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Mohammad SI, Aldosari BN, Mehanni MM, El-Gendy AO, Hozayen WG, Afzal O, Zaki RM, Sayed OM. Fabrication and application of targeted ciprofloxacin nanocarriers for the treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis. Int J Pharm X 2024; 7:100247. [PMID: 38706465 PMCID: PMC11066576 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2024.100247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria cause chronic bacterial prostatitis (CBP). CPB is characterized by urinary tract infection and persistence of pathogenic bacteria in prostatic secretion. Owing to poor blood supply to the prostate gland and limited drug penetration, CBP treatment is difficult. Transferosomes are ultradeformable vesicles for nanocarrier applications, which have become an important area of nanomedicine. Such carriers are specifically targeted to the pathological area to provide maximum therapeutic efficacy. It consists of a lipid bilayer soybean lecithin phosphatidylcholine (PC), an edge activator Tween 80 with various ratios, and a chloroform/methanol core. Depending on the lipophilicity of the active substance, it can be encapsulated within the core or among the lipid bilayer. Due to their exceptional flexibility, which enables them to squeeze themselves through narrow pores that are significantly smaller than their size, they can be a solution. One formulation (Cipro5 PEG) was selected for further in vitro analysis and was composed of phosphatidylcholine (PC), Tween 80, and polyethylene glycol-6 stearate (PEG-6 stearate) in a ratio of 3:3:1 in a chloroform/methanol mixture (1:2 v/v). In vitro, the results showed that PEGylated transferosomes had faster drug release, higher permeation, and increased bioavailability. The transferosomes were quantified with a particle size of 202.59 nm, a zeta potential of-49.38 mV, and a drug entrapment efficiency of 80.05%. The aim of this study was to investigate drug targeting. Therefore, Monoclonal antibody IgG was coupled with Cipro5 PEG, which has specificity and selectivity for conjugated nanoparticles. In vivo, a total of twenty-five adult Wistar rats were obtained and randomly divided into 5 groups, each of 5 rats at random: the control group, blank group, positive control group, Cipro 5PEG group, and Cipro 5PEG coupled with IgG antibody group. The cytokines levels (IL-1β, IL-8, and TNF-α) in the serum were detected by analysis kits. Compared with the control group, treatment with Cipro 5PEG coupled with the IgG antibody could significantly inhibit cytokines, according to histological analysis. Cipro 5PEG, coupled with the IgG antibody group, reduced prostate tissue inflammation. Hence, our results show a promising approach to delivering antibiotics for the targeted therapy of CBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar I. Mohammad
- Biotechnology and Life Science Department, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Basmah Nasser Aldosari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Magda M. Mehanni
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Ahmed O. El-Gendy
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Walaa G. Hozayen
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Obaid Afzal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Randa Mohammed Zaki
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt
| | - Ossama M. Sayed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University-Kantara Branch, Ismailia 41612, Egypt
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2
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Li Y, Tai Z, Ma J, Miao F, Xin R, Shen C, Shen M, Zhu Q, Chen Z. Lycorine transfersomes modified with cell-penetrating peptides for topical treatment of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:139. [PMID: 37118807 PMCID: PMC10148442 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-01877-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Topical anticancer drugs offer a potential therapeutic modality with high compliance for treating cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). However, the existing topical treatments for cSCC are associated with limited penetrating ability to achieve the desired outcome. Therefore, there remains an urgent requirement to develop drugs with efficient anticancer activity suitable for treating cSCC and to overcome the skin physiological barrier to improve the efficiency of drug delivery to the tumor. RESULTS We introduced lycorine (LR) into the topical treatment for cSCC and developed a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP)-modified cationic transfersome gel loaded with lycorine-oleic acid ionic complex (LR-OA) (LR@DTFs-CPP Gel) and investigated its topical therapeutic effects on cSCC. The anti-cSCC effects of LR and skin penetration of LR-OA transfersomes were confirmed. Simultaneously, cationic lipids and modification of R5H3 peptide of the transfersomes further enhanced the permeability of the skin and tumor as well as the effective delivery of LR to tumor cells. CONCLUSIONS Topical treatment of cSCC-xenografted nude mice with LR@DTFs-CPP Gel showed effective anticancer properties with high safety. This novel formulation provides novel insights into the treatment and pathogenesis of cSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai, 200443, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Topical Chinese Medicine, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Zongguang Tai
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai, 200443, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Topical Chinese Medicine, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Jinyuan Ma
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai, 200443, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Topical Chinese Medicine, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Fengze Miao
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai, 200443, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Topical Chinese Medicine, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Rujuan Xin
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai, 200443, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Topical Chinese Medicine, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Cuie Shen
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai, 200443, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Topical Chinese Medicine, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Min Shen
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai, 200443, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Topical Chinese Medicine, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Quangang Zhu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai, 200443, China.
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Topical Chinese Medicine, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai, 200443, China.
| | - Zhongjian Chen
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai, 200443, China.
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Topical Chinese Medicine, 1278 Baode Road, Shanghai, 200443, China.
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3
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Mu L, Wu P, Zhang Y, Li S, Yang R, Wang S. Development of a novel oral complex lipid emulsion containing triptolide for targeting pancreatic cancer. Pharm Dev Technol 2022; 27:881-891. [PMID: 36154850 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2022.2127767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Triptolide (TP), a diterpenoid triepoxide, exhibits strong anti-cancer activities, especially against pancreatic cancer, but its clinical application is limited by organ toxicity. TP was combined with diammonium glycyrrhizinate (DG), as a cytoprotective agent, in a novel oral complex lipid emulsion (TP/DG-CLE) to increase the therapeutic index of TP against pancreatic cancer. The emulsion was produced by subjecting phospholipid and active components to high shear conditions using high-pressure homogenization resulting in droplets of essentially neutral or small positive charge and consistent size below 200nm. Pharmacokinetic studies in Sprague Dawley rats revealed an AUC (0-8h) of TP following oral dosing of TP/DG-CLE that was 4-fold higher than that achieved for triptolide/diammonium glycyrrhizinate suspension, demonstrating significantly higher TP bioavailability and longer residence time in the bloodstream. Tissue distribution data obtained in mice demonstrated that TP/DG-CLE having a TP/DG weight ratio of 1:22.5 preferentially accumulated in the pancreas. Moreover, toxicology assays in rats provided indications of minor liver damage following daily administration of the emulsion for two weeks. Together these studies establish complex lipid emulsions containing triptolide and DG as a promising oral formulation for treatment of pancreatic cancer and establish a platform for developing new chemotherapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangyu Mu
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Peiyao Wu
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.,Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shiqi Li
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - ShuJun Wang
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
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El-Nabarawi M, Nafady M, Elmenshawe S, Elkarmalawy M, Teaima M. Liver Targeting of Daclatasvir via Tailoring Sterically Stabilized Bilosomes: Fabrication, Comparative In Vitro/In Vivo Appraisal and Biodistribution Studies. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:6413-6426. [PMID: 34556987 PMCID: PMC8455511 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s319255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a significant public health concern that threatens millions of individuals worldwide. Daclatasvir (DAC) is a promising direct-acting antiviral approved for treating HCV infection around the world. The goal of this study was to encapsulate DAC into novel polyethylene glycol (PEG) decorated bilosomes (PEG-BILS) to achieve enhanced drug delivery to the liver. METHODS DAC-loaded BILS were primed by a thin film hydrating technique. The study of the impact of various formulation variables on the properties of BILS and selection of the optimal formulation was generated using Design-Expert® software. The optimum preparation was then pegylated via the incorporation of PEG-6-stearate (5% w/w, with respect to the lipid phase). RESULTS The optimum PEG-BILS formulation, containing PL:SDC ratio (5:1), 5 mg cholesterol, and 30 min sonication, yielded spherical vesicles in the nanoscale (200±15.2 nm), elevated percent of entrapment efficiency (95.5±7.77%), and a sustained release profile of DAC with 35.11±2.3% release. In vivo and drug distribution studies revealed an enhanced hepatocellular delivery of DAC-loaded PEG-BILS compared to DAC-unPEG-BILS and DAC suspension, where DAC-PEG-BILS achieved 1.19- and 1.54 times the AUC0-24 of DAC-unPEG-BILS and DAC suspension, respectively. Compared with DAC-unPEG-BILS and DAC suspension, DAC-PEG-BILS delivered about 2 and 3 times higher DAC into the liver, respectively. CONCLUSION The innovative encapsulation of DAC-PEG-BILS has a great potential for liver targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El-Nabarawi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Nafady
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Shahira Elmenshawe
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Marwa Elkarmalawy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University of Technology and Information, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Teaima
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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5
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Mayengbam SS, Singh A, Pillai AD, Bhat MK. Influence of cholesterol on cancer progression and therapy. Transl Oncol 2021; 14:101043. [PMID: 33751965 PMCID: PMC8010885 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormality in blood cholesterol level is significantly correlated with risk of different cancers. Majority of tumor tissue from cancer patient exhibits overexpression of LDLR and ACAT for supporting rapid cancer cell proliferation. Alteration of the cholesterol metabolism in cancer cells hampers therapeutic response. Targeting cholesterol metabolism for treatment of cancer with other conventional chemotherapeutic drugs appears to be beneficial.
Cholesterol is a fundamental molecule necessary for the maintenance of cell structure and is vital to various normal biological functions. It is a key factor in lifestyle-related diseases including obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Owing to its altered serum chemistry status under pathological states, it is now being investigated to unravel the mechanism by which it triggers various health complications. Numerous clinical studies in cancer patients indicate an alteration in blood cholesterol level (either decreased or increased) in comparison to normal healthy individuals. This article elaborates on our understanding as to how cholesterol is being hijacked in the malignancy for the development, survival, stemness, progression, and metastasis of cancerous cells. Also, it provides a glimpse of how cholesterol derived entities, alters the signaling pathway towards their advantage. Moreover, deregulation of the cholesterol metabolism pathway has been often reported to hamper various treatment strategies in different cancer. In this context, attempts have been made to bring forth its relevance in being targeted, in pre-clinical and clinical studies for various treatment modalities. Thus, understanding the role of cholesterol and deciphering associated molecular mechanisms in cancer progression and therapy are of relevance towards improvement in the management of various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abhijeet Singh
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411 007, India
| | - Ajay D Pillai
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411 007, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Bhat
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411 007, India.
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Paroha S, Verma J, Dubey RD, Dewangan RP, Molugulu N, Bapat RA, Sahoo PK, Kesharwani P. Recent advances and prospects in gemcitabine drug delivery systems. Int J Pharm 2021; 592:120043. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.120043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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7
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Tumor-targeted and self-assembled mixed micelles as carriers for enhanced anticancer efficacy of gemcitabine. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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Akhter MH, Kumar S, Nomani S. Sonication tailored enhance cytotoxicity of naringenin nanoparticle in pancreatic cancer: design, optimization, and in vitro studies. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2020; 46:659-672. [PMID: 32208984 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2020.1747485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Objective: In vitro, optimization, characterization, and cytotoxic studies of NAR nanoparticles (NPs) to against pancreatic cancer.Method: The sonication tailored Naringenin (NARG)-loaded poly (lactide-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) NPs was fabricated for potential cytotoxic effect against pancreatic cancer. NARG NPs were prepared by emulsion-diffusion evaporation technique applying BoxBehnken experimental design based on three-level and three-factors. The effect of independent variables surfactant concentration (X1), polymer concentration (X2), and sonication time (X3) were studied on responses particle size (Y1), and drug release % (Y2). NPs characterized for particles size and size distribution, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies. Further, the studies was fitted to various drug release kinetic model and cytotoxicity evaluated in vitro.Results: The nanosized particles were spherical, uniform with an average size of 150.45 ± 12.45 nm, PDI value 0.132 ± 0.026, zeta potential -20.5 ± 2.5 mV, and cumulative percentage release 85.67 ± 6.23%. In vitro release of NARG from nanoparticle evaluated initially burst followed by sustained release behavior. The Higuchi was best fitted model to drug release from NARG NPs. The cytotoxicity study of NARG NPs apparently showed higher cytotoxic effect over free NARG (p < 0.05). The stability study of optimized formulation revealed no significant physico-chemical changes during 3 months.Conclusions: Thus, NARG-loaded NPs gave ameliorated anticancer effect over plain NARG.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Alwar Pharmacy College Rajasthan University of Health Sciences (RUHS), M.I.A. Alwar-Rajasthan, Alwar, India.,Karnataka Antibiotics and Pharmaceutical Limited, Bengaluru, India
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9
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Wu S, Bin W, Tu B, Li X, Wang W, Liao S, Sun C. A Delivery System for Oral Administration of Proteins/Peptides Through Bile Acid Transport Channels. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:2143-2152. [PMID: 30721709 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Proteins and peptides are poorly absorbed via oral administration because of the gastrointestinal tract environment and lysosomal digestion after apical endocytosis. A delivery system, consisting of a deoxycholic acid-conjugated nanometer-sized carrier, may enhance the absorption of proteins in the intestine via the bile acid pathway. Deoxycholic acid is first conjugated to chitosan. Liposomes are then prepared and loaded with the model drug insulin. Finally, the conjugates are bound to the liposome surface to form deoxycholic acid and chitosan conjugate-modified liposomes (DC-LIPs). This study demonstrates that DC-LIPs can promote the intestinal absorption of insulin via the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter, based on observing fluorescently stained tissue slices of the rat small intestine and a Caco-2 cell uptake experiment. Images of intestinal slices revealed that excellent absorption of DC-LIPs is achieved via apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter, and a flow cytometry experiment proved that DC-LIPs are a highly efficient delivery carrier. Caco-2 cells were also used to study the lysosome escape ability of DC-LIPs. We learned from confocal microscopy photographs that DC-LIPs can protect their contents from being destroyed by the lysosome. Finally, according to pharmacokinetic analyses, insulin-loaded DC-LIPs show a significant hypoglycemic effect with an oral bioavailability of 16.1% in rats with type I diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwen Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Wen Bin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences and Biological Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Biyun Tu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xifeng Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Suling Liao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Changshan Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
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Signorell RD, Luciani P, Brambilla D, Leroux JC. Pharmacokinetics of lipid-drug conjugates loaded into liposomes. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 128:188-199. [PMID: 29678733 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Drugs that are neither lipophilic nor suitable for encapsulation via remote loading procedures are generally characterized by low entrapment efficiencies and poor retention in liposomes. One approach to circumvent this problem consists in covalently linking a lipid to the drug molecule in order to permit its insertion into the vesicle membrane. The nature of the conjugated lipid and linker, as well as the composition of the liposomal bilayer were found to have a profound impact on the pharmacokinetic properties and biodistribution of the encapsulated drugs as well as on their biological activity. This contribution reviews the past and recent developments on liposomal lipid-drug conjugates, and discusses important issues related to their stability and in vivo performance. It also provides an overview of the data that were generated during the clinical assessment of these formulations. The marketing authorization of the immunomodulating compound mifamurtide in several countries as well as the promising results obtained with the lipid prodrug of mitomycin C suggest that carefully designed liposomal formulations of lipid-drug conjugates is a valid strategy to improve a drug's pharmacokinetic profile and with that its therapeutic index and/or efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rea D Signorell
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paola Luciani
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Davide Brambilla
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Montreal, H3T 1J4 Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Christophe Leroux
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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