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Saad MH, Sidkey NM, El-Fakharany EM. Identification and statistical optimization of a novel alginate polymer extracted from newly isolated Synechocystis algini MNE ON864447 with antibacterial activity. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:229. [PMID: 37932753 PMCID: PMC10629183 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02240-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are a potential source of promising secondary metabolites with different biological activities, including antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antiprotozoal, and anticancer activities. To combat the emergence of antibiotic resistance, there is an urgent requirement for new drugs, and cyanobacteria metabolites can constitute alternative new antibacterial medication. The chemical complexity of their exopolysaccharides indicates that they have the potential to be bioactive molecules with many biological activities. The present study aimed to produce and optimise a novel alginate polymer from a newly isolated cyanobacterium, S. algini MNE ON864447, in addition to its promising antibacterial activity. We successfully isolated a new cyanobacterium strain, S. algini MNE ON864447 from the Nile River, which produces alginate as an extracellular polymeric substance. The isolated cyanobacterial alginate was identified using a set of tests, including FTIR, TLC, HPLC, GC-MS, and 1H NMR. Plackett-Burman statistical design showed that working volume (X1), the incubation period (X2), and inoculum size (X3) are the most significant variables affecting the production of alginate. The highest alginate production (3.57 g/L) was obtained using 4% inoculum size in 400 mL medium/L conical flask after 20 days of the incubation period. The extracted alginate showed potent antibacterial activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and Streptococcus mutants (NCTC10449) are the most sensitive tested pathogen for purified cyanobacterial alginate with inhibition zone diameters of 34 ± 0.1 mm at 10 mg/mL of purified alginate while Vibro cholera (NCTC 8021) the lowest sensitive one and showed inhibition zone diameters of 22.5 ± 0.05 mm at the same cyanobacterial alginate concentration. This antibacterial activity is a critical step in the development of antibacterial drugs and presents a new challenge to fight against multi-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabroka H Saad
- Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), City of Scientific Research andTechnological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg AL Arab, Alexandria, Egypt
- Botany & Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University (Girls Branch), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nagwa M Sidkey
- Botany & Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University (Girls Branch), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Esmail M El-Fakharany
- Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), City of Scientific Research andTechnological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg AL Arab, Alexandria, Egypt.
- Pharmaceutical and Fermentation Industries Development Centre (PFIDC), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg Al-Arab, Alexandria, Egypt.
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2
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Abstract
Saponins, as secondary metabolites in terrestrial plants and marine invertebrate, constitute one of the largest families of natural products. The long history of folk medicinal applications of saponins makes them attractive candidates for innovative drug design and development. Chemical synthesis has become a practical alternative to the availability of the natural saponins and their modified analogs, so as to facilitate SAR studies and the discovery of optimal structures for clinical applications. The recent achievements in the synthesis of these complex saponins reflect the advancements of both steroid/triterpene chemistry and carbohydrate chemistry. This chapter provides an updated review on the chemical synthesis of natural saponins, covering the literature from 2014 to 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Biao Yu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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3
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Evaluation and Characterization of Alginate Extracted from Brown Seaweed Collected in the Red Sea. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11146290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alginates are one of the most important compounds of brown seaweeds. These compounds are employed in the food area, because of their important rheological properties, such as viscosity, gelling, and stabilizing features and as dietary fiber source. In this study, five species of dominant brown seaweeds were collected in the Red Sea (Padina boergesenii, Turbinaria triquetra, Hormophysa cuneiformis, Dictyota ciliolata, and Sargassum aquifolium) so as to characterize the alginate yield and its properties. The analysis demonstrated differences in the alginate yield among the seaweeds. The highest yield of alginate was recorded in the species T. triquetra (22.2 ± 0.56% DW), while the lowest content was observed in H. cuneiformis (13.3 ± 0.52% DW). The viscosity from the alginates varied greatly between the species, whereas the pH varied slightly. The alginate exhibited a moisture content between 6.4 and 13.1%, the ash content ranged between 12.3 and 20% DW, the protein reached values from 0.57 to 1.47% DW, and the lipid concentration varied from 0.3 to 3.5% DW. Thus, the phytochemical analysis demonstrated that the extracted alginates can be safely applied in the food industry. Furthermore, the alginate yield reveals the potential application of these seaweeds as a nutraceutical raw source, which can be exploited by the food industry.
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4
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Liao Y, Li Z, Zhou Q, Sheng M, Qu Q, Shi Y, Yang J, Lv L, Dai X, Shi X. Saponin surfactants used in drug delivery systems: A new application for natural medicine components. Int J Pharm 2021; 603:120709. [PMID: 33992714 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Saponins are a group of compounds widely distributed in the plant kingdom. Due to their amphiphilic characteristic structure, saponins have high surface activity and self-assembly property and can be used as natural biosurfactants. Therefore, saponin has become a potential drug delivery system (DDS) carrier and has attracted the attention of many researchers. Increasing studies have found that when drugs combining with saponins, their solubility or bioavailability are improved. This phenomenon may be due to a synergistic mechanism and provides a potentially novel concept for DDS: saponins may be also used for carrier materials. This review emphasized the molecular characteristics and mechanism of saponins as carriers and the research on the morphology of saponin carriers. Besides, the article also introduced the role and application of saponins in DDS. Although there are still some limitations with the application of saponins such as cost, applicability, and hemolysis, the development of technology and in-depth molecular mechanism research will provide saponins with greater application prospects as DDS carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyao Liao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Zhixun Li
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Mengke Sheng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Qingsong Qu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Yanshuang Shi
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Jiaqi Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Lijing Lv
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Xingxing Dai
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; Key Laboratory for Production Process Control and Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Xinyuan Shi
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; Key Laboratory for Production Process Control and Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission, Beijing 102488, China.
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5
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Korda A, Rárová L, Pakulski Z, Strnad M, Oklešťková J, Kuczynska K, Cmoch P, Gwardiak K, Karczewski R. New lupane bidesmosides exhibiting strong cytotoxic activities in vitro. Bioorg Chem 2020; 100:103868. [PMID: 32388425 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Triterpene bidesmosides are considered as highly cytotoxic saponins, usually less toxic against normal cells than monodesmosides, and less haemolytic. Biological activity of the betulin-type bidesmosides, rarely found in Nature, and seldom prepared due to serious synthetic problems, is poorly recognized. We report herein a protocol for the preparation of disubstituted lupane saponins (betulin bidesmosides) by treatment of their benzoates with potassium carbonate in dichloromethane / methanol solution. Cytotoxicity of all compounds was tested in vitro for a series of cancer cell lines, as well as normal human skin BJ fibroblasts. Presence of l-rhamnose moiety is crucial for cytotoxicity of betulin bidesmosides. On the other hand, l-arabinose fragment connected to lupane C-3 carbon atom significantly decreases activity. Presented results clearly show that betulin bidesmosides have significant clinical potential as anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Korda
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lucie Rárová
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, and Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Zbigniew Pakulski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, and Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Oklešťková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, and Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Kinga Kuczynska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Cmoch
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Gwardiak
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Romuald Karczewski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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6
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Kavitha N, Karunya TP, Kanchana S, Mohan K, Sivaramakrishnan R, Uthra S, Kapilan K, Yuvaraj D, Arumugam M. Formulation of alginate based hydrogel from brown seaweed, Turbinaria conoides for biomedical applications. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02916. [PMID: 31890939 PMCID: PMC6928261 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium Alginate (SA) is an excellent carrier in various drug delivery systems. In this study, SA was synthesized from brown seaweed, Turbinaria conoides with a yield of 31.3 ± 0.86%. The analysis of physicochemical properties of extracted alginate (ALG) determined its purity. The structural confirmations of ALG were studied through FTIR, XRD and SEM analysis. Formulation of ALG with collagen (COL) as a wound healing microfilm showed potential anti-inflammatory properties (81.3 ± 1.77%) and sustained drug release. Likewise, the ALG microbead encapsulated with an anticancer drug, Tamoxifen indicated an in vitro sustained release in the range of 62 ± 0.70% - 91 ± 0.56%. The overall swelling behavior of both the hydrogels, microfilm and microbead provides new opportunities for development of natural ALG in this therapeutic era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naidu Kavitha
- CAS in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu, India, 608502
| | - Thennarasu Padmini Karunya
- Department of Biotechnology, Vel Tech High Tech Dr. Rangarajan Dr. Sakunthala Engineering College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, 600062
| | - Shankar Kanchana
- CAS in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu, India, 608502
| | - Kumar Mohan
- CAS in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu, India, 608502
| | | | - Selvaraj Uthra
- CAS in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu, India, 608502
| | - Kalimuthu Kapilan
- CAS in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu, India, 608502
| | - Dinakarkumar Yuvaraj
- Department of Biotechnology, Vel Tech High Tech Dr. Rangarajan Dr. Sakunthala Engineering College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, 600062
| | - Muthuvel Arumugam
- CAS in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu, India, 608502
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Abstract
Covering 2014. Previous review: Nat. Prod. Rep., 2017, 34, 90-122 This review covers the isolation and structure determination of triterpenoids reported during 2014 including squalene derivatives, lanostanes, holostanes, cycloartanes, cucurbitanes, dammaranes, euphanes, tirucallanes, tetranortriterpenoids, quassinoids, lupanes, oleananes, friedelanes, ursanes, hopanes, serratanes, isomalabaricanes and saponins; 374 references are cited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Hill
- School of Chemistry, Glasgow University, Glasgow, UK G12 8QQ.
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8
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Synthesis of bidesmosidic lupane saponins – comparison of batch and continuous-flow methodologies. Carbohydr Res 2018; 461:32-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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9
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Wang P, Hao J, Zhang X, Wang C, Guan H, Li M. Synthesis of furostanol glycosides: discovery of a potent α-glucosidase inhibitor. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 14:9362-9374. [PMID: 27714262 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01766e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A convenient approach to the synthesis of furostanol glycosides has been developed with the features of both highly efficient incorporation of a 26-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl unit and ready formation of hemiketal ring E. The total syntheses of seven furostanol saponins including funlioside B, lilioglycoside, protobioside I, protodioscin, pallidifloside I, coreajaponins A and parisaponin I are efficiently achieved using an easily available 16β-acetoxy-22-oxo-26-hydroxy-cholestanic derivative as a powerful building block. The α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of the synthesized saponins is also evaluated, which reveals that funlioside B is a highly potential lead for developing α-glucosidase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China.
| | - Jiejie Hao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China.
| | - Xiuli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China.
| | - Cong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China.
| | - Huashi Guan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China.
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China.
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10
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Korda A, Pakulski Z, Cmoch P, Gwardiak K, Karczewski R. Sugar migration induced by the Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement of 28- O -glycosyl-betulin derivatives. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Zhang L, Li L, Bai S, Zhou X, Wang P, Li M. Access to Diosgenyl Glycoconjugates via Gold(I)-Catalyzed Etherification of Diosgen-3-yl ortho-Hexynylbenzoate. Org Lett 2016; 18:6030-6033. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b02963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Marine Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, School
of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P. R. China
| | - Linfeng Li
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Colorda Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Shujin Bai
- Key
Laboratory of Marine Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, School
of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P. R. China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Key
Laboratory of Marine Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, School
of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P. R. China
| | - Peng Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Marine Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, School
of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P. R. China
| | - Ming Li
- Key
Laboratory of Marine Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, School
of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P. R. China
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12
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Bai S, Wu Z, Huang Q, Zhang L, Chen P, Wang C, Zhang X, Wang P, Li M. Efforts to total synthesis of philinopside E: convergent synthesis of the sulfated lanostane-type tetraglycoside. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra25845f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of total synthesis of philinopside E, herein we describe convergent synthesis of a triterpene glcoside composed of the sulfated tetrasaccharide residue identical to that of philinopside E and the algycone of lanost-7-en-3β-ol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujin Bai
- Key Laboratory of Marine Medicine
- Chinese Ministry of Education
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao
| | - Zhiyong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Medicine
- Chinese Ministry of Education
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao
| | - Qingyun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Medicine
- Chinese Ministry of Education
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Medicine
- Chinese Ministry of Education
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao
| | - Pengwei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Medicine
- Chinese Ministry of Education
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao
| | - Cong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Medicine
- Chinese Ministry of Education
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao
| | - Xiuli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Medicine
- Chinese Ministry of Education
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao
| | - Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Medicine
- Chinese Ministry of Education
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Medicine
- Chinese Ministry of Education
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao
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13
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Sidoryk K, Korda A, Rárová L, Oklešťková J, Pakulski Z, Strnad M, Cmoch P, Gwardiak K, Karczewski R. Synthesis and Cytotoxicity of 28a-Homothiolupanes and 28a-Homothiolupane Saponins. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201501147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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14
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Chen P, Wang P, Liu L, Qiu P, Zhang L, Song N, Ren S, Guan H, Li M. Convergent Synthesis of Solamargine and Analogues Thereof: Structural Revision of 16-epi-Solamargine and Cytotoxic Evaluation. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201500302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengwei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Medicine; Chinese Ministry of Education; School of Medicine and Pharmacy; Ocean University of China; 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao Shandong 266003 China
| | - Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Medicine; Chinese Ministry of Education; School of Medicine and Pharmacy; Ocean University of China; 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao Shandong 266003 China
| | - Li Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Medicine; Chinese Ministry of Education; School of Medicine and Pharmacy; Ocean University of China; 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao Shandong 266003 China
| | - Peiju Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Medicine; Chinese Ministry of Education; School of Medicine and Pharmacy; Ocean University of China; 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao Shandong 266003 China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Medicine; Chinese Ministry of Education; School of Medicine and Pharmacy; Ocean University of China; 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao Shandong 266003 China
| | - Ni Song
- Key Laboratory of Marine Medicine; Chinese Ministry of Education; School of Medicine and Pharmacy; Ocean University of China; 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao Shandong 266003 China
| | - Sumei Ren
- Key Laboratory of Marine Medicine; Chinese Ministry of Education; School of Medicine and Pharmacy; Ocean University of China; 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao Shandong 266003 China
| | - Huashi Guan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Medicine; Chinese Ministry of Education; School of Medicine and Pharmacy; Ocean University of China; 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao Shandong 266003 China
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Medicine; Chinese Ministry of Education; School of Medicine and Pharmacy; Ocean University of China; 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao Shandong 266003 China
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