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Bajwa B, Xing X, Terry SA, Gruninger RJ, Abbott DW. Methylation-GC-MS/FID-Based Glycosidic Linkage Analysis of Unfractionated Polysaccharides in Red Seaweeds. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:192. [PMID: 38786583 PMCID: PMC11122361 DOI: 10.3390/md22050192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycosidic linkage analysis was conducted on the unfractionated polysaccharides in alcohol-insoluble residues (AIRs) prepared from six red seaweeds (Gracilariopsis sp., Prionitis sp., Mastocarpus papillatus, Callophyllis sp., Mazzaella splendens, and Palmaria palmata) using GC-MS/FID analysis of partially methylated alditol acetates (PMAAs). The cell walls of P. palmata primarily contained mixed-linkage xylans and small amounts of sulfated galactans and cellulose. In contrast, the unfractionated polysaccharides of the other five species were rich in galactans displaying diverse 3,6-anhydro-galactose and galactose linkages with varied sulfation patterns. Different levels of cellulose were also observed. This glycosidic linkage method offers advantages for cellulose analysis over traditional monosaccharide analysis that is known for underrepresenting glucose in crystalline cellulose. Relative linkage compositions calculated from GC-MS and GC-FID measurements showed that anhydro sugar linkages generated more responses in the latter detection method. This improved linkage workflow presents a useful tool for studying polysaccharide structural variations across red seaweed species. Furthermore, for the first time, relative linkage compositions from GC-MS and GC-FID measurements, along with normalized FID and total ion current (TIC) chromatograms without peak assignments, were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) as a proof-of-concept demonstration of the technique's potential to differentiate various red seaweed species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - D. Wade Abbott
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada; (B.B.); (X.X.); (S.A.T.); (R.J.G.)
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Influence of ultrasonication and hydrolysis conditions in methylation analysis of bacterial homoexopolysaccharides. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 308:120643. [PMID: 36813336 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Homoexopolysaccharides (HoEPS) such as α-glucans and β-fructans are synthesized by lactic and acetic acid bacteria. Methylation analysis is an important and well-established tool for the structural analysis of these polysaccharides, however, multiple steps are required for polysaccharide derivatization. Because ultrasonication during methylation and the conditions during acid hydrolysis may influence the results, we investigated their role in the analysis of selected bacterial HoEPS. The results reveal that ultrasonication is crucial for water insoluble α-glucan to swell/disperse and deprotonate prior to methylation whereas it is not necessary for water soluble HoEPS (dextran and levan). Complete hydrolysis of permethylated α-glucans requires 2 M trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) for 60/90 min at 121 °C while levan is hydrolyzed in 1 M TFA for 30 min at 70 °C. Nevertheless, levan was also detectable after hydrolysis in 2 M TFA at 121 °C. Thus, these conditions can be used to analyze a levan/dextran mixture. However, size exclusion chromatography of permethylated and hydrolyzed levan showed degradation and condensation reactions at harsher hydrolysis conditions. Application of reductive hydrolysis with 4-methylmorpholine-borane and TFA did not lead to improved results. Overall, our results demonstrate that conditions used for methylation analysis have to be adjusted for the analysis of different bacterial HoEPS.
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Chen W, Dong T, Bai F, Wang J, Li X. Lignin–carbohydrate complexes, their fractionation, and application to healthcare materials: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 203:29-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Wang J, Zhao J, Nie S, Xie M, Li S. Mass spectrometry for structural elucidation and sequencing of carbohydrates. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Derr JB, Rybicka-Jasińska K, Espinoza EM, Morales M, Billones MK, Clark JA, Vullev VI. On the Search of a Silver Bullet for the Preparation of Bioinspired Molecular Electrets with Propensity to Transfer Holes at High Potentials. Biomolecules 2021; 11:429. [PMID: 33804209 PMCID: PMC8001849 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological structure-function relationships offer incomparable paradigms for charge-transfer (CT) science and its implementation in solar-energy engineering, organic electronics, and photonics. Electrets are systems with co-directionally oriented electric dopes with immense importance for CT science, and bioinspired molecular electrets are polyamides of anthranilic-acid derivatives with designs originating from natural biomolecular motifs. This publication focuses on the synthesis of molecular electrets with ether substituents. As important as ether electret residues are for transferring holes under relatively high potentials, the synthesis of their precursors presents formidable challenges. Each residue in the molecular electrets is introduced as its 2-nitrobenzoic acid (NBA) derivative. Hence, robust and scalable synthesis of ether derivatives of NBA is essential for making such hole-transfer molecular electrets. Purdie-Irvine alkylation, using silver oxide, produces with 90% yield the esters of the NBA building block for iso-butyl ether electrets. It warrants additional ester hydrolysis for obtaining the desired NBA precursor. Conversely, Williamson etherification selectively produces the same free-acid ether derivative in one-pot reaction, but a 40% yield. The high yields of Purdie-Irvine alkylation and the selectivity of the Williamson etherification provide important guidelines for synthesizing building blocks for bioinspired molecular electrets and a wide range of other complex ether conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Bennett Derr
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA;
| | | | - Eli Misael Espinoza
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (E.M.E.); (M.M.)
| | - Maryann Morales
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (E.M.E.); (M.M.)
| | | | - John Anthony Clark
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (K.R.-J.); (J.A.C.)
| | - Valentine Ivanov Vullev
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA;
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (K.R.-J.); (J.A.C.)
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (E.M.E.); (M.M.)
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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6
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Guo MZ, Meng M, Duan SQ, Feng CC, Wang CL. Structure characterization, physicochemical property and immunomodulatory activity on RAW264.7 cells of a novel triple-helix polysaccharide from Craterellus cornucopioides. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 126:796-804. [PMID: 30594621 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In the study, a new triple-helix polysaccharide with favorable stability was purified from C. cornucopioides. Its structural characterization, stability and solution behavior were investigated by the GC-MS, periodate oxidation-smith degradation, FT-IR, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, methylation analysis, Scanning electron microscope, Congo-red, CD, TGA and DSC analysis. The results showed that Craterellus cornucopioide polysaccharide (CCP) possessed the molecular weight of 1.97 × 103 kDa, is mainly composed of mannose (48.73%), galactose (17.37%), glucose (15.97%) and xylose (17.93%), respectively. It was a heteroglycan with (1 → 3)‑linked‑β‑d‑Manp‑(1 → 6)‑linked α‑d‑Galp backbone distributed by (1 → 4)‑linked‑α‑d‑Xylp‑t‑α‑d‑Manp and t‑β‑d‑Glup units at O-6. The result of TGA and DSC assay indicated that CCP has a favorable thermal stability. MTT and Scanning electro microscopy (SEM) assay showed that CCP could significantly improve the proliferation activity and induce cells activation of RAW264.7 in a certain range of concentrations and period.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-Z Guo
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - M Meng
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - S-Q Duan
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - C-C Feng
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - C-L Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
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Tarasov D, Leitch M, Fatehi P. Lignin-carbohydrate complexes: properties, applications, analyses, and methods of extraction: a review. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:269. [PMID: 30288174 PMCID: PMC6162904 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1262-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The complexity of lignin and hemicellulose segmentation has been known since the middle of the ninetieth century. Studies confirmed that all lignin units in coniferous species and 47-66% of lignin moieties in deciduous species are bound to hemicelluloses or cellulose molecules in lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCC). Different types and proportions of lignin and polysaccharides present in biomass lead to the formation of LCC with a great variety of compositions and structures. The nature and amount of LCC linkages and lignin substructures affect the efficiency of pulping, hydrolysis, and digestibility of biomass. This review paper discusses the structures, compositions, and properties of LCC present in biomass and in the products obtained via pretreating biomass. Methods for extracting, fractionating, and analyzing LCC of biomass, pulp, and spent pulping liquors are critically reviewed. The main perspectives and challenges associated with these technologies are extensively discussed. LCC could be extracted from biomass following varied methods, among which dimethyl sulfoxide or dioxane (Björkman's) and acetic acid (LCC-AcOH) processes are the most widely applied. The oxidation and methylation treatments of LCC materials elucidate the locations and frequency of binding sites of hemicelluloses to lignin. The two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance analysis allows the identification of the structure and the quantity of lignin-carbohydrate bonds involved in LCC. LCC application seems promising in medicine due to its high anti-HIV, anti-herpes, and anti-microbial activity. In addition, LCC was successfully employed as a precursor for the preparation of spherical biocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Tarasov
- Chemical Engineering Department, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1 Canada
- Natural Resource Management Faculty, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1 Canada
| | - Mathew Leitch
- Natural Resource Management Faculty, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1 Canada
| | - Pedram Fatehi
- Chemical Engineering Department, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1 Canada
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9
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Le C, Stuckey DC. Influence of Feed Composition on the Monomeric Structure of Free Bacterial Extracellular Polysaccharides in Anaerobic Digestion. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:7009-7017. [PMID: 28564536 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Six 5.0-L fill-and-draw batch reactors were used with different feed compositions containing a range of carbohydrates (glucose, sucrose, fructose) and nitrogen sources (urea, NH4Cl) at various concentrations to investigate free extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) production during anaerobic digestion (AD). This work analyzed not only their monosaccharide components, but also their specific linkage patterns and the change associated with different chemical nature in carbon substrates or nitrogen sources; all of these parameters can have profound biological consequences, and were correlated to macronutrients present in the feed. It is believed that feed composition is a major factor which determines the physicochemical characteristics of the free EPS. Our findings also suggest that the differences associated with the digestion of various carbon substrates and/or nitrogen sources could alter monomeric saccharide composition and concentrations of the free EPS. Such insights demonstrate that previous studies on feed C/N ratios tended to overestimate EPS production, while variations in the chemical nature of the nitrogen source were overlooked. Our results also link the physiochemical properties of free EPS with underlying biofouling mechanisms, and demonstrate that membrane fouling is to some extent dependent upon the prevailing nutritional environment and feed composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chencheng Le
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Center, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University , 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore 637141, Singapore
- Division of Environmental and Water Resources Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - David C Stuckey
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Center, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University , 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore 637141, Singapore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, U.K
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10
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Lv G, Hu D, Zhao J, Li S. Quality control of sweet medicines based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Drug Discov Ther 2015; 9:94-106. [DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2015.01020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangping Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau
| | - Dejun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau
| | - Shaoping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau
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11
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Harvey DJ. Derivatization of carbohydrates for analysis by chromatography; electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:1196-225. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Abstract
Starch and cellulose are the most abundant and important representatives of renewable biomass. Since the mid-19th century their properties have been changed by chemical modification for commercial and scientific purposes, and there substituted polymers have found a wide range of applications. However, the inherent polydispersity and supramolecular organization of starch and cellulose cause the products resulting from their modification to display high complexity. Chemical composition analysis of these mixtures is therefore a challenging task. Detailed knowledge on substitution patterns is fundamental for understanding structure-property relationships in modified cellulose and starch, and thus also for the improvement of reproducibility and rational design of properties. Substitution patterns resulting from kinetically or thermodynamically controlled reactions show certain preferences for the three available hydroxyl functions in (1→4)-linked glucans. Spurlin, seventy years ago, was the first to describe this in an idealized model, and nowadays this model has been extended and related to the next hierarchical levels, namely, the substituent distribution in and over the polymer chains. This structural complexity, with its implications for data interpretation, and the analytical approaches developed for its investigation are outlined in this article. Strategies and methods for the determination of the average degree of substitution (DS), monomer composition, and substitution patterns at the polymer level are presented and discussed with respect to their limitations and interpretability. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, and modern mass spectrometry (MS), including tandem MS, are the main instrumental techniques employed, in combination with appropriate sample preparation by chemical and enzymatic methods.
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13
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Ruiz-Matute AI, Hernández-Hernández O, Rodríguez-Sánchez S, Sanz ML, Martínez-Castro I. Derivatization of carbohydrates for GC and GC-MS analyses. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 879:1226-40. [PMID: 21186143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
GC and GC-MS are excellent techniques for the analysis of carbohydrates; nevertheless the preparation of adequate derivatives is necessary. The different functional groups that can be found and the diversity of samples require specific methods. This review aims to collect the most important methodologies currently used, either published as new procedures or as new applications, for the analysis of carbohydrates. A high diversity of compounds with diverse functionalities has been selected: neutral carbohydrates (saccharides and polyalcohols), sugar acids, amino and iminosugars, polysaccharides, glycosides, glycoconjugates, anhydrosugars, difructose anhydrides and products resulting of Maillard reaction (osuloses, Amadori compounds). Chiral analysis has also been considered, describing the use of diastereomers and derivatives to be eluted on chiral stationary phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Ruiz-Matute
- Instituto de Fermentaciones Industriales-CIAL (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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Yang B, Zhao M, Prasad KN, Jiang G, Jiang Y. Effect of methylation on the structure and radical scavenging activity of polysaccharides from longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) fruit pericarp. Food Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.04.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Price NPJ. Permethylation linkage analysis techniques for residual carbohydrates. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2007; 148:271-6. [PMID: 18418759 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-007-8044-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2007] [Accepted: 09/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Permethylation analysis is the classic approach to establishing the position of glycosidic linkages between sugar residues. Typically, the carbohydrate is derivatized to form acid-stable methyl ethers, hydrolyzed, peracetylated, and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The position of glycosidic linkages in the starting carbohydrate are apparent from the mass spectra as determined by the location of acetyl residues. The completeness of permethylation is dependent upon the choice of base catalyst and is readily confirmed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry mass spectrometry. For the permethylation of beta-cyclodextrin, Hakomori dimsyl base is shown to be superior to the NaOH-dimethyl sulfoxide system, and the use of the latter resulted in selective under-methylation of the 3-hydroxy groups. These techniques are highly applicable to residual carbohydrates from biofuel processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil P J Price
- USDA-ARS-NCAUR, Bioproducts & Biocatalysis Research Unit, 1815 North University Street, Peoria, IL 61604, USA,
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16
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Ciucanu I. Per-O-methylation reaction for structural analysis of carbohydrates by mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 576:147-55. [PMID: 17723627 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2006] [Accepted: 06/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Per-O-methylation of carbohydrates is an important sample preparation step in structural analysis of complex carbohydrates, which has generated considerable interest as shown by thousands of citations in the last 10 years. This article provides a critical overview of the per-O-methylation methods applied for structural analysis of carbohydrates by mass spectrometry. The understanding of the O-methylation mechanism can help the researchers to apply the adequate O-methylation method and can generate new ideas in the effort of improving this reaction. The per-O-methylation of carbohydrates is relied upon stepwise reactions. The parameters that affect the reaction are discussed for the most important methods and are critically commented for each reaction step. The limits of each method are emphasized. The improvements of the per-O-methylation reaction are described in detail with their advantages and disadvantages and some illustrative examples are given. The methods that give complete O-methylation in non-hazardous conditions with high yields within minutes at room temperature with a very low amount of side-products are especially highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ionel Ciucanu
- Department of Chemistry, West University of Timisoara, Strada Pestalozzi 16, RO-300115 Timisoara, Romania.
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Sadovskaya I, Vinogradov E, Flahaut S, Kogan G, Jabbouri S. Extracellular carbohydrate-containing polymers of a model biofilm-producing strain, Staphylococcus epidermidis RP62A. Infect Immun 2005; 73:3007-17. [PMID: 15845508 PMCID: PMC1087347 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.5.3007-3017.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci, primarily Staphylococcus epidermidis, are recognized as a major cause of nosocomial infections associated with the use of implanted medical devices. It has been established that clinical isolates often produce a biofilm, which is involved in adherence to biomaterials and provides enhanced resistance of bacteria against host defenses and antibiotic treatments. It has been thought that the staphylococcal biofilm contains two polysaccharides, one responsible for primary cell adherence to biomaterials (polysaccharide/adhesin [PS/A]) and an antigen that mediates bacterial aggregation (polysaccharide intercellular adhesin [PIA]). In the present paper we present an improved procedure for preparation of PIA that conserves its labile substituents and avoids contamination with by-products. Based on structural analysis of the polysaccharide antigens and a thorough overview of the previously published data, we concluded that PIA from S. epidermidis is structurally identical to the recently described poly-beta-(1-->6)-N-acetylglucosamine from PS/A-overproducing strain S. aureus MN8m. We also show that another carbohydrate-containing polymer, extracellular teichoic acid (EC TA), is an essential component of S. epidermidis RP62A biofilms. We demonstrate that the relative amounts of extracellular PIA and EC TA produced depend on the growth conditions. Moderate shaking or static culture in tryptic soy broth favors PIA production, while more EC TA is produced in brain heart infusion medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Sadovskaya
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur les Biomatériaux et les Biotechnologies, Université du Littoral-Côte d'Opale, Quai Masset, Bassin Napoléon, BP 120, 62327 Boulogne-sur-mer Cedex, France
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18
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Stroop CJ, Weber W, Gerwig GJ, Nimtz M, Kamerling JP, Vliegenthart JF. Characterization of the carbohydrate chains of the secreted form of the human epidermal growth factor receptor. Glycobiology 2000; 10:901-17. [PMID: 10988252 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/10.9.901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a transmembrane glycoprotein having 11 potential N-glycosylation sites in its extracellular domain. N-Glycosylation is needed for proper membrane insertion, EGF binding and receptor functioning. The human epidermoid carcinoma A431 cell line secretes a soluble 105 kDa glycoprotein (sEGFR) that represents the extracellular domain of the membrane-bound form, and its glycosylation pattern has been investigated. After liberation of the oligosaccharides from sEGFR with PNGase F, the glycans were fractionated along different routes, including Concanavalin A affinity chromatography, anion-exchange chromatography, HPLC and high-pH anion-exchange chromatography. The oligosaccharide fractions were characterized by 500- and 600-MHz 1H-NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (FAB, ESI, and MALDI-TOF). The oligomannose-type glycans range from Man5GlcNAc2 to Man8GlcNAc2 and account for 17% of the total carbohydrate moiety. Furthermore, di-, tri'- and tetraantennary complex-type structures are present, both neutral and (alpha2-3)-sialylated (up to tetrasialo), comprising 24 and 59%, respectively, of the total carbohydrate moiety. In this study, 32 new complex-type glycans are characterized containing the Le(x), Le(Y), and sialyl-Le(x) determinants, the bloodgroup A and H antigens, as well as the ALe(Y) determinant. This first comprehensive glycosylation study on a human nonrecombinant receptor shows the immense heterogeneity of the glycosylation of sEGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Stroop
- Bijvoet Center, Department of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Glycosylation of proteins represents one of the most important post-(co-)translational events in view of the ubiquity of the phenomenon. In most cases, the covalently linked glycans are involved in the functioning of these biomolecules in biological systems. Detailed information on the carbohydrate moieties including monosaccharide composition, anomeric configurations, type of glycosidic linkages and attachment sites at the protein is indispensable in describing the ultimate structure of a specific glycoprotein. This chapter presents a general strategy for the structural characterization of glycoproteins/glycopeptides focussed on the glycan part. Some of the techniques commonly used, like enzyme treatments, separation methods, chemical analyses, mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy are briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Gerwig
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Department of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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20
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Appel TR, Dumpitak C, Matthiesen U, Riesner D. Prion rods contain an inert polysaccharide scaffold. Biol Chem 1999; 380:1295-306. [PMID: 10614822 DOI: 10.1515/bc.1999.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A polysaccharide consisting of mainly 1,4-linked glucose units was found associated with prion rods, which are composed mainly of insoluble aggregates of the N-terminally truncated prion protein (PrP 27-30) exhibiting the ultrastructural and tinctorial properties of amyloid. The polysaccharide differs in composition from the Asn-linked oligosaccharides and the GPI-anchor of the prion protein. Prion rods were prepared from scrapie-infected hamster brains using two different purification protocols. Prolonged digestion of rods with proteinase K reduced PrP by a factor of at least 500, leaving about 10% (w/w) of the sample as an insoluble remnant. Only glucose was obtained by acid hydrolysis of the remnant and methylation analysis showed 80% 1,4-, 15% 1,6- and 5% 1,4,6-linked glucose units. The physical and chemical properties as well as the absence of terminal glucose units indicate a very high molecular mass of the polysaccharide. No evidence was found for covalent bonds between PrP and the polysaccharide. The polysaccharide certainly contributes to the unusual chemical and physical stability of prion rods, acting like a scaffold. A potential structural and/or functional relevance of the polysaccharide scaffold is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Appel
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Biologisch-Medizinisches Forschungszentrum, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Germany
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21
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Kierdaszuk B, Krawiec K, Kazimierczuk Z, Jacobsson U, Johansson NG, Munch-Petersen B, Eriksson S, Shugar D. Substrate/inhibitor properties of human deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) and thymidine kinases (TK1 and TK2) towards the sugar moiety of nucleosides, including O'-alkyl analogues. NUCLEOSIDES & NUCLEOTIDES 1999; 18:1883-903. [PMID: 10478487 DOI: 10.1080/07328319908044850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside analogues with modified sugar moieties have been examined for their substrate/inhibitor specificities towards highly purified deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) and thymidine kinases (tetrameric high-affinity form of TK1, and TK2) from human leukemic spleen. In particular, the analogues included the mono- and di-O'-methyl derivatives of dC, dU and dA, syntheses of which are described. In general, purine nucleosides with modified sugar rings were feebler substrates than the corresponding cytosine analogues. Sugar-modified analogues of dU were also relatively poor substrates of TK1 and TK2, but were reasonably good inhibitors, with generally lower Ki values vs TK2 than TK1. An excellent discriminator between TK1 and TK2 was 3'-hexanoylamino-2',3'-dideoxythymidine, with a Ki of approximately 600 microM for TK1 and approximately 0.1 microM for TK2. 3'-OMe-dC was a superior inhibitor of dCK to its 5'-O-methyl congener, consistent with possible participation of the oxygen of the (3')-OH or (3')-OMe as proton acceptor in hydrogen bonding with the enzyme. Surprisingly alpha-dT was a good substrate of both TK1 and TK2, with Ki values of 120 and 30 microM for TK1 and TK2, respectively; and a 3'-branched alpha-L-deoxycytidine analogue proved to be as good a substrate as its alpha-D-counterpart. Several 5'-substituted analogues of dC were good non-substrate inhibitors of dCK and, to a lesser extent, of TK2. Finally, some ribonucleosides are substrates of the foregoing enzymes; in particular C is a good substrate of dCK, and 2'-OMe-C is an even better substrate than dC.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kierdaszuk
- University of Warsaw, Department of Biophysics, Poland.
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22
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Chizhov AO, Dell A, Morris HR, Haslam SM, McDowell RA, Shashkov AS, Nifant'ev NE, Khatuntseva EA, Usov AI. A study of fucoidan from the brown seaweed Chorda filum. Carbohydr Res 1999; 320:108-19. [PMID: 10515064 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(99)00148-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Fucoidan fractions from the brown seaweed Chorda filum were studied using solvolytic desulfation. Methylation analysis and NMR spectroscopy were applied for native and desulfated polysaccharides. Homofucan sulfate from C. filum was shown to contain poly-alpha-(1-->3)-fucopyranoside backbone with a high degree of branching, mainly of alpha-(1-->2)-linked single units. Some fucopyranose residues are sulfated at O-4 (mainly) and O-2 positions. Some alpha-(1-->3)-linked fucose residues were shown by NMR to be 2-O-acetylated. The 1H and 13C NMR spectra of desulfated, deacetylated fucan were completely assigned. The spectral data obtained correspond to a quasiregular polysaccharide structure with a branched hexasaccharide repeating unit. Other fucoidan fractions from C. filum have more complex carbohydrate composition and give rather complex methylation patterns. [formula: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- A O Chizhov
- Biochemistry Department, Wolfson Laboratories, Imperial College, London, UK
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23
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Karlsson C, Jansson PE, Widmalm G, Sørensen UB. Structural elucidation of the capsular polysaccharide from Streptococcus pneumoniae type 18B. Carbohydr Res 1997; 304:165-72. [PMID: 9449767 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(97)00228-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The structure of the capsular polysaccharide from Streptococcus pneumoniae type 18B has been determined using NMR spectroscopy and methylation analysis as the principal methods. It is concluded that the polysaccharide is composed of pentasaccharide repeating units with a glycerol phosphate substituting the 3-position of the branch point residue. The carbohydrate backbone in type 18B is identical to that in S. pneumoniae type 18F but without the O-acetyl groups present in that type. [formula: see text] In this structure, the absolute configuration of the glycerol phosphate moiety has not been determined but should be D, in analogy with that determined for the capsular polysaccharide from S. pneumoniae type 18A [T. Rundlöf, G. Widmalm, Anal. Biochem., 243 (1996) 228-233].
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Affiliation(s)
- C Karlsson
- Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge Hospital, Sweden
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