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Savage A, Snowdon CT, Soto L, Castro J, Medina F, Emeris G, Garcia LC, Guillen R. The impacts of seasonal variation and climate on food utilization in a population of critically endangered cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) in Colombia: A 22-year longitudinal study. Am J Primatol 2022; 84:e23415. [PMID: 35856471 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To examine how precipitation patterns and climate change impact feeding choices made by a population of critically endangered cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus), we examined 22 years of feeding data (1999-2020) from 21 groups collected at Parque Natural Regional Bosque Seco El Ceibal Mono Tití in Santa Catalina, Colombia. We describe the diet and examine the role of seasonal rainfall and annual variation in rainfall on diet. Rainfall is highly seasonal (mean annual rainfall 1562 mm [range 940-2680 mm]) with a dry, early rainy, and late rainy season in each year. Over 80 species of plants formed part of the fruit, nectar, and exudate components of the diet. Fruits, although available year-round, were more commonly available and consumed during the late rainy seasons (August-November). Exudates were consumed more frequently in the dry season (December-March) and invertebrate consumption was stable across the year. Nectar feeding from a single species (Combretum fruticosum) peaked in November. Rainfall varied over the years, with 13 years exceeding the 99% confidence intervals for mean rainfall. Ten of these extreme years (both drought and extremely wet) occurred in the last 11 years. Fruit consumption did not vary between extreme and average years, but cotton-top tamarins consumed more invertebrates and exudates in wet years. Presently, cotton-top tamarins appear to be able to cope with these extreme variations in rainfall due to their highly varied diet. However, the forests that these primates depend upon for survival are threatened by human exploitation making it critically important to maintain a generalist feeding strategy for survival as many fruiting trees that compose a large proportion of the diet are removed. As conservation efforts continue, plant species consumed by cotton-top tamarins provide useful data when selecting species for habitat restoration programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Savage
- Proyecto Tití, Inc, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - C T Snowdon
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - L Soto
- Fundación Proyecto Tití, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - J Castro
- Fundación Proyecto Tití, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - F Medina
- Fundación Proyecto Tití, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - G Emeris
- Fundación Proyecto Tití, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - L C Garcia
- Fundación Proyecto Tití, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - R Guillen
- Fundación Proyecto Tití, Barranquilla, Colombia
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Plant community and native primate as drivers of habitat use by an exotic primate ( Saimiri spp. Linnaeus, 1758) in an Atlantic Forest fragment. JOURNAL OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1017/s0266467422000220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Understanding how and why exotic species use their habitats is crucial for defining effective conservation strategies. We aimed to investigate habitat use by an exotic population of squirrel monkeys living in an Atlantic Forest fragment and identify factors associated with their habitat preferences. Over 6 months of scan sampling observations, we collected data on native and exotic plants consumed by the squirrel monkeys, food availability, and interactions between the squirrel monkeys and the native common marmosets. We also georeferenced the estimated centroid point of the study group during each scan. Squirrel monkeys used Secondary Old Forest habitats more often than the other habitats available. The consumption of native and exotic plants and the association with common marmoset appear to have influenced the habitat use of the exotic squirrel monkeys; however, the choice habitat did not demonstrate to be associated with food availability. The exotic squirrel monkeys preferred to use less disturbed habitats to consume a high amount of food (often associated with the common marmoset), potentially optimizing their food intake. Our findings demonstrated the adaptive success of an exotic primate in its non-natural habitat and the key role of the plant community in maintaining this population.
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Hilário RR, Silvestre SM, Abreu F, Beltrão-Mendes R, de Castro CSS, Chagas RRD, De la Fuente MF, Duarte MHL, Ferrari SF, Passamani M, Schiel N, Souto A, Young RJ, Souza-Alves JP. Temperature and exudativory as drivers of the marmoset (Callithrix spp.) daily activity period. Am J Primatol 2021; 84:e23341. [PMID: 34662461 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Primates are affected by fluctuations in ambient temperatures, mostly through thermoregulatory costs and changes in the availability of food. In the present study, we investigate whether the ambient temperature and proxies of food availability affect the activity period of marmosets (Callithrix spp.). We predicted that: (i) at colder sites, marmosets would spend more time at sleeping sites; (ii) midday resting bouts would be longer at hotter sites; (iii) the onset/cessation of activity and resting behavior at midday would be more closely related to temperature than food availability, and (iv) highly exudativorous groups would have higher total levels of resting. We compiled data on the onset and cessation of activity and the time spent resting at midday from seven marmoset studies from sites with a wide range of temperatures. We used generalized linear mixed models to verify the relationship between the dependent variables (lag between dawn and the onset of activities, lag between cessation of activities and dusk, and proportion of resting during midday) and the minimum and maximum temperatures at the respective study sites, together with proxies of food availability (exudativory rates, the amount of habitat available per individual, and net primary productivity) using each sample month as a sampling unit and the identity of the study as a categorical random factor. At colder sites and during colder months, the marmosets left sleeping trees later in the morning and ceased their activities earlier, while at hotter sites and during hotter months, they spent more time resting during midday. More exudativorous groups become active later in the morning, but also ceased their activities later. The abundance of food did not affect the timing of activities. We provide evidence that both low and high temperatures affect marmosets' activities, and that their activity period appears to be more influenced by the thermal environment than food availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato R Hilário
- Departamento de Meio Ambiente e Desenvolvimento, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá, Brazil
| | - Saulo M Silvestre
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Tropical, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá, Brazil
| | - Filipa Abreu
- Departamento de Biologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Etnobiologia e Conservação da Natureza, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Raone Beltrão-Mendes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Carla S S de Castro
- Departamento de Engenharia e Meio Ambiente, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Monitoramento Ambiental, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Rio Tinto, Brazil
| | - Renata R D Chagas
- Departamento de Sistemárica e Ecologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Maria F De la Fuente
- Departamento de Biologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Etnobiologia e Conservação da Natureza, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Marina H L Duarte
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia de Vertebrados e Museu de Ciências Naturais, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Stephen F Ferrari
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Passamani
- Departamento de Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Nicola Schiel
- Departamento de Biologia, Laboratório de Etologia Teórica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Antonio Souto
- Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Robert J Young
- Department of Biology, University of Salford, Manchester, UK
| | - João P Souza-Alves
- Departamento de Zoologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal and Laboratório de Ecologia, Comportamento e Conservação (LECC), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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