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Sasanfar B, Toorang F, Salehi-Abarghouei A. Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on appetite: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Syst Rev 2024; 13:44. [PMID: 38281014 PMCID: PMC10821539 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-023-02430-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current studies explore the effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on appetite. OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) on appetite using a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials (CTs). PATIENTS AND METHODS Online databases including PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched up to January 2022. A random-effects model was used to compare the overall standardized mean difference in appetite scores between n-3 PUFAs supplemented and control individuals. RESULTS Fifteen eligible CTs with 1504 participants (872 for n-3 PUFA supplementation and 632 for placebo groups) were included in our systematic review. The meta-analysis showed no significant difference in overall appetite score between n-3 PUFAs supplemented and control groups (standardized mean difference [SMD] = 0.458, 95% confidence interval [CI] - 0.327, 1.242, P value = 0.25). However, the n-3 PUFA supplementation significantly increased the desire to eat (SMD = 1.07, 95% CI 0.116, 2.029, P = 0.02) compared to control. CONCLUSION Although we found no effect of omega-3 supplementation on overall appetite score, it modestly increases the desire to eat. Further CTs evaluating the effect of PUFAs on appetite are still needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Sasanfar
- Research Center for Food Hygiene and Safety, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, P O Box 8915173160, Yazd, Iran
- Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Toorang
- Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Departments of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Amin Salehi-Abarghouei
- Research Center for Food Hygiene and Safety, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
- Yazd Cardiovascular Research Center, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, P O Box 8915173160, Yazd, Iran.
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Do B Vitamins Enhance the Effect of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Cardiovascular Diseases? A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14081608. [PMID: 35458173 PMCID: PMC9032763 DOI: 10.3390/nu14081608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies have suggested that B vitamins or omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may deter the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). This systematic review aims to examine whether the combined supplementation of both B vitamins and omega-3 PUFAs could provide additional beneficial effects to prevent CVD beyond the effect of each supplement based on clinical trials published up to December 2021. The overall findings are inconsistent and inconclusive, yet the combined supplementation of these two nutrients may be more effective at reducing plasma homocysteine, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol than the individual components. The underlying mechanisms mainly include alleviating endothelial dysfunction, inhibiting atherosclerosis and lesion initiation, reducing oxidative stress, suppressing activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, regulating endothelial nitric oxide synthase, and interfering with methylation of genes that promote atherogenesis. Although biologically plausible, the existing literature is insufficient to draw any firm conclusion regarding whether B vitamins can further enhance the potential beneficial effects of omega-3 PUFA intake on either primary or secondary prevention of CVD. The inconsistent findings may be largely explained by the methodological challenges. Therefore, well-designed high-quality trials that will use the combined supplementation of B vitamins and omega-3 PUFAs or dietary patterns rich in these two types of nutrients are warranted.
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McRae MP. Dietary Fiber Intake and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Umbrella Review of Meta-analyses. J Chiropr Med 2018; 17:44-53. [PMID: 29628808 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcm.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The purpose of this study was to review previously published meta-analyses on the effectiveness of dietary fiber on type 2 diabetes. Methods An umbrella review of all published meta-analyses was performed. A PubMed search from January 1, 1980, to April 30, 2017, was conducted using the following search strategy: (fiber OR glucan OR psyllium) AND (meta-analysis OR systematic review). Only English-language publications that provided quantitative statistical analysis on type 2 diabetes, fasting blood glucose concentrations, or glycosylated hemoglobin were retrieved. Results Sixteen meta-analyses were retrieved for inclusion in this umbrella review. In the meta-analyses comparing highest versus lowest dietary fiber intake, there was a statistically significant reduction in the relative risk (RR) of type 2 diabetes (RR = 0.81-0.85), with the greatest benefit coming from cereal fibers (RR = 0.67-0.87). However, statistically significant heterogeneity was observed in all of these meta-analyses. In the meta-analyses of supplementation studies using β-glucan or psyllium fibers on type 2 diabetic participants, statistically significant reductions were identified in both fasting blood glucose concentrations and glycosylated hemoglobin percentages. Conclusion This review suggests that those consuming the highest amounts of dietary fiber, especially cereal fiber, may benefit from a reduction in the incidence of developing type 2 diabetes. There also appears to be a small reduction in fasting blood glucose concentration, as well as a small reduction in glycosylated hemoglobin percentage for individuals with type 2 diabetes who add β-glucan or psyllium to their daily dietary intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc P McRae
- Department of Basic Sciences, National University of Health Sciences, Lombard, Illinois
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Maternal supplementation of omega-3 fatty acids and micronutrients reduces cardiometabolic variables in pregnancy induced hypertension rats. Life Sci 2016; 155:85-93. [PMID: 27181745 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Reports indicate that during pregnancy hypertension is known to have long term adverse effects both in the mother and offspring. However, the effect of maternal micronutrient supplementation on this association of in utero exposure and risk of non-communicable diseases in the later life remains unclear. The present study examines the effect of maternal micronutrient and omega-3 fatty acid supplementation either individual or in combination on cardiometabolic risk factors both in the mother and offspring using an animal model of hypertension. MAIN METHODS Pregnant Wistar rats were randomly assigned to the following groups; control, PIH (Pregnancy induced hypertention) Induced, PIH+vitamin B12, PIH+ folic acid, PIH+omega-3 fatty acids and PIH+combined smicronutrient supplementation (vitamin B12+folic acid + omega-3 fatty acids). The dams and their offspring were shifted to a control diet after delivery and the offspring continued on these diets till 3mo of age. Hypertension during pregnancy was induced using l-Nitroarginine methylester (50mg/kgbody weight/day). KEY FINDINGS Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation during pregnancy demonstrated lower levels (p<0.05) of plasma cholesterol while a combined supplementation of folic acid, vitamin B12 and omega 3 fatty acids demonstrated lower (p<0.05) triglyceride levels as compared to PIH induced dams. PIH induction increased (p<0.01) the triglyceride levels in the offspring at 3mo of age and maternal supplementation of either individual or combined micronutrients demonstrated lower (p<0.01) triglyceride levels. SIGNIFICANCE Our findings have implications for planning intervention studies in women with pregnancy induced hypertension.
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Zou Y, Liao D, Huang H, Li T, Chi H. A systematic review and meta-analysis of beta-glucan consumption on glycemic control in hypercholesterolemic individuals. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2015; 66:355-62. [PMID: 26001090 DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2015.1034250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Evidence from animal and observational studies has supported the beneficial effects of beta-glucan intake on glycemic control, but intervention studies in hypercholesterolemic crowd have generated mixed results and have not been systematically examined. In the present study, we aimed to quantitatively evaluate the relation between beta-glucan consumption from oats or barley on glycemic control in hypercholesterolemic individuals. A systematic literature review was conducted for relevant published randomized controlled trials studies (RCTs) in electronic databases through July 2014. Twelve trials with a total of 603 subjects were included in the meta-analysis. Beta-glucan consumption did not significantly affect measures of glycemic control. Summary estimates of weighted mean differences (WMD) and 95% confidence interval was 0.05 mmol/L (-0.11, 0.02) for fasting glucose concentration and 0.75 pmol/L (-1.82, 3.32) for fasting insulin concentrations. In conclusion, there was not a significant overall effect of beta-glucan intake on improvements of fasting glucose and insulin concentrations in hypercholesterolemic subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zou
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangdong Medical College , Dongguan, Guangdong , China
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Assmann G, Buono P, Daniele A, Della Valle E, Farinaro E, Ferns G, Krogh V, Kromhout D, Masana L, Merino J, Misciagna G, Panico S, Riccardi G, Rivellese AA, Rozza F, Salvatore F, Salvatore V, Stranges S, Trevisan M, Trimarco B, Vetrani C. Functional foods and cardiometabolic diseases* International Task Force for Prevention of Cardiometabolic Diseases. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2014; 24:1272-1300. [PMID: 25467217 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mounting evidence supports the hypothesis that functional foods containing physiologically-active components may be healthful. Longitudinal cohort studies have shown that some food classes and dietary patterns are beneficial in primary prevention, and this has led to the identification of putative functional foods. This field, however, is at its very beginning, and additional research is necessary to substantiate the potential health benefit of foods for which the diet-health relationships are not yet scientifically validated. It appears essential, however, that before health claims are made for particular foods, in vivo randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trials of clinical end-points are necessary to establish clinical efficacy. Since there is need for research work aimed at devising personalized diet based on genetic make-up, it seems more than reasonable the latter be modeled, at present, on the Mediterranean diet, given the large body of evidence of its healthful effects. The Mediterranean diet is a nutritional model whose origins go back to the traditional dietadopted in European countries bordering the Mediterranean sea, namely central and southern Italy, Greece and Spain; these populations have a lower incidence of cardiovascular diseases than the North American ones, whose diet is characterized by high intake of animal fat. The meeting in Naples and this document both aim to focus on the changes in time in these two different models of dietary habits and their fall out on public health.
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Griffo E, Di Marino L, Patti L, Bozzetto L, Annuzzi G, Cipriano P, Mangione A, Della Pepa G, Cocozza S, Riccardi G, Rivellese AA. Test meals rich in marine long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids increase postprandial chylomicron response. Nutr Res 2014; 34:661-6. [PMID: 25193793 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Postprandial lipid abnormalities are considered an independent cardiovascular risk factor. Hence, it is important to find nutritional strategies that are able to positively influence these abnormalities. Since the effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and polyphenols on postprandial lipids in humans is still under debate, we evaluated the acute response of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins to test meals that are naturally rich in polyphenols and/or marine long-chain (LC) n-3 PUFAs. We hypothesized that LC n-3 PUFA would have a different effect on chylomicron and very low density lipoproteins when compared with polyphenols or their combination. We randomly assigned 78 individuals who were at high cardiometabolic risk to 4 isoenergetic diets. These diets only differed in amount of LC n-3 PUFA and/or polyphenols. Prior to starting the intervention, each subject underwent a test meal similar to the type of diet assigned: low in LC n-3 PUFA and polyphenols (control), rich in LC n-3 PUFA and low in polyphenols, rich in polyphenols and low in LC n-3 PUFA, or rich in both. Blood samples were taken before and up to 6 hours after the test meal in order to evaluate cholesterol and triglycerides (plasma and triglyceride-rich lipoprotein), apolipoprotein B-48 (large very low density lipoprotein), glucagon-like peptide-1, and free fatty acid plasma levels. The levels of chylomicron cholesterol and triglyceride in response to the test meal rich in LC n-3 PUFA were significantly higher than after the control meal (P = .037 and P = .018); there was no difference in the other variables. In conclusion, this study indicates that acute administration of marine LC n-3 PUFA increases postprandial chylomicron response in contrast with their lowering chronic effects. These differences underline the importance of understanding the acute and chronic effects of nutritional, as well as of other types of, interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Griffo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - L Di Marino
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - L Patti
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - L Bozzetto
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - G Annuzzi
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - P Cipriano
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - A Mangione
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - G Della Pepa
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - S Cocozza
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - G Riccardi
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - A A Rivellese
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.
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Lafiandra D, Riccardi G, Shewry PR. Improving cereal grain carbohydrates for diet and health. J Cereal Sci 2014; 59:312-326. [PMID: 24966450 PMCID: PMC4064937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Starch and cell wall polysaccharides (dietary fibre) of cereal grains contribute to the health benefits associated with the consumption of whole grain cereal products, including reduced risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and colorectal cancer. The physiological bases for these effects are reviewed in relation to the structures and physical properties of the polysaccharides and their behaviour (including digestion and fermentation) in the gastro-intestinal tract. Strategies for modifying the content and composition of grain polysaccharides to increase their health benefits are discussed, including exploiting natural variation and using mutagenesis and transgenesis to generate further variation. These studies will facilitate the development of new types of cereals and cereal products to face the major health challenges of the 21st century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Lafiandra
- Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Department of Agriculture, Forestry, Nature and Energy, Via S.C. De Lellis, Viterbo 01100, Italy
| | - Gabriele Riccardi
- Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Via Pansini 5, Napoli 80131, Italy
| | - Peter R. Shewry
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Earley Gate, Whiteknights Road, Reading RG6 6AR, UK
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Annuzzi G, Bozzetto L, Costabile G, Giacco R, Mangione A, Anniballi G, Vitale M, Vetrani C, Cipriano P, Della Corte G, Pasanisi F, Riccardi G, Rivellese AA. Diets naturally rich in polyphenols improve fasting and postprandial dyslipidemia and reduce oxidative stress: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 99:463-71. [PMID: 24368433 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.073445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL) concentration is a recognized independent cardiovascular disease risk factor. Diet is the natural approach for these postprandial alterations. Dietary polyphenols and long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCn3s) are associated with a lower cardiovascular disease risk. OBJECTIVE This randomized controlled study evaluated, in persons with a high risk of cardiovascular disease, the effects of diets naturally rich in polyphenols and/or marine LCn3s on plasma TRLs and urinary 8-isoprostane concentrations, a biomarker of oxidative stress. DESIGN According to a 2 × 2 factorial design, 86 overweight/obese individuals with a large waist circumference and any other component of the metabolic syndrome were randomly assigned to an isoenergetic diet 1) poor in LCn3s and polyphenols, 2) rich in LCn3s, 3) rich in polyphenols, or 4) rich in LCn3s and polyphenols. The diets were similar in all other components. Before and after the 8-wk intervention, fasting and postmeal TRLs and 8-isoprostane concentrations in 24-h urine samples were measured. RESULTS Dietary adherence was good in all participants. Polyphenols significantly reduced fasting triglyceride concentrations (2-factor ANOVA) in plasma (P = 0.023) and large very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) (P = 0.016) and postprandial triglyceride total area under the curve in plasma (P = 0.041) and large VLDLs (P = 0.004). LCn3s reduced postprandial chylomicron cholesterol and VLDL apolipoprotein B-48. The concentrations of urinary 8-isoprostane decreased significantly with the polyphenol-rich diets. Lipoprotein changes induced by the intervention significantly correlated with changes in 8-isoprostane. CONCLUSIONS Diets naturally rich in polyphenols positively influence fasting and postprandial TRLs and reduce oxidative stress. Marine LCn3s reduce TRLs of exogenous origin. Through their effects on postprandial lipemia and oxidative stress, polyphenols may favorably affect cardiovascular disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Annuzzi
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy (G Annuzzi, LB, GC, AM, G Anniballi, MV, CV, PC, GDC, FP, GR, and AAR), and the Institute of Food Science, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy (RG)
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