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Luebke AM, Attarchi-Tehrani A, Meiners J, Hube-Magg C, Lang DS, Kluth M, Tsourlakis MC, Minner S, Simon R, Sauter G, Büscheck F, Jacobsen F, Hinsch A, Steurer S, Schlomm T, Huland H, Graefen M, Haese A, Heinzer H, Clauditz TS, Burandt E, Wilczak W, Höflmayer D. Loss of PSP94 expression is associated with early PSA recurrence and deteriorates outcome of PTEN deleted prostate cancers. Cancer Biol Med 2019; 16:319-330. [PMID: 31516752 PMCID: PMC6713635 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2018.0384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Prostate secretory protein of 94 amino acids (PSP94) is a target gene of the EZH2 transcriptional repressor and is often downregulated in prostate cancer; however, its prognostic value is disputed. Methods Immunohistochemical analysis of a tissue microarray of 12, 432 prostate cancer specimens was performed to evaluate PSP94 expression. Correlation of PSP94 expression with tumor phenotype, patient prognosis, TMPRSS2:ERG fusion status, EZH2 expression and PTEN deletion was studied. Results PSP94 expression was increased in benign prostatic hyperplasia; however, it was downregulated in 48% and negative in 42% of the 9, 881 interpretable prostate cancer specimens. The loss of PSP94 expression was inversely correlated to EZH2 expression (P < 0.0001) and largely unrelated to the ERG status, but strongly correlated with high Gleason grade, advanced tumor stage, and nodal metastasis ( P <0.0001 each). The fraction of PSP94-negative cancer specimens increased from 40% in pT2 to 52% in pT3b-pT4 ( P < 0.0001) and from 40% in Gleason 3+3 = 6 to 46% in Gleason 4+3 = 7 and 60% in Gleason ≥4+4 = 8 ( P < 0.0001). Loss of PSP94 was linked to early prostate-specific antigen recurrence, but with little absolute effect ( P < 0.0001). However, it provided additional prognostic impact in cancer specimens with PTEN deletion. Loss of PSP94 deteriorated prognosis of cancer patients with PTEN deletion by more than 10% (P < 0.0001). The combination of PTEN deletion and PSP94 loss provided independent prognostic information that was observed in several subgroups defined by classical and quantitative Gleason grade. Conclusions The results of our study suggest that combined PSP94/PTEN analysis can be potentially used in the clinical prognosis of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas M Luebke
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Ali Attarchi-Tehrani
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Jan Meiners
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany.,General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery Department and Clinic, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Claudia Hube-Magg
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Dagmar S Lang
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Martina Kluth
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | | | - Sarah Minner
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Ronald Simon
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Guido Sauter
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Franziska Büscheck
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Frank Jacobsen
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Andrea Hinsch
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Stefan Steurer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schlomm
- Department of Urology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Hartwig Huland
- Martini-Clinic, Prostate Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Markus Graefen
- Martini-Clinic, Prostate Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Alexander Haese
- Martini-Clinic, Prostate Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Hans Heinzer
- Martini-Clinic, Prostate Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Till S Clauditz
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Eike Burandt
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Waldemar Wilczak
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Doris Höflmayer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
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Sutcliffe S, De Marzo AM, Sfanos KS, Laurence M. MSMB variation and prostate cancer risk: clues towards a possible fungal etiology. Prostate 2014; 74:569-78. [PMID: 24464504 PMCID: PMC4037912 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND. With recent advances in high-throughput sequencing technologies, many prostate cancer risk loci have been identified, including rs10993994, a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) located near the MSMB gene. Variant allele (T) carriers of this SNP produce less prostate secretory protein 94 (PSP94), the protein product of MSMB, and have an increased risk of prostate cancer (approximately 25% per T allele), suggesting that PSP94 plays a protective role in prostate carcinogenesis, although the mechanisms for such protection are unclear. METHODS. We reviewed the literature on possible mechanisms for PSP94 protection for prostate cancer. RESULTS. One possible mechanism is tumor suppression, as PSP94 has been observed to inhibit cell or tumor growth in in vitro and in vivo models. Another novel mechanism, which we propose in this review article, is that PSP94 may protect against prostate cancer by preventing or limiting an intracellular fungal infection in the prostate. This mechanism is based on the recent discovery of PSP94's fungicidal activity in low-calcium environments (such as the cytosol of epithelial cells), and accumulating evidence suggesting a role for inflammation in prostate carcinogenesis. We provide further details of our proposed mechanism in this review article. CONCLUSIONS. To explore this mechanism, future studies should consider screening prostate specimens for fungi using the rapidly expanding number of molecular techniques capable of identifying infectious agents from the entire tree of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan Sutcliffe
- Division of Public Health Sciences and the Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Angelo M. De Marzo
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
- Brady Urological Institute and the Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Karen S. Sfanos
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
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Growth inhibition mediated by PSP94 or CRISP-3 is prostate cancer cell line specific. Asian J Androl 2010; 12:677-89. [PMID: 20676114 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2010.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The prostate secretory protein of 94 amino acids (PSP94) has been shown to interact with cysteine-rich secretory protein 3 (CRISP-3) in human seminal plasma. Interestingly, PSP94 expression is reduced or lost in the majority of the prostate tumours, whereas CRISP-3 expression is upregulated in prostate cancer compared with normal prostate tissue. To obtain a better understanding of the individual roles these proteins have in prostate tumourigenesis and the functional relevance of their interaction, we ectopically expressed either PSP94 or CRISP-3 alone or PSP94 along with CRISP-3 in three prostate cell lines (PC3, WPE1-NB26 and LNCaP) and performed growth inhibition assays. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis were used to screen prostate cell lines for PSP94 and CRISP-3 expression. Mammalian expression constructs for human PSP94 and CRISP-3 were also generated and the expression, localization and secretion of recombinant protein were assayed by transfection followed by Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence assay. The effect that ectopic expression of PSP94 or CRISP-3 had on cell growth was studied by clonogenic survival assay following transfection. To evaluate the effects of co-expression of the two proteins, stable clones of PC3 that expressed PSP94 were generated. They were subsequently transfected with a CRISP-3 expression construct and subjected to clonogenic survival assay. Our results showed that PSP94 and CRISP-3 could each induce growth inhibition in a cell line specific manner. Although the growth of CRISP-3-positive cell lines was inhibited by PSP94, growth inhibition mediated by CRISP-3 was not affected by the presence or absence of PSP94. This suggests that CRISP-3 may participate in PSP94-independent activities during prostate tumourigenesis.
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