The apoptosis assay showed that all the selected compounds were able to induce early apoptosis and compound 6e was able to induce additional cellular necrosis. Cell cycle assay showed all selected compounds were able to induce cell cycle arrest at sub-molecular phase of G0-G1 with compound 6e induced cell cycle arrest at G2M in HCT-116 cells. Accordingly, the apoptotic effect of the selected compounds was extensively investigated on genetic level and Casp-3, Casp-9 and Bax gene were up-regulated with down-regulation of Bcl-2 gene suggesting the activation of both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. In-vivo evaluation of the antitumor activity of compound 4b in solid tumor bearing mice showed promising therapeutic effect with manifestation of dose and time dependent toxic effects at higher doses. For better evaluation of the degree of localization of 4b, its 131I-congener (131I-4b) was injected intravenously in Ehrlich solid tumor bearing mice that showed good localization at tumor site with rapid distribution and clearance from the blood. In-silico study suggested NADPH oxidases (NOXs) as potential molecular target. The compounds introduced in the current study work provided a cutting-edge phenothiazine hybrid scaffold with promising anti-proliferation action that may suggest their anti-cancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona O Sarhan
- Labelled Compounds Department, Hot Lab Centre, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Egypt
| | - Hesham Haffez
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, 11795 Cairo, Egypt; Center of Scientific Excellence "Helwan Structural Biology Research, (HSBR)", Helwan University, 11795 Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Nosaiba A Elsayed
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, 11795 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Radwan S El-Haggar
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, 11795 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Wafaa A Zaghary
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, 11795 Cairo, Egypt.
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3
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Pereira WDP, Carvalheira L, Lopes JM, Aguiar PFD, Moreira RM, Oliveira ECD. Data reconciliation connected to guard bands to set specification limits related to risk assessment for radiopharmaceutical activity. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22992. [PMID: 38125475 PMCID: PMC10731080 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiopharmaceuticals have been used to diagnose several diseases, particularly because the procedure is non-invasive. However, it is important that the correct amount of radiopharmaceutical is used to avoid inaccurate diagnostic results and suboptimal therapeutic outcomes. The amount of the radiopharmaceutical is measured when produced (by the supplier) and a second time (by the receiver), before it's use. When measured at the receiver, the result is corrected for its normal radioactivity decay. Even then, it is possible that both measurements should be considered nominal different or even statistically different when compared through various statistical tools. This research combines two innovative techniques in the field of clinical metrology. The first technique is data reconciliation, which not only enhances measurement accuracy but also reduces measurement uncertainty. The second technique involves using uncertainty information to establish specification limits for compliance assessments. In this way, our proposal aimed to minimize the risk of making incorrect decisions regarding the conformity of the concentration of radiopharmaceutical activity, that is, rejecting an item or batch that is within specification or accepting an item or batch that is outside of specification. A spreadsheet, based on these metrology fundamentals, is available to help the user with the calculations, presenting numerical and graphical results for some common radioisotopes. Reliable specification limits can be calculated and used to determine if the radiopharmaceutical is in accordance with its proposed application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luciana Carvalheira
- Argonauta Reactor Service, Nuclear Engineering Institute, R. Hélio de Almeida 75, 21941-614, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José Marques Lopes
- Earth and Environmental Physics Department, Physics Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Campus Universitário de Ondina, 40210-340, Salvador, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Geochemistry, Petroleum and Environment (POSPETRO), Federal University of Bahia, Av. Milton Santos s/n°, Salvador, 40170-110, Brazil
| | - Paula Fernandes de Aguiar
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Chemistry Institute, Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos 149, 21941-909, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rosana Medeiros Moreira
- National Institute of Technology, Av. Venezuela 82 20081-312, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (INMETRO), Av. Nossa Senhora das Graças 50, 25250-020, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
| | - Elcio Cruz de Oliveira
- Postgraduate Programme in Metrology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, R. Marquês de São Vicente 225, 22451-900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Logistics, Operational Planning and Control, Measurement and Product Inventory Management, PETROBRAS S.A., Av. Henrique Valadares 28, 20231-030, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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4
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Ruan Q, Wang Q, Jiang Y, Feng J, Yin G, Zhang J. Synthesis and Evaluation of 99mTc-Labeled FAP Inhibitors with Different Linkers for Imaging of Fibroblast Activation Proteins in Tumors. J Med Chem 2023; 66:4952-4960. [PMID: 36972467 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c02062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is a potential target for tumor diagnosis and treatment due to its selective expression on cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in most solid tumor stroma. Two FAP inhibitor (FAPI) derived ligands (L1 and L2) containing different lengths of DPro-Gly (PG) repeat units as linkers were designed and synthesized with high affinity for FAP. Two stable hydrophilic 99mTc-labeled complexes ([99mTc]Tc-L1 and [99mTc]Tc-L2) were obtained. In vitro cellular studies show that the uptake mechanism is correlated with FAP uptake, and [99mTc]Tc-L1 shows a higher cell uptake and specific binding to FAP. A nanomolar Kd value for [99mTc]Tc-L1 indicates its significantly high target affinity for FAP. The biodistribution and microSPECT/CT images obtained for U87MG tumor mice show that [99mTc]Tc-L1 has high tumor uptake with specificity to FAP and high tumor-to-nontarget ratios. As an inexpensive, easily made, and widely available tracer, [99mTc]Tc-L1 holds great promise for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals of the Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Beam Technology of the Ministry of Education, College of Nuclear Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Qianna Wang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals of the Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Yuhao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals of the Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Junhong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals of the Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Guangxing Yin
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals of the Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Junbo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals of the Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
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5
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Ahmadi M, Khoramjouy M, Dadashzadeh S, Asadian E, Mosayebnia M, Geramifar P, Shahhosseini S, Ghorbani-Bidkorpeh F. Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution studies of [99mTc]-Labeled ZIF-8 nanoparticles to pave the way for image-guided drug delivery and theranostics. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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6
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Fan F, Cheng N, Jin Z, Chen D, Tian W, Huang Q, Cao S, Tan C, Wang J, Wu X, Bai J, Qin Z. Highly selective separation of medical isotope 99mTc from irradiated 100Mo target using PEG-based resins. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-023-08771-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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7
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Nawar MF, Türler A. New strategies for a sustainable 99mTc supply to meet increasing medical demands: Promising solutions for current problems. Front Chem 2022; 10:926258. [PMID: 35936080 PMCID: PMC9355089 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.926258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The continuing rapid expansion of 99mTc diagnostic agents always calls for scaling up 99mTc production to cover increasing clinical demand. Nevertheless, 99mTc availability depends mainly on the fission-produced 99Mo supply. This supply is seriously influenced during renewed emergency periods, such as the past 99Mo production crisis or the current COVID-19 pandemic. Consequently, these interruptions have promoted the need for 99mTc production through alternative strategies capable of providing clinical-grade 99mTc with high purity. In the light of this context, this review illustrates diverse production routes that either have commercially been used or new strategies that offer potential solutions to promote a rapid production growth of 99mTc. These techniques have been selected, highlighted, and evaluated to imply their impact on developing 99mTc production. Furthermore, their advantages and limitations, current situation, and long-term perspective were also discussed. It appears that, on the one hand, careful attention needs to be devoted to enhancing the 99Mo economy. It can be achieved by utilizing 98Mo neutron activation in commercial nuclear power reactors and using accelerator-based 99Mo production, especially the photonuclear transmutation strategy. On the other hand, more research efforts should be devoted to widening the utility of 99Mo/99mTc generators, which incorporate nanomaterial-based sorbents and promote their development, validation, and full automization in the near future. These strategies are expected to play a vital role in providing sufficient clinical-grade 99mTc, resulting in a reasonable cost per patient dose.
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8
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The significance of nuclear data in the production of radionuclides for theranostic/therapeutic applications. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2022.110342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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9
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Cleynhens J, Verbruggen A. Technetium-99m radiopharmaceuticals—Radiochemistry and radiolabeling. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-822960-6.00006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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10
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Sciacca G, Martini P, Cisternino S, Mou L, Amico J, Esposito J, Gorgoni G, Cazzola E. A Universal Cassette-Based System for the Dissolution of Solid Targets. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26206255. [PMID: 34684836 PMCID: PMC8539783 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclotron-based radionuclides production by using solid targets has become important in the last years due to the growing demand of radiometals, e.g., 68Ga, 89Zr, 43/47Sc, and 52/54Mn. This shifted the focus on solid target management, where the first fundamental step of the radiochemical processing is the target dissolution. Currently, this step is generally performed with commercial or home-made modules separated from the following purification/radiolabelling modules. The aim of this work is the realization of a flexible solid target dissolution system to be easily installed on commercial cassette-based synthesis modules. This would offer a complete target processing and radiopharmaceutical synthesis performable in a single module continuously. The presented solid target dissolution system concept relies on an open-bottomed vial positioned upon a target coin. In particular, the idea is to use the movement mechanism of a syringe pump to position the vial up and down on the target, and to exploit the heater/cooler reactor of the module as a target holder. All the steps can be remotely controlled and are incorporated in the cassette manifold together with the purification and radiolabelling steps. The performance of the device was tested by processing three different irradiated targets under different dissolution conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Sciacca
- Legnaro National Laboratories, National Institute for Nuclear Physics, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.C.); (L.M.); (J.E.)
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Petra Martini
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Sara Cisternino
- Legnaro National Laboratories, National Institute for Nuclear Physics, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.C.); (L.M.); (J.E.)
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Liliana Mou
- Legnaro National Laboratories, National Institute for Nuclear Physics, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.C.); (L.M.); (J.E.)
| | - Jonathan Amico
- Cyclotron & Radiopharmacy Department, Sacro Cuore Hospital, 37024 Negrar, Italy; (J.A.); (G.G.); (E.C.)
| | - Juan Esposito
- Legnaro National Laboratories, National Institute for Nuclear Physics, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.C.); (L.M.); (J.E.)
| | - Giancarlo Gorgoni
- Cyclotron & Radiopharmacy Department, Sacro Cuore Hospital, 37024 Negrar, Italy; (J.A.); (G.G.); (E.C.)
| | - Emiliano Cazzola
- Cyclotron & Radiopharmacy Department, Sacro Cuore Hospital, 37024 Negrar, Italy; (J.A.); (G.G.); (E.C.)
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11
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Highly Efficient Micro-Scale Liquid-Liquid In-Flow Extraction of 99mTc from Molybdenum. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26185699. [PMID: 34577170 PMCID: PMC8464863 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The trend to achieve even more compact-sized systems is leading to the development of micro-scale reactors (lab-on-chip) in the field of radiochemical separation and radiopharmaceutical production. Technetium-99m extraction from both high and low specific activity molybdenum could be simply performed by MEK-driven solvent extraction if it were not for unpractical automation. The aim of this work is to develop a solvent extraction and separation process of technetium from molybdenum in a micro-scale in-flow chemistry regime with the aid of a capillary loop and a membrane-based separator, respectively. The developed system is able to extract and separate quantitatively and selectively (91.0 ± 1.8% decay corrected) the [99mTc]TcO4Na in about 20 min, by using a ZAIPUT separator device. In conclusion, we demonstrated for the first time in our knowledge the high efficiency of a MEK-based solvent extraction process of 99mTc from a molybdenum-based liquid phased in an in-flow micro-scale regime.
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12
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Mari M, Carrozza D, Ferrari E, Asti M. Applications of Radiolabelled Curcumin and Its Derivatives in Medicinal Chemistry. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147410. [PMID: 34299029 PMCID: PMC8306375 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcumin is a natural occurring molecule that has aroused much interest among researchers over the years due to its pleiotropic set of biological properties. In the nuclear medicine field, radiolabelled curcumin and curcumin derivatives have been studied as potential radiotracers for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease and cancer. In the present review, the synthetic pathways, labelling methods and the preclinical investigations involving these radioactive compounds are treated. The studies entailed chemical modifications for enhancing curcumin stability, as well as its functionalisation for the labelling with several radiohalogens or metal radionuclides (fluorine-18, technetium-99m, gallium-68, etc.). Although some drawbacks have yet to be addressed, and none of the radiolabelled curcuminoids have so far achieved clinical application, the studies performed hitherto provide useful insights and lay the foundation for further developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Mari
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Debora Carrozza
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Erika Ferrari
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Mattia Asti
- Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Section, Nuclear Medicine Unit, AUSL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Viale Risorgimento 80, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy
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13
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Biological Screening and Radiolabeling of Raptinal as a Potential Anticancer Novel Drug in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Model. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 158:105653. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Abstract
Over the last few years, cancer immunotherapy experienced tremendous developments and it is nowadays considered a promising strategy against many types of cancer. However, the exclusion of lymphocytes from the tumor nest is a common phenomenon that limits the efficiency of immunotherapy in solid tumors. Despite several mechanisms proposed during the years to explain the immune excluded phenotype, at present, there is no integrated understanding about the role played by different models of immune exclusion in human cancers. Hypoxia is a hallmark of most solid tumors and, being a multifaceted and complex condition, shapes in a unique way the tumor microenvironment, affecting gene transcription and chromatin remodeling. In this review, we speculate about an upstream role for hypoxia as a common biological determinant of immune exclusion in solid tumors. We also discuss the current state of ex vivo and in vivo imaging of hypoxic determinants in relation to T cell distribution that could mechanisms of immune exclusion and discover functional-morphological tumor features that could support clinical monitoring.
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15
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Kim MH, Kim SG, Kim DW. Dual-labeled prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeting agent for preoperative molecular imaging and fluorescence-guided surgery for prostate cancer. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2021; 64:4-13. [PMID: 33037721 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to report the synthesis and characteristics of a dual modality imaging agent, Tc-99m GRFLTGGTGRLLRIS-GHEG-ECG-K(-5-carboxy-X-rhodamine)-NH2 (GRFLT-ECG-ROX), and to verify its feasibility as both molecular imaging and intraoperative guidance agent. GRFLT-ECG-ROX was synthesized using Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis. Radiolabeling of GRFLT-ECG-ROX with Tc-99m was accomplished using ligand exchange via tartrate. Binding affinity and in vitro cellular uptake studies were performed. Gamma camera imaging, biodistribution, and ex vivo imaging studies were performed using LNCaP and PC-3 tumor-bearing murine models. Surgical removal of tumor nodules in murine models with peritoneal carcinomatosis was performed under a fluorescence imaging system. After radiolabeling procedures with Tc-99m, Tc-99m GRFLT-ECG-ROX complexes were prepared in high yield (>96%). The binding affinity value (Kd ) of Tc-99m GRFLT-ECG-ROX for LNCaP cells was estimated to be 9.5 ± 1.3 nM. In gamma camera imaging, the tumor to normal muscle uptake ratios of Tc-99m GRFLT-ECG-ROX increased with time (3.1 ± 0.2, 4.0 ± 0.4, and 6.3 ± 0.9 at 1, 2, and 3 h, respectively). Under real-time optical imaging, the removal of visible nodules was successfully performed. Thus, Tc-99m GRFLT-ECG-ROX could provide both preoperative molecular imaging and fluorescence imaging guidance for tumor removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoung Hyoun Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Seul-Gi Kim
- Research Unit of Molecular Imaging Agent (RUMIA), Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Dae-Weung Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, South Korea
- Research Unit of Molecular Imaging Agent (RUMIA), Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, South Korea
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16
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Khandaker MU, Nagatsu K, Minegishi K, Zhang MR, Jalilian AR, Bradley DA. Cyclotron production of no carrier added 186gRe radionuclide for theranostic applications. Appl Radiat Isot 2020; 166:109428. [PMID: 32979754 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2020.109428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
186gRe (T1/2 = 3.7183 d, E(β-)mean = 346.7 keV, I(β-)mean = 92.59%), a mixed beta and γ-emitter shows great potential for use in theranostic applications. The dominant 185Re(n,γ) route, via use of a nuclear reactor, provides 186gRe in carrier added form with low specific activity, while cyclotrons offer no carrier-added (NCA) high specific activity production of 186gRe. However, to be able to select the best possible nuclear reaction and to optimize the production route via the use of a cyclotron, information on the excitation function for the reaction of interest as well as for the competing reactions is necessary. Accordingly, we have conducted a detailed study of the excitation functions for natW(d, x) reactions in seeking optimized parameters for the NCA production of 186gRe. Noting a discrepancy among the experimental data, we made an evaluation of the available literature, finally selecting optimum parameters for the production of 186gRe via the 186W(d,2n)186Re reaction. These beam parameters were then used for batch production of 186gRe by irradiating an enriched 186W metallic powder target, followed by a subsequent automated chemical separation process. The preliminary results show 98.1% radionuclidic purity of 186gRe at 8 h subsequent to the End of Bombardment (EOB), offering the potential for use in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayeen Uddin Khandaker
- Centre for Biomedical Physics, School of Healthcare and Medical Sciences, Sunway University, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia, & Department of Physics, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Kotaro Nagatsu
- National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Sciences and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan.
| | - Katsuyuki Minegishi
- National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Sciences and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Sciences and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Amir R Jalilian
- Department of Nuclear Science and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), A- 1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - D A Bradley
- Centre for Biomedical Physics, School of Healthcare and Medical Sciences, Sunway University, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia, & Department of Physics, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
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17
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Perini EA, Skopchenko M, Hong TT, Harianto R, Maître A, Rodríguez MRR, de Oliveira Santos N, Guo Y, Qin X, Zeituni CA, Starovoitova VN. Pre-feasibility Study for Establishing Radioisotope and Radiopharmaceutical Production Facilities in Developing Countries. Curr Radiopharm 2020; 12:187-200. [PMID: 30924426 DOI: 10.2174/1874471012666190328164253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A significant number of developing countries have no facilities to produce medical radioisotopes and radiopharmaceuticals. OBJECTIVE In this paper we show that access to life-saving radioisotopes and radiopharmaceuticals and the geographical distribution of corresponding infrastructure is highly unbalanced worldwide. METHODS We discuss the main issues which need to be addressed in order to establish the production of radioisotopes and radiopharmaceuticals, which are especially important for developing countries as newcomers in the field. The data was gathered from several sources, including databases maintained by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), World Health Organization (WHO), and other international organizations; personal interactions with representatives in the nuclear medicine field from different regions of the world; and relevant literature. RESULTS Developing radioisotope and radiopharmaceutical production program and installing corresponding infrastructure requires significant investments, both man-power and financial. Support already exists to help developing countries establish their medical radioisotope production installations from several organizations, such as IAEA. CONCLUSION This work clearly shows that access to life-saving radioisotopes and the geographical distribution of corresponding infrastructure is highly unbalanced. Technology transfer is important as it not only immediately benefits patients, but also provides employment, economic activity and general prosperity in the region to where the technology transfer is implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrain Araujo Perini
- Institute of Energy and Nuclear Research (IPEN), Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 2242, Cidade Universitaria., 05508-000, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mikhail Skopchenko
- National Nuclear Center, Institute of Radiation Safety and Ecology, 23 Building, 2 Krasnoarmeyskaya Street, 071100, Kurchatov, Kazakhstan
| | - Tran Thu Hong
- Nuclear Research Institute, 01 Nguyen Tu Luc St., Ward 9, Dalat City, Lam Dong, Vietnam
| | - Rahmat Harianto
- Nuclear Energy Regulatory Agency (BAPETEN), North Petojo, Jl. Gajah Mada 8, RT.1/RW.2, Krukut, Tamansari, Daerah Khusus Ibukota 11120, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Alexis Maître
- INVAP S.E., Avenida Comandante Luis Piedrabuena 4950, R8403CPV, Bariloche, Argentina
| | | | - Nathalia de Oliveira Santos
- Eckert & Ziegler Brasil Isotope Solution, Rua Miguel Nelsom Bechara, 480, Jardim Pereira Leite, ZIP 02712-130, Sao Paulo - SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Carlos A Zeituni
- Institute of Energy and Nuclear Research (IPEN), Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 2242, Cidade Universitaria., 05508-000, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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18
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99mTc-Labeled LyP-1 for SPECT Imaging of Triple Negative Breast Cancer. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2019; 2019:9502712. [PMID: 31598115 PMCID: PMC6778934 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9502712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), the most aggressive breast cancer type, is associated with high mortality and recurrence rates. An active-targeted strategy based on homing peptides is an effective approach to diagnose and treat cancer as it can deliver imaging agents or therapeutic drugs into desired tissues and accumulate less into off-target tissues. As a homing peptide, LyP-1 has shown properties of targeting, internalization, and proapoptosis to TNBC. In the study, we designed a Technetium-99m- (99mTc-) labeled LyP-1 and investigated its feasibility for targeted single-positron emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging of TNBC. The results showed that the LyP-1 peptide had acceptable biocompatibility in the studied concentration range and could specifically bind to TNBC cells in vitro. 99mTc-labeled LyP-1 showed high radiochemical purity and stability and could be used as a probe for targeted SPECT imaging of TNBC cells in vitro and in a TNBC tumor-bearing mouse model. Our findings indicate that this active-targeted strategy has great potential to be developed into a new imaging tool for TNBC diagnosis.
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19
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Purification of 99Mo and 99mTc from radioactive traces of Nb, Zr, and Y impurities: method applicable in the purification of the spent 100/99Mo–99mTc generator. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-019-06692-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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20
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Costa B, Ilem-Özdemir D, Santos-Oliveira R. Technetium-99m metastable radiochemistry for pharmaceutical applications: old chemistry for new products. J COORD CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2019.1632838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Costa
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Derya Ilem-Özdemir
- Department of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Bornova, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Ralph Santos-Oliveira
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Radiopharmacy and Nanoradiopharmaceuticals, Zona Oeste State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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21
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A Picture of Modern Tc-99m Radiopharmaceuticals: Production, Chemistry, and Applications in Molecular Imaging. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9122526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Even today, techentium-99m represents the radionuclide of choice for diagnostic radio-imaging applications. Its peculiar physical and chemical properties make it particularly suitable for medical imaging. By the use of molecular probes and perfusion radiotracers, it provides rapid and non-invasive evaluation of the function, physiology, and/or pathology of organs. The versatile chemistry of technetium-99m, due to its multi-oxidation states, and, consequently, the ability to produce a variety of complexes with particular desired characteristics, are the major advantages of this medical radionuclide. The advances in technetium coordination chemistry over the last 20 years, in combination with recent advances in detector technologies and reconstruction algorithms, make SPECT’s spatial resolution comparable to that of PET, allowing 99mTc radiopharmaceuticals to have an important role in nuclear medicine and to be particularly suitable for molecular imaging. In this review the most efficient chemical methods, based on the modern concept of the 99mTc-metal fragment approach, applied to the development of technetium-99m radiopharmaceuticals for molecular imaging, are described. A specific paragraph is dedicated to the development of new 99mTc-based radiopharmaceuticals for prostate cancer.
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22
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Uccelli L, Martini P, Cittanti C, Carnevale A, Missiroli L, Giganti M, Bartolomei M, Boschi A. Therapeutic Radiometals: Worldwide Scientific Literature Trend Analysis (2008⁻2018). Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24030640. [PMID: 30759753 PMCID: PMC6385165 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Academic journals have published a large number of papers in the therapeutic nuclear medicine (NM) research field in the last 10 years. Despite this, a literature analysis has never before been made to point out the research interest in therapeutic radionuclides (RNs). For this reason, the present study aims specifically to analyze the research output on therapeutic radiometals from 2008 to 2018, with intent to quantify and identify global trends in scientific literature and emphasize the interdisciplinary nature of this research field. The data search targeted conventional (131I, 90Y, 177Lu, 188Re, 186Re, 153Sm, 89Sr, 186Er) and emergent (67Cu, 47Sc, 223Ra, 166Ho, 161Tb, 149Tb, 212Pb/212Bi, 225Ac, 213Bi, 211At, 117mSn) RNs. Starting from this time frame, authors have analyzed and interpreted this scientific trend quantitatively first, and qualitatively after.
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Affiliation(s)
- Licia Uccelli
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Ludovico Ariosto, 35-44121 Ferrara, Italy.
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, University Hospital, Via Aldo Moro, 8-44124 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Petra Martini
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Ludovico Ariosto, 35-44121 Ferrara, Italy.
- Legnaro National Laboratories, Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (LNL-INFN), Viale dell'Università, 2, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
| | - Corrado Cittanti
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Ludovico Ariosto, 35-44121 Ferrara, Italy.
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, University Hospital, Via Aldo Moro, 8-44124 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Aldo Carnevale
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Ludovico Ariosto, 35-44121 Ferrara, Italy.
- Radiology University Unit, University Hospital, Via Aldo Moro, 8-44124 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Loretta Missiroli
- Bibliometric and Databases Unit, Research Office, University of Ferrara, Via Ludovico Ariosto, 35-44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Melchiore Giganti
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Ludovico Ariosto, 35-44121 Ferrara, Italy.
- Radiology University Unit, University Hospital, Via Aldo Moro, 8-44124 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Mirco Bartolomei
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, University Hospital, Via Aldo Moro, 8-44124 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Boschi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Ludovico Ariosto, 35-44121 Ferrara, Italy.
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Meléndez-Alafort L, Ferro-Flores G, De Nardo L, Bello M, Paiusco M, Negri A, Zorz A, Uzunov N, Esposito J, Rosato A. Internal radiation dose assessment of radiopharmaceuticals prepared with cyclotron-produced99mTc. Med Phys 2019; 46:1437-1446. [DOI: 10.1002/mp.13393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Guillermina Ferro-Flores
- Laboratorio Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo de Radiofármacos-CONACyT; Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares; Carretera México-Toluca S/N. La Marquesa; Ocoyoacac Estado de México 52750 México
| | - Laura De Nardo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Padova; Via Marzolo 8 Padova 35131 Italy
| | - Michele Bello
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Padova; Via Marzolo 8 Padova 35131 Italy
| | - Marta Paiusco
- Medical Physics Department; Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS; Via Gattamelata 64 Padova 35138 Italy
| | - Anna Negri
- Medical Physics Department; Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS; Via Gattamelata 64 Padova 35138 Italy
| | - Alessandra Zorz
- Medical Physics Department; Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS; Via Gattamelata 64 Padova 35138 Italy
| | - Nikolay Uzunov
- Faculty of Natural Sciences; University of Shumen; 115 Universitetska str. Shumen 9712 Bulgaria
| | - Juan Esposito
- Legnaro National laboratories; National Institute of Nuclear Physics; Viale della Università 2 Legnaro 35020 Italy
| | - Antonio Rosato
- Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS; Via Gattamelata 64 Padova 35138 Italy
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology; University of Padova; Via Gattamelata 64 Padova 35138 Italy
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24
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Boschi A, Martini P, Costa V, Pagnoni A, Uccelli L. Interdisciplinary Tasks in the Cyclotron Production of Radiometals for Medical Applications. The Case of 47Sc as Example. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24030444. [PMID: 30691170 PMCID: PMC6385051 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing number of cyclotrons of different sizes installed in the territory has given a strong impulse to the production of conventional and emerging radionuclides for medical applications. In particular, the great advantage of using medical cyclotrons is the possibility to produce on-site, when needed (on-demand), with medical radionuclides of interest encouraging the personalized medicine approach. Radiometals satisfy the ideal characteristics that radionuclides should have for routine employment in nuclear medicine, especially since they have a robust chemistry suitable to synthetize stable in vivo radiopharmaceuticals with high radiochemical yields. In this letter several interdisciplinary aspects involved in the radiometals cyclotron production cycle are summarized focusing the attention on cyclotron production facilities, target material, and chemical processing available for medical applications. As an example, the current status and recent development in the production of the theranostic radionuclide scandium-47 have been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Boschi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46-44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Petra Martini
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46-44121 Ferrara, Italy.
- Legnaro National Laboratories, Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (LNL-INFN), Viale dell' Università, 2, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
| | - Valentina Costa
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46-44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Antonella Pagnoni
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46-44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Licia Uccelli
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46-44121 Ferrara, Italy.
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25
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Perspectives on the Use of Liquid Extraction for Radioisotope Purification. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24020334. [PMID: 30669256 PMCID: PMC6359044 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24020334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The reliable and efficient production of radioisotopes for diagnosis and therapy is becoming an increasingly important capability, due to their demonstrated utility in Nuclear Medicine applications. Starting from the first processes involving the separation of 99mTc from irradiated materials, several methods and concepts have been developed to selectively extract the radioisotopes of interest. Even though the initial methods were based on liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) approaches, the perceived difficulty in automating such processes has slowly moved the focus towards resin separation methods, whose basic chemical principles are often similar to the LLE ones in terms of chelators and phases. However, the emerging field of flow chemistry allows LLE to be easily automated and operated in a continuous manner, resulting in an even improved efficiency and reliability. In this contribution, we will outline the fundamentals of LLE processes and their translation into flow-based apparatuses; in addition, we will provide examples of radioisotope separations that have been achieved using LLE methods. This article is intended to offer insights about the future potential of LLE to purify medically relevant radioisotopes.
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26
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Skliarova H, Cisternino S, Cicoria G, Marengo M, Palmieri V. Innovative Target for Production of Technetium-99m by Biomedical Cyclotron. Molecules 2018; 24:E25. [PMID: 30577612 PMCID: PMC6337538 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Technetium-99m (99mTc) is the most used radionuclide worldwide in nuclear medicine for diagnostic imaging procedures. 99mTc is typically extracted from portable generators containing 99Mo, which is produced normally in nuclear reactors as a fission product of highly enriched Uranium material. Due to unexpected outages or planned and unplanned reactor shutdown, significant 99mTc shortages appeared as a problem since 2008 The alternative cyclotron-based approach through the 100Mo(p,2n)99mTc reaction is considered one of the most promising routes for direct 99mTc production in order to mitigate potential 99Mo shortages. The design and manufacturing of appropriate cyclotron targets for the production of significant amounts of a radiopharmaceutical for medical use is a technological challenge. In this work, a novel solid target preparation method was developed, including sputter deposition of a dense, adherent, and non-oxidized Mo target material onto a complex backing plate. The latter included either chemically resistant sapphire or synthetic diamond brazed in vacuum conditions to copper. The target thermo-mechanical stability tests were performed under 15.6 MeV proton energy and different beam intensities, up to the maximum provided by the available GE Healthcare (Chicago, IL, USA) PET trace medical cyclotron. The targets resisted proton beam currents up to 60 µA (corresponding to a heat power density of about 1 kW/cm²) without damage or Mo deposited layer delamination. The chemical stability of the proposed backing materials was proven by gamma-spectroscopy analysis of the solution obtained after the standard dissolution procedure of irradiated targets in H₂O₂.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Skliarova
- Legnaro National Laboratories, Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (LNL-INFN), Viale dell’Università 2, 35020 Legnaro PD, Italy;
| | - Sara Cisternino
- Legnaro National Laboratories, Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (LNL-INFN), Viale dell’Università 2, 35020 Legnaro PD, Italy;
| | - Gianfranco Cicoria
- Medical Physics Department, University Hospital “S. Orsola-Malpighi”, 40100 Bologna, Italy; (G.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Mario Marengo
- Medical Physics Department, University Hospital “S. Orsola-Malpighi”, 40100 Bologna, Italy; (G.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Vincenzo Palmieri
- Legnaro National Laboratories, Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (LNL-INFN), Viale dell’Università 2, 35020 Legnaro PD, Italy;
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27
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Esposito J, Bettoni D, Boschi A, Calderolla M, Cisternino S, Fiorentini G, Keppel G, Martini P, Maggiore M, Mou L, Pasquali M, Pranovi L, Pupillo G, Rossi Alvarez C, Sarchiapone L, Sciacca G, Skliarova H, Favaron P, Lombardi A, Antonini P, Duatti A. LARAMED: A Laboratory for Radioisotopes of Medical Interest. Molecules 2018; 24:E20. [PMID: 30577598 PMCID: PMC6337324 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The widespread availability of novel radioactive isotopes showing nuclear characteristics suitable for diagnostic and therapeutic applications in nuclear medicine (NM) has experienced a great development in the last years, particularly as a result of key advancements of cyclotron-based radioisotope production technologies. At Legnaro National Laboratories of the National Institute of Nuclear Physics (LNL-INFN), Italy, a 70-MeV high current cyclotron has been recently installed. This cyclotron will be dedicated not only to pursuing fundamental nuclear physics studies, but also to research related to other scientific fields with an emphasis on medical applications. LARAMED project was established a few years ago at LNL-INFN as a new research line aimed at exploiting the scientific power of nuclear physics for developing innovative applications to medicine. The goal of this program is to elect LNL as a worldwide recognized hub for the development of production methods of novel medical radionuclides, still unavailable for the scientific and clinical community. Although the research facility is yet to become fully operative, the LARAMED team has already started working on the cyclotron production of conventional medical radionuclides, such as Tc-99m, and on emerging radionuclides of high potential medical interest, such as Cu-67, Sc-47, and Mn-52.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Esposito
- Legnaro National Laboratories, Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (LNL-INFN), Viale dell'Università, 2, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
| | - Diego Bettoni
- Legnaro National Laboratories, Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (LNL-INFN), Viale dell'Università, 2, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
- Department of Physic and Earth Science, University of Ferrara, Via Saragat, 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Boschi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Michele Calderolla
- Legnaro National Laboratories, Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (LNL-INFN), Viale dell'Università, 2, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
| | - Sara Cisternino
- Legnaro National Laboratories, Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (LNL-INFN), Viale dell'Università, 2, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
| | - Giovanni Fiorentini
- Department of Physic and Earth Science, University of Ferrara, Via Saragat, 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Keppel
- Legnaro National Laboratories, Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (LNL-INFN), Viale dell'Università, 2, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
| | - Petra Martini
- Legnaro National Laboratories, Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (LNL-INFN), Viale dell'Università, 2, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Mario Maggiore
- Legnaro National Laboratories, Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (LNL-INFN), Viale dell'Università, 2, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
| | - Liliana Mou
- Legnaro National Laboratories, Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (LNL-INFN), Viale dell'Università, 2, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
| | - Micòl Pasquali
- Legnaro National Laboratories, Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (LNL-INFN), Viale dell'Università, 2, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Pranovi
- Legnaro National Laboratories, Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (LNL-INFN), Viale dell'Università, 2, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
| | - Gaia Pupillo
- Legnaro National Laboratories, Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (LNL-INFN), Viale dell'Università, 2, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
| | - Carlos Rossi Alvarez
- Legnaro National Laboratories, Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (LNL-INFN), Viale dell'Università, 2, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
| | - Lucia Sarchiapone
- Legnaro National Laboratories, Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (LNL-INFN), Viale dell'Università, 2, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
| | - Gabriele Sciacca
- Legnaro National Laboratories, Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (LNL-INFN), Viale dell'Università, 2, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
| | - Hanna Skliarova
- Legnaro National Laboratories, Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (LNL-INFN), Viale dell'Università, 2, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
| | - Paolo Favaron
- Legnaro National Laboratories, Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (LNL-INFN), Viale dell'Università, 2, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
| | - Augusto Lombardi
- Legnaro National Laboratories, Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (LNL-INFN), Viale dell'Università, 2, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
| | - Piergiorgio Antonini
- Legnaro National Laboratories, Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (LNL-INFN), Viale dell'Università, 2, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
| | - Adriano Duatti
- Legnaro National Laboratories, Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (LNL-INFN), Viale dell'Università, 2, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
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Chattopadhyay S, Saha Das S, Barua L, Pal AK, Kumar U, Alam MN, Hudait AK, Banerjee S. A compact solvent extraction based 99Mo/ 99mTc generator for hospital radiopharmacy. Appl Radiat Isot 2018; 143:41-46. [PMID: 30368052 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2018.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A compact and portable 99Mo-99 mTc generator based on solvent-extraction, mimic to the conventional 99Mo-99 mTc alumina column generator is much-needed commodity for use in hospital radiopharmacy setup. The present study includes the development of a portable, simple and low cost 99Mo/99 mTc-generator based on MEK solvent extraction technique to obtain a very high concentration of no-carrier added (nca) 99 mTc solution, where low specific activity 99Mo source is obtained through 98Mo(n, γ)99Mo reaction in a research reactor. The unit is intended for operation under the conditions of medical radiological laboratories. Technical trials showed that the mean time of preparation of sodium [99mTc] pertechnetate radiopharmaceutical did not exceed 15 min. The quality and yield of 99 mTc-pertechnetate is upto the mark for formulation of radiopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankha Chattopadhyay
- Radiopharmaceuticals Lab., Regional Centre, Board of Radiation & Isotope Technology (BRIT), VECC, 1/AF, Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata 700064, India.
| | - Sujata Saha Das
- Radiopharmaceuticals Lab., Regional Centre, Board of Radiation & Isotope Technology (BRIT), VECC, 1/AF, Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata 700064, India
| | - Luna Barua
- Radiopharmaceuticals Lab., Regional Centre, Board of Radiation & Isotope Technology (BRIT), VECC, 1/AF, Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata 700064, India
| | - Asit Kumar Pal
- Radiopharmaceuticals Lab., Regional Centre, Board of Radiation & Isotope Technology (BRIT), VECC, 1/AF, Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata 700064, India
| | - Umesh Kumar
- Radiopharmaceuticals Lab., Regional Centre, Board of Radiation & Isotope Technology (BRIT), VECC, 1/AF, Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata 700064, India
| | - Md Nayer Alam
- Radiopharmaceuticals Lab., Regional Centre, Board of Radiation & Isotope Technology (BRIT), VECC, 1/AF, Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata 700064, India
| | - Arup Kumar Hudait
- Radiopharmaceuticals Lab., Regional Centre, Board of Radiation & Isotope Technology (BRIT), VECC, 1/AF, Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata 700064, India
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Capogni M, Pietropaolo A, Quintieri L, Angelone M, Boschi A, Capone M, Cherubini N, De Felice P, Dodaro A, Duatti A, Fazio A, Loreti S, Martini P, Pagano G, Pasquali M, Pillon M, Uccelli L, Pizzuto A. 14 MeV Neutrons for 99Mo/ 99mTc Production: Experiments, Simulations and Perspectives. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23081872. [PMID: 30060449 PMCID: PMC6222560 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23081872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: the gamma-emitting radionuclide Technetium-99m (99mTc) is still the workhorse of Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) as it is used worldwide for the diagnosis of a variety of phatological conditions. 99mTc is obtained from 99Mo/99mTc generators as pertechnetate ion, which is the ubiquitous starting material for the preparation of 99mTc radiopharmaceuticals. 99Mo in such generators is currently produced in nuclear fission reactors as a by-product of 235U fission. Here we investigated an alternative route for the production of 99Mo by irradiating a natural metallic molybdenum powder using a 14-MeV accelerator-driven neutron source. Methods: after irradiation, an efficient isolation and purification of the final 99mTc-pertechnetate was carried out by means of solvent extraction. Monte Carlo simulations allowed reliable predictions of 99Mo production rates for a newly designed 14-MeV neutron source (New Sorgentina Fusion Source). Results: in traceable metrological conditions, a level of radionuclidic purity consistent with accepted pharmaceutical quality standards, was achieved. Conclusions: we showed that this source, featuring a nominal neutron emission rate of about 1015 s−1, may potentially supply an appreciable fraction of the current 99Mo global demand. This study highlights that a robust and viable solution, alternative to nuclear fission reactors, can be accomplished to secure the long-term supply of 99Mo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Capogni
- ENEA-Department of Fusion and Technology for Nuclear Safety and Security, Via E. Fermi 45, Frascati, I-00044 Roma, Italy.
- ENEA-Italian National Institute of Ionizing Radiation Metrology (INMRI), Casaccia Research Centre, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Roma, Italy.
| | - Antonino Pietropaolo
- ENEA-Department of Fusion and Technology for Nuclear Safety and Security, Via E. Fermi 45, Frascati, I-00044 Roma, Italy.
| | - Lina Quintieri
- ENEA-Department of Fusion and Technology for Nuclear Safety and Security, Via E. Fermi 45, Frascati, I-00044 Roma, Italy.
- ENEA-Italian National Institute of Ionizing Radiation Metrology (INMRI), Casaccia Research Centre, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Roma, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Angelone
- ENEA-Department of Fusion and Technology for Nuclear Safety and Security, Via E. Fermi 45, Frascati, I-00044 Roma, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Boschi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Ludovico Ariosto, 35-44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Mauro Capone
- ENEA-Department of Fusion and Technology for Nuclear Safety and Security, Via E. Fermi 45, Frascati, I-00044 Roma, Italy.
| | - Nadia Cherubini
- ENEA-Department of Fusion and Technology for Nuclear Safety and Security, Via E. Fermi 45, Frascati, I-00044 Roma, Italy.
| | - Pierino De Felice
- ENEA-Department of Fusion and Technology for Nuclear Safety and Security, Via E. Fermi 45, Frascati, I-00044 Roma, Italy.
- ENEA-Italian National Institute of Ionizing Radiation Metrology (INMRI), Casaccia Research Centre, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Roma, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Dodaro
- ENEA-Department of Fusion and Technology for Nuclear Safety and Security, Via E. Fermi 45, Frascati, I-00044 Roma, Italy.
| | - Adriano Duatti
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Ludovico Ariosto 35, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Aldo Fazio
- ENEA-Department of Fusion and Technology for Nuclear Safety and Security, Via E. Fermi 45, Frascati, I-00044 Roma, Italy.
- ENEA-Italian National Institute of Ionizing Radiation Metrology (INMRI), Casaccia Research Centre, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Roma, Italy.
| | - Stefano Loreti
- ENEA-Department of Fusion and Technology for Nuclear Safety and Security, Via E. Fermi 45, Frascati, I-00044 Roma, Italy.
| | - Petra Martini
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Ludovico Ariosto, 35-44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Guglielmo Pagano
- ENEA-Department of Fusion and Technology for Nuclear Safety and Security, Via E. Fermi 45, Frascati, I-00044 Roma, Italy.
| | - Micol Pasquali
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Ludovico Ariosto 35, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Mario Pillon
- ENEA-Department of Fusion and Technology for Nuclear Safety and Security, Via E. Fermi 45, Frascati, I-00044 Roma, Italy.
| | - Licia Uccelli
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Ludovico Ariosto, 35-44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Aldo Pizzuto
- ENEA-Department of Fusion and Technology for Nuclear Safety and Security, Via E. Fermi 45, Frascati, I-00044 Roma, Italy.
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Martini P, Boschi A, Cicoria G, Zagni F, Corazza A, Uccelli L, Pasquali M, Pupillo G, Marengo M, Loriggiola M, Skliarova H, Mou L, Cisternino S, Carturan S, Melendez-Alafort L, Uzunov NM, Bello M, Alvarez CR, Esposito J, Duatti A. In-house cyclotron production of high-purity Tc-99m and Tc-99m radiopharmaceuticals. Appl Radiat Isot 2018; 139:325-331. [PMID: 29936404 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2018.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the last years, the technology for producing the important medical radionuclide technetium-99m by cyclotrons has become sufficiently mature to justify its introduction as an alternative source of the starting precursor [99mTc][TcO4]- ubiquitously employed for the production of 99mTc-radiopharmaceuticals in hospitals. These technologies make use almost exclusively of the nuclear reaction 100Mo(p,2n)99mTc that allows direct production of Tc-99m. In this study, it is conjectured that this alternative production route will not replace the current supply chain based on the distribution of 99Mo/99mTc generators, but could become a convenient emergency source of Tc-99m only for in-house hospitals equipped with a conventional, low-energy, medical cyclotron. On this ground, an outline of the essential steps that should be implemented for setting up a hospital radiopharmacy aimed at the occasional production of Tc-99m by a small cyclotron is discussed. These include (1) target production, (2) irradiation conditions, (3) separation/purification procedures, (4) terminal sterilization, (5) quality control, and (6) Mo-100 recovery. To address these issues, a comprehensive technology for cyclotron-production of Tc-99m, developed at the Legnaro National Laboratories of the Italian National Institute of Nuclear Physics (LNL-INFN), will be used as a reference example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Martini
- Legnaro Laboratories, Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), Legnaro, Padua, Italy; Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Boschi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
| | | | | | | | - Licia Uccelli
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Micòl Pasquali
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Gaia Pupillo
- Legnaro Laboratories, Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Loriggiola
- Legnaro Laboratories, Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Hanna Skliarova
- Legnaro Laboratories, Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Liliana Mou
- Legnaro Laboratories, Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Sara Cisternino
- Legnaro Laboratories, Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Sara Carturan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padua, Italy
| | | | - Nikolay M Uzunov
- Legnaro Laboratories, Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Michele Bello
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Carlos Rossi Alvarez
- Legnaro Laboratories, Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Juan Esposito
- Legnaro Laboratories, Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Adriano Duatti
- Legnaro Laboratories, Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), Legnaro, Padua, Italy; Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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