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Wacker JN, Woods JJ, Rupert PB, Peterson A, Allaire M, Lukens WW, Gaiser AN, Minasian SG, Strong RK, Abergel RJ. Actinium chelation and crystallization in a macromolecular scaffold. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5741. [PMID: 39009580 PMCID: PMC11251196 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50017-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Targeted alpha therapy (TAT) pairs the specificity of antigen targeting with the lethality of alpha particles to eradicate cancerous cells. Actinium-225 [225Ac; t1/2 = 9.920(3) days] is an alpha-emitting radioisotope driving the next generation of TAT radiopharmaceuticals. Despite promising clinical results, a fundamental understanding of Ac coordination chemistry lags behind the rest of the Periodic Table due to its limited availability, lack of stable isotopes, and inadequate systems poised to probe the chemical behavior of this radionuclide. In this work, we demonstrate a platform that combines an 8-coordinate synthetic ligand and a mammalian protein to characterize the solution and solid-state behavior of the longest-lived Ac isotope, 227Ac [t1/2 = 21.772(3) years]. We expect these results to direct renewed efforts for 225Ac-TAT development, aid in understanding Ac coordination behavior relative to other +3 lanthanides and actinides, and more broadly inform this element's position on the Periodic Table.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer N Wacker
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Joshua J Woods
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Peter B Rupert
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Appie Peterson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Marc Allaire
- Berkeley Center for Structural Biology, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Wayne W Lukens
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Alyssa N Gaiser
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Stefan G Minasian
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Roland K Strong
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
| | - Rebecca J Abergel
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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2
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Matyskin AV, Angermeier SB, Drera SS, Prible MC, Geuther JA, Heibel MD. Actinium-225 photonuclear production in nuclear reactors using a mixed radium-226 and gadolinium-157 target. Nucl Med Biol 2024; 136-137:108940. [PMID: 39002498 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2024.108940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Actinium-225 is one of the most promising radionuclides for targeted alpha therapy. Its limited availability significantly restricts clinical trials and potential applications of 225Ac-based radiopharmaceuticals. METHODS In this work, we examine the possibility of 225Ac production from the thermal neutron flux of a nuclear reactor. For this purpose, a target consisting of 1.4 mg of 226Ra(NO3)2 (T1/2 = 1600 years) and 115.5 mg of 90 % enriched, stable 157Gd2O3 was irradiated for 48 h in the Breazeale Nuclear Reactor with an average neutron flux of 1.7·1013 cm-2·s-1. Gadolinium-157 has one of the highest thermal neutron capture cross sections of 0.25 Mb, and its neutron capture results in emission of high-energy, prompt γ-photons. Emitted γ-photons interact with 226Ra to produce 225Ra according to the 226Ra(γ, n)225Ra reaction. Gadolinium debulking and separation of undesirable, co-produced 227Ac from 225Ra was achieved in one step by using 60 g of branched DGA resin. After 225Ac ingrowth from 225Ra (T1/2 = 14.8 d), 225Ac was extracted from the 226Ra and 225Ra fraction using 5 g of bDGA resin and then eluted using 5 mM HNO3. RESULTS Measured activity of 225Ac showed that 6(1) kBq or 0.16(3) μCi (1σ) of 225Ra was produced at the end of bombardment from 0.9 mg of 226Ra. CONCLUSION The developed 225Ac separation is a waste-free process which can be used to obtain pure 225Ac in a nuclear reactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem V Matyskin
- Radiation Science and Engineering Center, College of Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, 100 Breazeale Nuclear Reactor, University Park, PA 16802, United States of America.
| | - Susanna B Angermeier
- Radiation Science and Engineering Center, College of Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, 100 Breazeale Nuclear Reactor, University Park, PA 16802, United States of America; Department of Nuclear Engineering, College of Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, 206 Hallowell Building, University Park, PA 16802, United States of America
| | - Saleem S Drera
- RadTran LLC, 5428 South Idalia Way, Centennial, CO 80015, United States of America
| | - Michael C Prible
- Westinghouse Electric Company LLC, 1000 Westinghouse Drive, Cranberry Township, PA 16066, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey A Geuther
- Radiation Science and Engineering Center, College of Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, 100 Breazeale Nuclear Reactor, University Park, PA 16802, United States of America
| | - Michael D Heibel
- Westinghouse Electric Company LLC, 1000 Westinghouse Drive, Cranberry Township, PA 16066, United States of America
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3
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Kaneda-Nakashima K, Shirakami Y, Kadonaga Y, Watabe T, Ooe K, Yin X, Haba H, Shirasaki K, Kikunaga H, Tsukada K, Toyoshima A, Cardinale J, Giesel FL, Fukase K. Comparison of Nuclear Medicine Therapeutics Targeting PSMA among Alpha-Emitting Nuclides. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:933. [PMID: 38256007 PMCID: PMC10815831 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently, targeted alpha therapy (TAT) is a new therapy involving the administration of a therapeutic drug that combines a substance of α-emitting nuclides that kill cancer cells and a drug that selectively accumulates in cancer cells. It is known to be effective against cancers that are difficult to treat with existing methods, such as cancer cells that are widely spread throughout the whole body, and there are high expectations for its early clinical implementation. The nuclides for TAT, including 149Tb, 211At, 212/213Bi, 212Pb (for 212Bi), 223Ra, 225Ac, 226/227Th, and 230U, are known. However, some nuclides encounter problems with labeling methods and lack sufficient preclinical and clinical data. We labeled the compounds targeting prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) with 211At and 225Ac. PSMA is a molecule that has attracted attention as a theranostic target for prostate cancer, and several targeted radioligands have already shown therapeutic effects in patients. The results showed that 211At, which has a much shorter half-life, is no less cytotoxic than 225Ac. In 211At labeling, our group has also developed an original method (Shirakami Reaction). We have succeeded in obtaining a highly purified labeled product in a short timeframe using this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuko Kaneda-Nakashima
- Laboratory of Radiation Biological Chemistry, FRC, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan
- MS-CORE, FRC, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan; (Y.S.); (Y.K.); (T.W.); (K.O.); (A.T.); (K.F.)
- Department of Science, Institute for Radiation Sciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Shirakami
- MS-CORE, FRC, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan; (Y.S.); (Y.K.); (T.W.); (K.O.); (A.T.); (K.F.)
- Department of Science, Institute for Radiation Sciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Kadonaga
- MS-CORE, FRC, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan; (Y.S.); (Y.K.); (T.W.); (K.O.); (A.T.); (K.F.)
- Nuclear Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tadashi Watabe
- MS-CORE, FRC, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan; (Y.S.); (Y.K.); (T.W.); (K.O.); (A.T.); (K.F.)
- Nuclear Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ooe
- MS-CORE, FRC, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan; (Y.S.); (Y.K.); (T.W.); (K.O.); (A.T.); (K.F.)
- Radioisotope Research Center, Institute for Radiation Sciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Xiaojie Yin
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science Nuclear Chemistry Group, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan; (X.Y.); (H.H.)
| | - Hiromitsu Haba
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science Nuclear Chemistry Group, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan; (X.Y.); (H.H.)
| | - Kenji Shirasaki
- Laboratory of Alpha-Ray Emitters, Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan;
| | - Hidetoshi Kikunaga
- Research Center for Electron Photon Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 982-0826, Japan;
| | - Kazuaki Tsukada
- Research Group of Heavy Element Nuclear Science, Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Naka-gun 319-1195, Japan;
| | - Atsushi Toyoshima
- MS-CORE, FRC, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan; (Y.S.); (Y.K.); (T.W.); (K.O.); (A.T.); (K.F.)
- Department of Science, Institute for Radiation Sciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jens Cardinale
- Nuclear Medicine Department, University Hospital Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (J.C.); (F.L.G.)
| | - Frederik L. Giesel
- Nuclear Medicine Department, University Hospital Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (J.C.); (F.L.G.)
| | - Koichi Fukase
- MS-CORE, FRC, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan; (Y.S.); (Y.K.); (T.W.); (K.O.); (A.T.); (K.F.)
- Department of Science, Institute for Radiation Sciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Natural Product Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan
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4
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Mori KI, Yamada T, Sato Y, Nagatsu K, Kikunaga H. α(PS)-γ(Ge) digital anti-coincidence spectroscopy and its application to activity measurement of 225Ac. Appl Radiat Isot 2023; 202:111061. [PMID: 37793241 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.111061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Activity of 225Ac was measured by the digital anti-coincidence spectroscopy technique using a 4πα-γ detector configuration, composed of a sandwich type 4π plastic scintillator and Ge detectors. Ultrathin plastic scintillators were used for selective detection of α-particles emitted from 225Ac and its progenies, and the α-counting efficiencies of a 4π plastic scintillation detector for individual nuclides in the decay chain were determined as well. A list-mode multichannel analyzer was employed to record coincidence/anti-coincidence events for off-line analyses. The time difference distribution spectra revealed α-particle emission following 213Po decay without β-particle interference from 213Bi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichi Mori
- Sector of Nuclear Science Research, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Japan
| | | | - Yasushi Sato
- Research Institute for Measurement and Analytical Instrumentation, National Metrology Institute of Japan, Japan
| | - Kotaro Nagatsu
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Japan
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5
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Morgan KA, Rudd SE, Noor A, Donnelly PS. Theranostic Nuclear Medicine with Gallium-68, Lutetium-177, Copper-64/67, Actinium-225, and Lead-212/203 Radionuclides. Chem Rev 2023; 123:12004-12035. [PMID: 37796539 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Molecular changes in malignant tissue can lead to an increase in the expression levels of various proteins or receptors that can be used to target the disease. In oncology, diagnostic imaging and radiotherapy of tumors is possible by attaching an appropriate radionuclide to molecules that selectively bind to these target proteins. The term "theranostics" describes the use of a diagnostic tool to predict the efficacy of a therapeutic option. Molecules radiolabeled with γ-emitting or β+-emitting radionuclides can be used for diagnostic imaging using single photon emission computed tomography or positron emission tomography. Radionuclide therapy of disease sites is possible with either α-, β-, or Auger-emitting radionuclides that induce irreversible damage to DNA. This Focus Review centers on the chemistry of theranostic approaches using metal radionuclides for imaging and therapy. The use of tracers that contain β+-emitting gallium-68 and β-emitting lutetium-177 will be discussed in the context of agents in clinical use for the diagnostic imaging and therapy of neuroendocrine tumors and prostate cancer. A particular emphasis is then placed on the chemistry involved in the development of theranostic approaches that use copper-64 for imaging and copper-67 for therapy with functionalized sarcophagine cage amine ligands. Targeted therapy with radionuclides that emit α particles has potential to be of particular use in late-stage disease where there are limited options, and the role of actinium-225 and lead-212 in this area is also discussed. Finally, we highlight the challenges that impede further adoption of radiotheranostic concepts while highlighting exciting opportunities and prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Morgan
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| | - Stacey E Rudd
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| | - Asif Noor
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| | - Paul S Donnelly
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne 3010, Australia
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6
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Camacaro JF, Dunckley CP, Harman SE, Fitzgerald HA, Lakes AL, Liao Z, Ludwig RC, McBride KM, Yalcintas Bethune E, Younes A, Chatterjee S, Lilley LM. Development of 225Ac Production from Low Isotopic Dilution 229Th. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:38822-38827. [PMID: 37901510 PMCID: PMC10601055 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
The promise of 225Ac targeted alpha therapies has been on the horizon for the last two decades. TerraPower Isotopes are uniquely suited to produce clinically relevant quantities of 225Ac through the decay of 229Th. Herein, a rapid processing scheme to isolate radionuclidic and radioisotopically pure 225Ac in good yield (98%) produced from 229Th that contains significant quantities of 228Th activity is described. The characterization of each step of the process is presented along with the detailed characterization of the resulting 225Ac isotopic starting material that will support the cancer research and development efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose F. Camacaro
- TerraPower LLC, 15800 Northup Way, Bellevue, Washington 98008, United States
| | | | - S. Elizabeth Harman
- TerraPower LLC, 15800 Northup Way, Bellevue, Washington 98008, United States
| | | | - Andrew L. Lakes
- TerraPower LLC, 15800 Northup Way, Bellevue, Washington 98008, United States
| | - Zuolei Liao
- TerraPower LLC, 15800 Northup Way, Bellevue, Washington 98008, United States
| | - Russell C. Ludwig
- TerraPower LLC, 15800 Northup Way, Bellevue, Washington 98008, United States
| | - Katie M. McBride
- TerraPower LLC, 15800 Northup Way, Bellevue, Washington 98008, United States
| | | | - Ali Younes
- TerraPower LLC, 15800 Northup Way, Bellevue, Washington 98008, United States
| | - Sayandev Chatterjee
- TerraPower LLC, 15800 Northup Way, Bellevue, Washington 98008, United States
| | - Laura M. Lilley
- TerraPower LLC, 15800 Northup Way, Bellevue, Washington 98008, United States
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7
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Rubira L, Deshayes E, Santoro L, Kotzki PO, Fersing C. 225Ac-Labeled Somatostatin Analogs in the Management of Neuroendocrine Tumors: From Radiochemistry to Clinic. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041051. [PMID: 37111537 PMCID: PMC10146019 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The widespread use of peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) represents a major therapeutic breakthrough in nuclear medicine, particularly since the introduction of 177Lu-radiolabeled somatostatin analogs. These radiopharmaceuticals have especially improved progression-free survival and quality of life in patients with inoperable metastatic gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors expressing somatostatin receptors. In the case of aggressive or resistant disease, the use of somatostatin derivatives radiolabeled with an alpha-emitter could provide a promising alternative. Among the currently available alpha-emitting radioelements, actinium-225 has emerged as the most suitable candidate, especially regarding its physical and radiochemical properties. Nevertheless, preclinical and clinical studies on these radiopharmaceuticals are still few and heterogeneous, despite the growing momentum for their future use on a larger scale. In this context, this report provides a comprehensive and extensive overview of the development of 225Ac-labeled somatostatin analogs; particular emphasis is placed on the challenges associated with the production of 225Ac, its physical and radiochemical properties, as well as the place of 225Ac-DOTATOC and 225Ac-DOTATATE in the management of patients with advanced metastatic neuroendocrine tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Rubira
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), University Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Emmanuel Deshayes
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), University Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM U1194, University Montpellier, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), 34298 Montpellier, France
| | - Lore Santoro
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), University Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM U1194, University Montpellier, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), 34298 Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Olivier Kotzki
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), University Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM U1194, University Montpellier, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), 34298 Montpellier, France
| | - Cyril Fersing
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), University Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
- IBMM, University Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34293 Montpellier, France
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8
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Johnson JD, Heines M, Bruchertseifer F, Chevallay E, Cocolios TE, Dockx K, Duchemin C, Heinitz S, Heinke R, Hurier S, Lambert L, Leenders B, Skliarova H, Stora T, Wojtaczka W. Resonant laser ionization and mass separation of 225Ac. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1347. [PMID: 36693865 PMCID: PMC9873802 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28299-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
[Formula: see text]Ac is a radio-isotope that can be linked to biological vector molecules to treat certain distributed cancers using targeted alpha therapy. However, developing [Formula: see text]Ac-labelled radiopharmaceuticals remains a challenge due to the supply shortage of pure [Formula: see text]Ac itself. Several techniques to obtain pure [Formula: see text]Ac are being investigated, amongst which is the high-energy proton spallation of thorium or uranium combined with resonant laser ionization and mass separation. As a proof-of-principle, we perform off-line resonant ionization mass spectrometry on two samples of [Formula: see text]Ac, each with a known activity, in different chemical environments. We report overall operational collection efficiencies of 10.1(2)% and 9.9(8)% for the cases in which the [Formula: see text]Ac was deposited on a rhenium surface and a ThO[Formula: see text] mimic target matrix respectively. The bottleneck of the technique was the laser ionization efficiency, which was deduced to be 15.1(6)%.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Reinhard Heinke
- KU Leuven, IKS, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- CERN, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Hurier
- KU Leuven, IKS, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre SCK CEN, Mol, Belgium
| | | | - Benji Leenders
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre SCK CEN, Mol, Belgium
- Universiteit Gent, Gent, Belgium
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9
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Shi M, Jakobsson V, Greifenstein L, Khong PL, Chen X, Baum RP, Zhang J. Alpha-peptide receptor radionuclide therapy using actinium-225 labeled somatostatin receptor agonists and antagonists. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1034315. [PMID: 36569154 PMCID: PMC9767967 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1034315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) has over the last two decades emerged as a very promising approach to treat neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) with rapidly expanding clinical applications. By chelating a radiometal to a somatostatin receptor (SSTR) ligand, radiation can be delivered to cancer cells with high precision. Unlike conventional external beam radiotherapy, PRRT utilizes primarily β or α radiation derived from nuclear decay, which causes damage to cancer cells in the immediate proximity by irreversible direct or indirect ionization of the cells' DNA, which induces apoptosis. In addition, to avoid damage to surrounding normal cells, PRRT privileges the use of radionuclides that have little penetrating and more energetic (and thus more ionizing) radiations. To date, the most frequently radioisotopes are β- emitters, particularly Yttrium-90 (90Y) and Lutetium-177 (177Lu), labeled SSTR agonists. Current development of SSTR-targeting is triggering the shift from using SSTR agonists to antagonists for PRRT. Furthermore, targeted α-particle therapy (TAT), has attracted special attention for the treatment of tumors and offers an improved therapeutic option for patients resistant to conventional treatments or even beta-irradiation treatment. Due to its short range and high linear energy transfer (LET), α-particles significantly damage the targeted cancer cells while causing minimal cytotoxicity toward surrounding normal tissue. Actinium-225 (225Ac) has been developed into potent targeting drug constructs including somatostatin-receptor-based radiopharmaceuticals and is in early clinical use against multiple neuroendocrine tumor types. In this article, we give a review of preclinical and clinical applications of 225Ac-PRRT in NETs, discuss the strengths and challenges of 225Ac complexes being used in PRRT; and envision the prospect of 225Ac-PRRT as a future alternative in the treatment of NETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Shi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, NUS Center for Nanomedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vivianne Jakobsson
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Academy for Precision Oncology, International Centers for Precision Oncology (ICPO), Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Lukas Greifenstein
- CURANOSTICUM Wiesbaden-Frankfurt, Center for Advanced Radiomolecular Precision Oncology, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Pek-Lan Khong
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Clinical Imaging Research Centre, Centre for Translational Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, NUS Center for Nanomedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Clinical Imaging Research Centre, Centre for Translational Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Richard P. Baum
- CURANOSTICUM Wiesbaden-Frankfurt, Center for Advanced Radiomolecular Precision Oncology, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, NUS Center for Nanomedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Clinical Imaging Research Centre, Centre for Translational Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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10
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Rodak M, Dekempeneer Y, Wojewódzka M, Caveliers V, Covens P, Miller BW, Sevenois MB, Bruchertseifer F, Morgenstern A, Lahoutte T, D'Huyvetter M, Pruszyński M. Preclinical Evaluation of 225Ac-Labeled Single-Domain Antibody for the Treatment of HER2pos Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2022; 21:1835-1845. [PMID: 36129807 PMCID: PMC9716241 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-1021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2) is overexpressed in various cancers; thus, HER2-targeting single-domain antibodies (sdAb) could offer a useful platform for radioimmunotherapy. In this study, we optimized the labeling of an anti-HER2-sdAb with the α-particle-emitter 225Ac through a DOTA-derivative. The formed radioconjugate was tested for binding affinity, specificity and internalization properties, whereas cytotoxicity was evaluated by clonogenic and DNA double-strand-breaks assays. Biodistribution studies were performed in mice bearing subcutaneous HER2pos tumors to estimate absorbed doses delivered to organs and tissues. Therapeutic efficacy and potential toxicity were assessed in HER2pos intraperitoneal ovarian cancer model and in healthy C57Bl/6 mice. [225Ac]Ac-DOTA-2Rs15d exhibited specific cell uptake and cell-killing capacity in HER2pos cells (EC50 = 3.9 ± 1.1 kBq/mL). Uptake in HER2pos lesions peaked at 3 hours (9.64 ± 1.69% IA/g), with very low accumulation in other organs (<1% IA/g) except for kidneys (11.69 ± 1.10% IA/g). α-camera imaging presented homogeneous uptake of radioactivity in tumors, although heterogeneous in kidneys, with a higher signal density in cortex versus medulla. In mice with HER2pos disseminated tumors, repeated administration of [225Ac]Ac-DOTA-2Rs15d significantly prolonged survival (143 days) compared to control groups (56 and 61 days) and to the group treated with HER2-targeting mAb trastuzumab (100 days). Histopathologic evaluation revealed signs of kidney toxicity after repeated administration of [225Ac]Ac-DOTA-2Rs15d. [225Ac]Ac-DOTA-2Rs15d efficiently targeted HER2pos cells and was effective in treatment of intraperitoneal disseminated tumors, both alone and as an add-on combination with trastuzumab, albeit with substantial signs of inflammation in kidneys. This study warrants further development of [225Ac]Ac-DOTA-2Rs15d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Rodak
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Yana Dekempeneer
- Department of Medical Imaging, In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Vicky Caveliers
- Department of Medical Imaging, In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Nuclear Medicine Department, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Peter Covens
- Department of Medical Imaging, In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Brian W. Miller
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Matthijs B. Sevenois
- Department of Medical Imaging, In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Tony Lahoutte
- Department of Medical Imaging, In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Nuclear Medicine Department, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Matthias D'Huyvetter
- Department of Medical Imaging, In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marek Pruszyński
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warsaw, Poland
- NOMATEN Centre of Excellence, National Centre for Nuclear Research, Otwock, Poland
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11
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Koniar H, Rodríguez-Rodríguez C, Radchenko V, Yang H, Kunz P, Rahmim A, Uribe C, Schaffer P. SPECT imaging of 226Ac as a theranostic isotope for 225Ac radiopharmaceutical development. Phys Med Biol 2022; 67. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ac8b5f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective. The development of alpha-emitting radiopharmaceuticals using 225Ac (t
½ = 9.92 d) benefits from the quantitative determination of its biodistribution and is not always easy to directly measure. An element-equivalent matched-pair would allow for more accurate biodistribution and dosimetry estimates. 226Ac (t
½ = 29.4 h) is a candidate isotope for in vivo imaging of preclinical 225Ac radiopharmaceuticals, given its 158 keV and 230 keV gamma emissions making it suitable for quantitative SPECT imaging. This work aimed to conduct a performance assessment for 226Ac imaging and presents the first-ever 226Ac SPECT images. Approach. To establish imaging performance with regards to contrast and noise, image quality phantoms were scanned using a microSPECT/CT system. To assess the resolution, a hot rod phantom with cylindrical rods with diameters between 0.85 and 1.70 mm was additionally imaged. Two collimators were evaluated: a high-energy ultra-high resolution (HEUHR) collimator and an extra ultra-high sensitivity (UHS) collimator. Images were reconstructed from two distinct photopeaks at 158 keV and 230 keV. Main results. The HEUHR SPECT image measurements of high activity concentration regions were consistent with values determined independently via gamma spectroscopy, within 9% error. The lower energy 158 keV photopeak images demonstrated slightly better contrast recovery. In the resolution phantom, the UHS collimator only resolved rods ≥1.30 mm and ≥1.50 mm for the 158 keV and 230 keV photopeaks, respectively, while the HEUHR collimator clearly resolved all rods, with resolution <0.85 mm. Significance. Overall, the feasibility of preclinical imaging with 226Ac was demonstrated with quantitative SPECT imaging achieved for both its 158 keV and 230 keV photopeaks. The HEUHR collimator is recommended for imaging 226Ac activity distributions in small animals due to its resolution <0.85 mm. Future work will explore the feasibility of using 226Ac both as an element-equivalent isotope for 225Ac radiopharmaceuticals, or as a standalone therapeutic isotope.
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12
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Benešová M, Reischl G. Production of radionuclides: Cyclotrons and reactors. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-822960-6.00003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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13
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Kajan I, Florianová M, Ekberg C, Matyskin AV. Effect of diluent on the extraction of europium(iii) and americium(iii) with N, N, N', N'-tetraoctyl diglycolamide (TODGA). RSC Adv 2021; 11:36707-36718. [PMID: 35494375 PMCID: PMC9043636 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra07534a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Solvent extraction of Eu3+ and Am3+ via N,N,N',N'-tetraoctyl diglycolamide (TODGA) dissolved in different molecular diluents was studied. The diluent types used in this work were primary and secondary alcohols, secondary ketones and alkanes. Effects of concentration of extracting agent, temperature, diluent type and its carbon chain length on the extractions were determined. Distribution ratios of Eu3+ and Am3+ showed high dependence on the diluent type as well as the carbon chain length within the same type of diluent. The highest distribution ratios for both Eu3+ and Am3+ as well as the separation factors of Eu3+ over Am3+ were observed in the alkane diluents. Unexpectedly high distribution ratios for Eu3+ and Am3+ were observed in polar diluents with 5 carbon atoms in the chain, clearly standing out against the general trends. It was found that Eu3+ and Am3+ extraction via TODGA is enthalpy driven in all the studied diluents and that extraction is more exothermic in alkane diluents. Analysis of the stoichiometry of the extracted complexes shows that the average ligand number of TODGA molecules in the extracted complex is lower for Am3+ compared to Eu3+ except for with alkane diluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Kajan
- Laboratory of Radiochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen Switzerland
| | - Markéta Florianová
- Department of Nuclear Chemistry, Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University Brehova 7 11519 Prague 1 Czech Republic
| | - Christian Ekberg
- Nuclear Chemistry and Industrial Material Recycling Group, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Artem V Matyskin
- Nuclear Chemistry and Industrial Material Recycling Group, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
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14
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Deblonde GJP, Zavarin M, Kersting AB. The coordination properties and ionic radius of actinium: A 120-year-old enigma. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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15
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Radchenko V, Morgenstern A, Jalilian AR, Ramogida CF, Cutler C, Duchemin C, Hoehr C, Haddad F, Bruchertseifer F, Gausemel H, Yang H, Osso JA, Washiyama K, Czerwinski K, Leufgen K, Pruszyński M, Valzdorf O, Causey P, Schaffer P, Perron R, Maxim S, Wilbur DS, Stora T, Li Y. Production and Supply of α-Particle-Emitting Radionuclides for Targeted α-Therapy. J Nucl Med 2021; 62:1495-1503. [PMID: 34301779 PMCID: PMC8612335 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.120.261016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Encouraging results from targeted α-therapy have received significant attention from academia and industry. However, the limited availability of suitable radionuclides has hampered widespread translation and application. In the present review, we discuss the most promising candidates for clinical application and the state of the art of their production and supply. In this review, along with 2 forthcoming reviews on chelation and clinical application of α-emitting radionuclides, The Journal of Nuclear Medicine will provide a comprehensive assessment of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery Radchenko
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada;
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | - Caterina F Ramogida
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Cathy Cutler
- Collider Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York
| | - Charlotte Duchemin
- CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute for Nuclear and Radiation Physics, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Cornelia Hoehr
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Hua Yang
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Kohshin Washiyama
- Advanced Clinical Research Center, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kenneth Czerwinski
- Radiochemistry Program, Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada
| | | | - Marek Pruszyński
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warsaw, Poland
- NOMATEN Centre of Excellence, National Centre for Nuclear Research, Otwock, Poland
| | - Olga Valzdorf
- Isotope JSC, Rosatom State Corp., Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Paul Schaffer
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Randy Perron
- Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada
| | - Samsonov Maxim
- State Scientific Centre of the Russian Federation, Leypunsky Institute for Physics and Power Engineering, Rosatom State Corp., Obninsk, Russian Federation; and
| | - D Scott Wilbur
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Yawen Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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16
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Radchenko V, Baimukhanova A, Filosofov D. Radiochemical aspects in modern radiopharmaceutical trends: a practical guide. SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ION EXCHANGE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/07366299.2021.1874099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valery Radchenko
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ayagoz Baimukhanova
- Dzelepov Laboratory of Nuclear Problems, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russian Federation
- Scientific and Technical Center of Radiochemistry and Isotopes Production, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Dmitry Filosofov
- Dzelepov Laboratory of Nuclear Problems, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russian Federation
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17
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McAlister DR, Rush E, Silvestri D, Horwitz EP. Extraction of Selected Metal Ions with Mixtures of N,N,N’,N’-tetra-n-octyldiglycolamide and 4,4′(5′)-di-t-butylcyclohexano 18-crown-6. SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ION EXCHANGE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/07366299.2020.1831249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - E. Rush
- Eichrom Technologies, LLC, Lisle, IL, USA
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Alex Brown
- Chemical & Fuel Cycle Technologies Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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19
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Kazakov AG, Garashchenko BL, Yakovlev RY, Vinokurov SE, Kalmykov SN, Myasoedov BF. Generator of Actinium-228 and a Study of the Sorption of Actinium by Carbon Nanomaterials. RADIOCHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1066362220050057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Perron R, Gendron D, Causey PW. Construction of a thorium/actinium generator at the Canadian Nuclear Laboratories. Appl Radiat Isot 2020; 164:109262. [PMID: 32819503 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2020.109262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Targeted Alpha Therapy (TAT) has demonstrated considerable promise in the treatment of a range of cancers in both preclinical and, more recently clinical research. In particular, work with the alpha-emitting radionuclide 225Ac has been effectively employed due to the relatively rapid decay cascade that leads to 4 alpha and 2 beta emissions. One limitation for TAT has been caused by access to the vital radionuclide. Traditionally, 225Ac has been sourced from thorium/actinium generators based on the alpha decay of stockpiles of 229Th. 229Th is itself the alpha-decay product from 233U. Due to proliferation issues associated with 233U, only three thorium/actinium generators have been reported in the literature, capable of supporting clinical research. This paper describes the construction and operation of a thorium/actinium radionuclide generator at the Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, capable of supporting preclinical and limited clinical research in the area of TAT. Thorium was recovered and purified by a combination of anion exchange and extraction chromatography from aged 233U stockpiles. A separation scheme for 225Ra and 225Ac has been developed, based upon the chemical composition of the thorium material to allow for regular, routine milkings capable of supplying up to 3.7 GBq (100 mCi) of radiochemically pure 225Ac annually. This routine separation is accomplished using a combination of anion exchange chromatography to separate Ac and Ra isotopes from Th and extraction chromatography employing TEVA and DGA-N resins to separate actinium from radium and breakthrough thorium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy Perron
- Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, 286 Plant Road, Chalk River, Ontario, K0J 1J0, Canada
| | - Denise Gendron
- Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, 286 Plant Road, Chalk River, Ontario, K0J 1J0, Canada
| | - Patrick W Causey
- Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, 286 Plant Road, Chalk River, Ontario, K0J 1J0, Canada.
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21
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Al-Masri MS, Al Abdullah J, Amin Y, Al-Khateeb Y, Al-Masri W, Hassan M, Nashawati A, Al-Howary MA. Separation of actinium-227 and its daughter radium-223 from phosphogypsum. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-020-07251-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Friend MT, Parker TG, Mastren T, Mocko V, Brugh M, Birnbaum ER, Fassbender ME. Extraction chromatography of 225Ac and lanthanides on N,N-dioctyldiglycolamic acid /1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide solvent impregnated resin. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1624:461219. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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23
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Schmeiser HH, Muehlbauer KR, Mier W, Baranski AC, Neels O, Dimitrakopoulou-Strauss A, Schmezer P, Kratochwil C, Bruchertseifer F, Morgenstern A, Kopka K. DNA damage in human whole blood caused by radiopharmaceuticals evaluated by the comet assay. Mutagenesis 2020; 34:239-244. [PMID: 31107537 PMCID: PMC6753384 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gez007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiopharmaceuticals used for diagnosis or therapy induce DNA strand breaks, which may be detectable by single-cell gel electrophoresis (called comet assay). Blood was taken from patients before and at different time points after treatment with radiopharmaceuticals; blood cells were investigated by the comet assay using the percentage of DNA in the tail as the critical parameter. Whereas [225Ac]Ac-prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-617 alpha therapy showed no difference relative to the blood sample taken before treatment, beta therapy with [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 3 h post-injection revealed a small but significant increase in DNA strand breaks. In blood of patients who underwent positron emission tomography (PET) with either [18F]2-fluor-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) or [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11, an increase of DNA migration determined by the comet assay was not found when analysed at different time points (2–70 min) after intravenous tracer injection. Human whole blood was incubated with the targeted clinically relevant therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals [225Ac]Ac-PSMA-617, [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 and [90Y]Y-DOTA(0)-Phe(1)-Tyr(3)-octreotide (DOTA-TOC) at different activity concentrations (kBq/ml) for 5 days and then analysed by the comet assay. DNA damage increased with higher concentrations of all radiolabeled compounds tested. [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 caused higher blood cell radiotoxicity than equal activity concentrations of [90Y]Y-DOTA-TOC. Likewise, whole human blood was exposed to the positron emitters [18F]FDG and [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 in vitro for 24 h with activity concentrations ranging between 5 and 40 MBq/ml. The same activity concentration dependent elevated DNA migration was observed for both compounds although decay energies are different. This study demonstrated that the amount of DNA damage detected by the comet assay in whole human blood is similar among different positron emitters and divergent by a factor of 200 between alpha particles and beta radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz H Schmeiser
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karl-Rudolf Muehlbauer
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Walter Mier
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ann-Christin Baranski
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Development, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg, and Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center, Hugstetter Straße, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Neels
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Im Neuenheimer FeldHeidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Peter Schmezer
- Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Clemens Kratochwil
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Bruchertseifer
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Directorate for Nuclear Safety and Security, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alfred Morgenstern
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Directorate for Nuclear Safety and Security, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Klaus Kopka
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Im Neuenheimer FeldHeidelberg, Germany
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24
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Morgenstern A, Apostolidis C, Bruchertseifer F. Supply and Clinical Application of Actinium-225 and Bismuth-213. Semin Nucl Med 2020; 50:119-123. [PMID: 32172796 PMCID: PMC7082773 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The recent development of 225Ac-PSMA617 for therapy of prostate cancer has strikingly demonstrated the clinical potential of targeted alpha therapy. Further promising applications of the alpha emitters 225Actinium and its daughter nuclide 213Bismuth include the therapy of brain tumors, bladder cancer, neuroendocrine tumors, and leukemia. This paper will provide a brief overview on the current status of the clinical development of compounds labelled with 225Ac or 213Bi and describe the various production routes that are in place or are under development to meet the increasing demand for these radionuclides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Morgenstern
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Directorate for Nuclear Safety and Security, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Christos Apostolidis
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Directorate for Nuclear Safety and Security, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Frank Bruchertseifer
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Directorate for Nuclear Safety and Security, Karlsruhe, Germany
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25
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Cędrowska E, Pruszyński M, Gawęda W, Żuk M, Krysiński P, Bruchertseifer F, Morgenstern A, Karageorgou MA, Bouziotis P, Bilewicz A. Trastuzumab Conjugated Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Labeled with 225Ac as a Perspective Tool for Combined α-Radioimmunotherapy and Magnetic Hyperthermia of HER2-Positive Breast Cancer. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25051025. [PMID: 32106568 PMCID: PMC7179151 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25051025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been proven and confirmed in numerous repeated tests, that the use of a combination of several therapeutic methods gives much better treatment results than in the case of separate therapies. Particularly promising is the combination of ionizing radiation and magnetic hyperthermia in one drug. To achieve this objective, magnetite nanoparticles have been modified in their core with α emitter 225Ac, in an amount affecting only slightly their magnetic properties. By 3-phosphonopropionic acid (CEPA) linker nanoparticles were conjugated covalently with trastuzumab (Herceptin®), a monoclonal antibody that recognizes ovarian and breast cancer cells overexpressing the HER2 receptors. The synthesized bioconjugates were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) measurement, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and application of 131I-labeled trastuzumab for quantification of the bound biomolecule. The obtained results show that one 225Ac@Fe3O4-CEPA-trastuzumab bioconjugate contains an average of 8–11 molecules of trastuzumab. The labeled nanoparticles almost quantitatively retain 225Ac (>98%) in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and physiological salt, and more than 90% of 221Fr and 213Bi over 10 days. In human serum after 10 days, the fraction of 225Ac released from 225Ac@Fe3O4 was still less than 2%, but the retention of 221Fr and 213Bi decreased to 70%. The synthesized 225Ac@Fe3O4-CEPA-trastuzumab bioconjugates have shown a high cytotoxic effect toward SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cells expressing HER2 receptor in-vitro. The in-vivo studies indicate that this bioconjugate exhibits properties suitable for the treatment of cancer cells by intratumoral or post-resection injection. The intravenous injection of the 225Ac@Fe3O4-CEPA-trastuzumab radiobioconjugate is excluded due to its high accumulation in the liver, lungs and spleen. Additionally, the high value of a specific absorption rate (SAR) allows its use in a new very perspective combination of α radionuclide therapy with magnetic hyperthermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Cędrowska
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland; (E.C.); (W.G.)
| | - Marek Pruszyński
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland; (E.C.); (W.G.)
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (A.B.); Tel.: +48-22-5041357 (A.B.)
| | - Weronika Gawęda
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland; (E.C.); (W.G.)
| | - Michał Żuk
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (M.Ż.); (P.K.)
| | - Paweł Krysiński
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (M.Ż.); (P.K.)
| | - Frank Bruchertseifer
- Department for Nuclear Safety and Security, Joint Research Centre, European Commission, 76125 Karlsruhe, Germany; (F.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Alfred Morgenstern
- Department for Nuclear Safety and Security, Joint Research Centre, European Commission, 76125 Karlsruhe, Germany; (F.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Maria-Argyro Karageorgou
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, N.C.S.R. ‘Demokritos’, Aghia Paraskevi, 15341 Athens, Greece; (M.-A.K.); (P.B.)
- Department of Physics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou Panepistimioupolis, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Penelope Bouziotis
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, N.C.S.R. ‘Demokritos’, Aghia Paraskevi, 15341 Athens, Greece; (M.-A.K.); (P.B.)
| | - Aleksander Bilewicz
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland; (E.C.); (W.G.)
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (A.B.); Tel.: +48-22-5041357 (A.B.)
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Thakral P, Sen I, Simecek J, Marx S, Kumari J, Kumar S, Tandon P, Dureja S, Pant V. Radiation Exposure to the Nuclear Medicine Personnel During Preparation and Handling of 213Bi-Radiopharmaceuticals. J Nucl Med Technol 2019; 48:68-72. [PMID: 31604889 DOI: 10.2967/jnmt.119.230516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of the excellent ability of α-particles to transfer a high amount of energy over a short tissue range, targeted α-therapy has been attracting rising numbers of nuclear medicine centers. In this study, we estimated the radiation exposure to the occupational workers with pocket dosimeters during handling of the α-emitter 213Bi, used for targeted α-therapy of neuroendocrine tumor and castration-resistant prostate cancer patients. The dose rates from patients at different distances and time points after injection of the therapy were also evaluated. Methods: This prospective study was done in the Department of Nuclear Medicine at Fortis Memorial Research Institute, Gurgaon, India. Twelve patients with neuroendocrine tumors or castration-resistant prostate cancer were enrolled to receive 213Bi-DOTATOC or 213Bi-prostate-specific membrane antigen therapy, respectively. Each patient received 2-3 intravenous injections of 213Bi-peptide, 266-362 MBq (7.2-9.8 mCi) in a single cycle over 2-3 d. The radiation exposure to nuclear medicine personnel at the chest and extremity levels was assessed for tasks such as elution, dispensing, injecting, and collecting blood samples. Radiation levels were measured at distances of 1 cm and 1 m from patients immediately after, and at 1, 2, and 4 h after, the administration of 213Bi-peptide. Results: The external dose incurred at the chest level by radiopharmacists during synthesis, by physicians during injection, by technologists during imaging, and by nurses during sample collection was 2-7 μSv/procedure. The extremity dose was 1-14 μSv/procedure. The dose rate at 1 m from patients immediately after 213Bi-radiopharmaceutical injection was 0.02-0.03 μSv/MBq⋅h. Conclusion: The external radiation doses received by occupational workers involved in various procedures were far below the limit prescribed by the regulatory authority (20 mSv/y).
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Thakral
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Fortis Memorial Research Institute, Gurgaon, India
| | - Ishita Sen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Fortis Memorial Research Institute, Gurgaon, India
| | - Jakub Simecek
- Research and Development, Isotope Technologies Garching GmbH, Bavaria, Germany; and
| | - Sebastian Marx
- Research and Development, Isotope Technologies Garching GmbH, Bavaria, Germany; and
| | - Jyotsna Kumari
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Fortis Memorial Research Institute, Gurgaon, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Fortis Memorial Research Institute, Gurgaon, India
| | - Pankaj Tandon
- Radiological Safety Division, Atomic Energy Regulatory Board, Mumbai, India
| | - Sugandha Dureja
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Fortis Memorial Research Institute, Gurgaon, India
| | - Vineet Pant
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Fortis Memorial Research Institute, Gurgaon, India
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27
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Ramogida CF, Robertson AKH, Jermilova U, Zhang C, Yang H, Kunz P, Lassen J, Bratanovic I, Brown V, Southcott L, Rodríguez-Rodríguez C, Radchenko V, Bénard F, Orvig C, Schaffer P. Evaluation of polydentate picolinic acid chelating ligands and an α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone derivative for targeted alpha therapy using ISOL-produced 225Ac. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2019; 4:21. [PMID: 31659557 PMCID: PMC6684685 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-019-0072-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Actinium-225 (225Ac, t1/2 = 9.9 d) is a promising candidate radionuclide for use in targeted alpha therapy (TAT), though the currently limited global supply has hindered the development of a suitable Ac-chelating ligand and 225Ac-radiopharmaceuticals towards the clinic. We at TRIUMF have leveraged our Isotope Separation On-Line (ISOL) facility to produce 225Ac and use the resulting radioactivity to screen a number of potential 225Ac-radiopharmaceutical compounds. RESULTS MBq quantities of 225Ac and parent radium-225 (225Ra, t1/2 = 14.8 d) were produced and separated using solid phase extraction DGA resin, resulting in a radiochemically pure 225Ac product in > 98% yield and in an amenable form for radiolabeling of ligands and bioconjugates. Of the many polydentate picolinic acid ("pa") containing ligands evaluated (H4octapa [N4O4], H4CHXoctapa [N4O4], p-NO2-Bn-H4neunpa [N5O4], and H6phospa [N4O4]), all out-performed the current gold standard, DOTA for 225Ac radiolabeling ability at ambient temperature. Moreover, a melanocortin 1 receptor-targeting peptide conjugate, DOTA-modified cyclized α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (DOTA-CycMSH), was radiolabeled with 225Ac and proof-of-principle biodistribution studies using B16F10 tumour-bearing mice were conducted. At 2 h post-injection, tumour-to-blood ratios of 20.4 ± 3.4 and 4.8 ± 2.4 were obtained for the non-blocking (molar activity [M.A.] > 200 kBq/nmol) and blocking (M.A. = 1.6 kBq/nmol) experiment, respectively. CONCLUSION TRIUMF's ISOL facility is able to provide 225Ac suitable for preclinical screening of radiopharmaceutical compounds; [225Ac(octapa)]-, [225Ac(CHXoctapa)]-, and [225Ac(DOTA-CycMSH)] may be good candidates for further targeted alpha therapy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina F Ramogida
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2A3, Canada. .,Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Andrew K H Robertson
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2A3, Canada.,Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Una Jermilova
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Hua Yang
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - Peter Kunz
- Accelerator Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - Jens Lassen
- Accelerator Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - Ivica Bratanovic
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - Victoria Brown
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - Lily Southcott
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - Cristina Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Valery Radchenko
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2A3, Canada.,Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - François Bénard
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada.,Department of Functional Imaging, BC Cancer, 600 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4E6, Canada.,Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, 2775 Laurel St, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Chris Orvig
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Paul Schaffer
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2A3, Canada. .,Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada. .,Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, 2775 Laurel St, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada.
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Bruchertseifer F, Kellerbauer A, Malmbeck R, Morgenstern A. Targeted alpha therapy with bismuth-213 and actinium-225: Meeting future demand. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2019; 62:794-802. [PMID: 31369165 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Targeted alpha therapy (TAT) is a promising approach for the treatment of cancer. The use of alpha emitters for cancer therapy has two distinct advantages over conventional therapies. The short range of alpha radiation in human tissue (less than 0.1 mm), corresponding to only a few cell diameters, allows selective killing of targeted cancer cells while sparing surrounding healthy tissue. At the same time, the high energy (several MeV) of alpha radiation and its associated high linear energy transfer leads to highly effective cell kill. Consequently, alpha radiation can destroy cells which otherwise exhibit resistance to treatment with beta or gamma irradiation or chemotherapeutic drugs, and can thus offer a therapeutic option for tumors resistant to conventional therapies. Recent results demonstrating the remarkable therapeutic efficacy of alpha emitters to treat various cancers have underlined the clinical potential of TAT. This paper describes the recent clinical experience with 213 Bi and 225 Ac. In view of the enormous benefit of targeted cancer treatment with alpha emitters, their production will have to be considerably increased beyond current supply capabilities. Alternative production methods based on the irradiation of uranium, thorium, or radium targets at reactors or accelerator facilities have the potential to meet future demand.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alban Kellerbauer
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Rikard Malmbeck
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Karlsruhe, Germany
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29
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Feuerecker B, Michalik M, Hundshammer C, Schwaiger M, Bruchertseifer F, Morgenstern A, Seidl C. Assessment of 213Bi-anti-EGFR MAb treatment efficacy in malignant cancer cells with [1- 13C]pyruvate and [ 18F]FDG. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8294. [PMID: 31165773 PMCID: PMC6549183 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44484-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of response to therapy is among the key objectives of oncology. A new method to evaluate this response includes magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) with hyperpolarized 13C-labelled metabolites, which holds promise to provide new insights in terms of both therapeutic efficacy and tumor cell metabolism. Human EJ28Luc urothelial carcinoma and LN18 glioma cells were treated with lethal activity concentrations of a 213Bi-anti-EGFR immunoconjugate. Treatment efficacy was controlled via analysis of DNA double-strand breaks (immunofluorescence γH2AX staining) and clonogenic survival of cells. To investigate changes in metabolism of treated cells vs controls we analyzed conversion of hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate to [1-13C]lactate via MRS as well as viability of cells, lactate formation and lactate dehydrogenase activity in the cellular supernatants and [18F]FDG uptake in treated cells vs controls, respectively. Treatment of malignant cancer cells with 213Bi-anti-EGFR-MAb induced intense DNA double-strand breaks, resulting in cell death as monitored via clonogenic survival. Moreover, treatment of EJ28Luc bladder cancer cells resulted in decreased cell viability, [18F]FDG-uptake and an increased lactate export. In both EJ28Luc and LN18 carcinoma cells treatment with 213Bi-anti-EGFR-MAb triggered a significant increase in lactate/pyruvate ratios, as measured with hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate. Treatment with 213Bi-anti-EGFR-MAb resulted in an effective induction of cell death in EJ28Luc and LN18 cells. Lactate/pyruvate ratios of hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate proved to detect early treatment response effects, holding promise for future clinical applications in early therapy monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Feuerecker
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Munich, Germany. .,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Munich and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Michael Michalik
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Hundshammer
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Munich, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany.,Munich School of Bioengineering, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Markus Schwaiger
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Bruchertseifer
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Directorate for Nuclear Safety and Security, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alfred Morgenstern
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Directorate for Nuclear Safety and Security, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christof Seidl
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Munich, Germany.,Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Munich, Germany
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30
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Ferrier MG, Radchenko V, Wilbur DS. Radiochemical aspects of alpha emitting radionuclides for medical application. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2019-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The use of α-emitting radionuclides in targeted alpha therapy (TAT) holds great potential for treatment of human diseases, such as cancer, due to the short pathlength and high potency of the α particle, which can localize damage to targeted cells while minimizing effects to healthy surrounding tissues. In this review several potential α-emitting radionuclides having emission properties applicable to TAT are discussed from a radiochemical point of view. Overviews of production, radiochemical separation and chelation aspects relative to developing TAT radiopharmaceuticals are provided for the α-emitting radionuclides (and their generator systems) 211At, 224Ra/212Pb/212Bi, 225Ac/213Bi, 227Th/223Ra, 230U/226Th, 149Tb and 255Fm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryline G. Ferrier
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiochemistry Division , University of Washington , Seattle, WA , USA
| | - Valery Radchenko
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF , Vancouver, BC , Canada
- Department of Chemistry , University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
| | - D. Scott Wilbur
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiochemistry Division , University of Washington , Seattle, WA , USA
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31
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Fitzsimmons J, Foley B, Torre B, Wilken M, Cutler CS, Mausner L, Medvedev D. Optimization of Cation Exchange for the Separation of Actinium-225 from Radioactive Thorium, Radium-223 and Other Metals. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24101921. [PMID: 31109077 PMCID: PMC6571705 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24101921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinium-225 (225Ac) can be produced with a linear accelerator by proton irradiation of a thorium (Th) target, but the Th also underdoes fission and produces 400 other radioisotopes. No research exists on optimization of the cation step for the purification. The research herein examines the optimization of the cation exchange step for the purification of 225Ac. The following variables were tested: pH of load solution (1.5–4.6); rinse steps with various concentrations of HCl, HNO3, H2SO4, and combinations of HCl and HNO3; various thorium chelators to block retention; MP50 and AG50 resins; and retention of 20–45 elements with different rinse sequences. The research indicated that HCl removes more isotopes earlier than HNO3, but that some elements, such as barium and radium, could be eluted with ≥2.5 M HNO3. The optimal pH of the load solution was 1.5–2.0, and the optimized rinse sequence was five bed volumes (BV) of 1 M citric acid pH 2.0, 3 BV of water, 3 BV of 2 M HNO3, 6 BV of 2.5 M HNO3 and 20 BV of 6 M HNO3. The sequence recovered >90% of 225Ac with minimal 223Ra and thorium present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Fitzsimmons
- Isotope Production Laboratory, Collider-Accelerator Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA.
| | - Bryan Foley
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Geoscience, Fairmont State University, Fairmont, WV 26554, USA.
| | - Bryna Torre
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
| | - Megan Wilken
- Department of Chemistry, Elizabeth City State University, Elizabeth City, NC 27909, USA.
| | - Cathy S Cutler
- Isotope Production Laboratory, Collider-Accelerator Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA.
| | - Leonard Mausner
- Isotope Production Laboratory, Collider-Accelerator Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA.
| | - Dmitri Medvedev
- Isotope Production Laboratory, Collider-Accelerator Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA.
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32
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Measurement of absolute γ-ray emission probabilities in the decay of 227Ac in equilibrium with its progeny. Appl Radiat Isot 2018; 144:34-46. [PMID: 30522082 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2018.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The emission probabilities of γ rays produced in the 227Ac decay series were determined by high-resolution γ-ray spectrometry of sources with standardised activity. The sources were prepared quantitatively on glass discs by drop deposition of a solution with 227Ac in radioactive equilibrium with its daughter nuclides. Their activity was measured by a primary standardisation technique based on alpha-particle counting at a defined low solid angle. Four laboratories performed γ-ray spectrometry and derived absolute γ-ray intensities. Mean values were calculated and compared with literature data and the currently recommended evaluated data. New values on certain γ-ray emission probabilities are proposed.
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33
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Ferrier MG, Stein BW, Bone SE, Cary SK, Ditter AS, Kozimor SA, Lezama Pacheco JS, Mocko V, Seidler GT. The coordination chemistry of Cm III, Am III, and Ac III in nitrate solutions: an actinide L 3-edge EXAFS study. Chem Sci 2018; 9:7078-7090. [PMID: 30310628 PMCID: PMC6137438 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc02270d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding actinide(iii) (AnIII = CmIII, AmIII, AcIII) solution-phase speciation is critical for controlling many actinide processing schemes, ranging from medical applications to reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel. Unfortunately, in comparison to most elements in the periodic table, AnIII speciation is often poorly defined in complexing aqueous solutions and in organic media. This neglect - in large part - is a direct result of the radioactive properties of these elements, which make them difficult to handle and acquire. Herein, we surmounted some of the handling challenges associated with these exotic 5f-elements and characterized CmIII, AmIII, and AcIII using AnIII L3-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) as a function of increasing nitric acid (HNO3) concentration. Our results revealed that actinide aquo ions, An(H2O) x 3+ (x = 9.6 ± 0.7, 8.9 ± 0.8, and 10.0 ± 0.9 for CmIII, AmIII, and AcIII), were the dominant species in dilute HNO3 (0.05 M). In concentrated HNO3 (16 M), shell-by-shell fitting of the extended X-ray fine structure (EXAFS) data showed the nitrate complexation increased, such that the average stoichiometries of Cm(NO3)4.1±0.7(H2O)5.7±1.3 (1.1±0.2)-, Am(NO3)3.4±0.7(H2O)5.4±0.5 (0.4±0.1)-, and Ac(NO3)2.3±1.7(H2O)8.3±5.2 (0.7±0.5)+ were observed. Data obtained at the intermediate HNO3 concentration (4 M) were modeled as a linear combination of the 0.05 and 16 M spectra. For all three metals, the intermediate models showed larger contributions from the 0.05 M HNO3 spectra than from the 16 M HNO3 spectra. Additionally, these efforts enabled the Cm-NO3 and Ac-NO3 distances to be measured for the first time. Moreover, the AnIII L3-edge EXAFS results, contribute to the growing body of knowledge associated with CmIII, AmIII, and AcIII coordination chemistry, in particular toward advancing understanding of AnIII solution phase speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin W Stein
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , USA .
| | - Sharon E Bone
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , USA .
| | - Samantha K Cary
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , USA .
| | - Alexander S Ditter
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , USA .
- Department of Physics , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195-1560 , USA
| | - Stosh A Kozimor
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , USA .
| | | | - Veronika Mocko
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , USA .
| | - Gerald T Seidler
- Department of Physics , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195-1560 , USA
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Majkowska-Pilip A, Rius M, Bruchertseifer F, Apostolidis C, Weis M, Bonelli M, Laurenza M, Królicki L, Morgenstern A. In vitro evaluation of 225 Ac-DOTA-substance P for targeted alpha therapy of glioblastoma multiforme. Chem Biol Drug Des 2018; 92:1344-1356. [PMID: 29611298 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant form of brain tumors with dismal prognosis despite treatment by surgery combined with radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The neuropeptide Substance P (SP) is the physiological ligand of the neurokinin-1 receptor, which is highly expressed in glioblastoma cells. Thus, SP represents a potential ligand for targeted alpha therapy. In this study, a protocol for the synthesis of SP labeled with the alpha emitter 225 Ac was developed and binding affinity properties were determined. The effects of 225 Ac-DOTA-SP were investigated on human glioblastoma cell lines (T98G, U87MG, U138MG) as well as GBM stem cells. A significant dose-dependent reduction in cell viability was detected up to 6 days after treatment. Also, colony-forming capacity was inhibited at the lower doses tested. In comparison, treatment with the conventional agent temozolomide showed higher cell viability and colony-forming capacity. 225 Ac-DOTA-SP treatment caused induction of late apoptosis pathways. Cells were arrested to G2/M-phase upon treatment. Increasing doses and treatment time caused additional S-phase arrest. Similar results were obtained using human glioblastoma stem cells, known to show radioresistance. Our data suggest that 225 Ac-DOTA-SP is a promising compound for treatment of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Majkowska-Pilip
- Directorate for Nuclear Safety and Security, Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Centre of Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Rius
- Directorate for Nuclear Safety and Security, Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Frank Bruchertseifer
- Directorate for Nuclear Safety and Security, Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christos Apostolidis
- Directorate for Nuclear Safety and Security, Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Mirjam Weis
- Directorate for Nuclear Safety and Security, Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Milton Bonelli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Laurenza
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Leszek Królicki
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alfred Morgenstern
- Directorate for Nuclear Safety and Security, Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Karlsruhe, Germany
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35
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Cędrowska E, Pruszynski M, Majkowska-Pilip A, Męczyńska-Wielgosz S, Bruchertseifer F, Morgenstern A, Bilewicz A. Functionalized TiO 2 nanoparticles labelled with 225Ac for targeted alpha radionuclide therapy. JOURNAL OF NANOPARTICLE RESEARCH : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY FORUM FOR NANOSCALE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2018; 20:83. [PMID: 29576738 PMCID: PMC5861168 DOI: 10.1007/s11051-018-4181-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The 225Ac radioisotope exhibits very attractive nuclear properties for application in radionuclide therapy. Unfortunately, the major challenge for radioconjugates labelled with 225Ac is that traditional chelating moieties are unable to sequester the radioactive daughters in the bioconjugate which is critical to minimize toxicity to healthy, non-targeted tissues. In the present work, we propose to apply TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) as carrier for 225Ac and its decay products. The surface of TiO2 nanoparticles with 25 nm diameter was modified with Substance P (5-11), a peptide fragment which targets NK1 receptors on the glioma cells, through the silan-PEG-NHS linker. Nanoparticles functionalized with Substance P (5-11) were synthesized with high yield in a two-step procedure, and the products were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The obtained results show that one TiO2-bioconjugate nanoparticle contains in average 80 peptide molecules on its surface. The synthesized TiO2-PEG-SP(5-11) conjugates were labelled with 225Ac by ion-exchange reaction on hydroxyl (OH) functional groups on the TiO2 surface. The labelled bioconjugates almost quantitatively retain 225Ac in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), physiological salt and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for up to 10 days. The leaching of 221Fr, a first decay daughter of 225Ac, in an amount of 30% was observed only in CSF after 10 days. The synthesized 225Ac-TiO2-PEG-SP(5-11) has shown high cytotoxic effect in vitro in T98G glioma cells; therefore, it is a promising new radioconjugate for targeted radionuclide therapy of brain tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Cędrowska
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Pruszynski
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Frank Bruchertseifer
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Department for Nuclear Safety and Security, 76125 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alfred Morgenstern
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Department for Nuclear Safety and Security, 76125 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Aleksander Bilewicz
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland
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36
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Pruszynski M, D'Huyvetter M, Bruchertseifer F, Morgenstern A, Lahoutte T. Evaluation of an Anti-HER2 Nanobody Labeled with 225Ac for Targeted α-Particle Therapy of Cancer. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:1457-1466. [PMID: 29502411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2) is overexpressed in numerous carcinomas. Nanobodies (Nbs) are the smallest antibody-derived fragments with beneficial characteristics for molecular imaging and radionuclide therapy. Therefore, HER2-targeting nanobodies could offer a valuable platform for radioimmunotherapy, especially when labeled with α-particle emitters, which provide highly lethal and localized radiation to targeted cells with minimal exposure to surrounding healthy tissues. In this study, the anti-HER2 2Rs15d-nanobody was conjugated with 2-(4-isothiocyanatobenzyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid ( p-SCN-Bn-DOTA) and radiolabeled with an α-emitter 225Ac with a high yield (>90%) and a radiochemical purity above 95%. The 225Ac-DOTA-Nb binding affinity was 4.12 ± 0.47 nM with an immunoreactive fraction above 80%. Binding to low HER2-expressing MDA-MB-231 cells was negligible, whereas HER2-overexpressing SKOV-3 cells could be blocked with an excess of unlabeled nanobody, confirming the specificity of binding. Noncompeting binding to HER2 was observed in the presence of an excess of trastuzumab. The cell-associated fraction of 225Ac-DOTA-Nb was 34.72 ± 16.66% over 24 h. In vitro, the radioconjugate was toxic in an HER2-mediated and dose-dependent manner, resulting in IC50 values of 10.2 and 322.1 kBq/mL for 225Ac-DOTA-Nb and the 225Ac-DOTA control, respectively, on SKOV-3 cells, and 282.2 kBq/mL for 225Ac-DOTA-Nb on MDA-MB-231 cells. Ex vivo biodistribution studies, performed in mice bearing subcutaneous HER2-overexpressing and low HER2-expressing tumors, showed a fast uptake in SKOV-3 tumors compared to MDA-MB-231 (4.01 ± 1.58% ID/g vs 0.49 ± 0.20% ID/g after 2 h), resulting also in high tumor-to-normal tissue ratios. In addition, coinjection of 225Ac-DOTA-Nb with Gelofusine reduced kidney retention by 70%. This study shows that 225Ac-DOTA-Nb is a promising new radioconjugate for targeted α-particle therapy and supports its further development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthias D'Huyvetter
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory , Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Frank Bruchertseifer
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre , Department for Nuclear Safety and Security , Karlsruhe , Germany
| | - Alfred Morgenstern
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre , Department for Nuclear Safety and Security , Karlsruhe , Germany
| | - Tony Lahoutte
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory , Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussels , Belgium.,Nuclear Medicine Department , UZ Brussel , Brussels , Belgium
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37
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Nedrow JR, Josefsson A, Park S, Bäck T, Hobbs RF, Brayton C, Bruchertseifer F, Morgenstern A, Sgouros G. Pharmacokinetics, microscale distribution, and dosimetry of alpha-emitter-labeled anti-PD-L1 antibodies in an immune competent transgenic breast cancer model. EJNMMI Res 2017; 7:57. [PMID: 28721684 PMCID: PMC5515722 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-017-0303-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies combining immune checkpoint inhibitors with external beam radiation have shown a therapeutic advantage over each modality alone. The purpose of these works is to evaluate the potential of targeted delivery of high LET radiation to the tumor microenvironment via an immune checkpoint inhibitor. METHODS The impact of protein concentration on the distribution of 111In-DTPA-anti-PD-L1-BC, an 111In-antibody conjugate targeted to PD-L1, was evaluated in an immunocompetent mouse model of breast cancer. 225Ac-DOTA-anti-PD-L1-BC was evaluated by both macroscale (ex vivo biodistribution) and microscale (alpha-camera images at a protein concentration determined by the 111In data. RESULTS The evaluation of 111In-DTPA-anti-PD-L1-BC at 1, 3, and 10 mg/kg highlighted the impact of protein concentration on the distribution of the labeled antibody, particularly in the blood, spleen, thymus, and tumor. Alpha-camera images for the microscale distribution of 225Ac-DOTA-anti-PD-L1-BC showed a uniform distribution in the liver while highly non-uniform distributions were obtained in the thymus, spleen, kidney, and tumor. At an antibody dose of 3 mg/kg, the liver was dose-limiting with an absorbed dose of 738 mGy/kBq; based upon blood activity concentration measurements, the marrow absorbed dose was 29 mGy/kBq. CONCLUSIONS These studies demonstrate that 225Ac-DOTA-anti-PD-L1-BC is capable of delivering high LET radiation to PD-L1 tumors. The use of a surrogate SPECT agent, 111In-DTPA-anti-PD-L1-BC, is beneficial in optimizing the dose delivered to the tumor sites. Furthermore, an accounting of the microscale distribution of the antibody in preclinical studies was essential to the proper interpretation of organ absorbed doses and their likely relation to biologic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie R Nedrow
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, CRBII 4M.61, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Anders Josefsson
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, CRBII 4M.61, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Sunju Park
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, CRBII 4M.61, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Tom Bäck
- The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Robert F Hobbs
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Cory Brayton
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Frank Bruchertseifer
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Directorate for Nuclear Safety and Security, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alfred Morgenstern
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Directorate for Nuclear Safety and Security, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - George Sgouros
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, CRBII 4M.61, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.
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38
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Comba P, Jermilova U, Orvig C, Patrick BO, Ramogida CF, Rück K, Schneider C, Starke M. Octadentate Picolinic Acid-Based Bispidine Ligand for Radiometal Ions. Chemistry 2017; 23:15945-15956. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Comba
- Universität Heidelberg; Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut and Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, INF 270, D-; 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Una Jermilova
- Life Sciences Division; TRIUMF; 4004 Wesbrook Mall Vancouver V6T 2A3 British Columbia Canada
| | - Chris Orvig
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group; University of British Columbia; Department of Chemistry; 2036 Main Mall Vancouver V6T 1Z1 British Columbia Canada
| | - Brian O. Patrick
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group; University of British Columbia; Department of Chemistry; 2036 Main Mall Vancouver V6T 1Z1 British Columbia Canada
| | - Caterina F. Ramogida
- Life Sciences Division; TRIUMF; 4004 Wesbrook Mall Vancouver V6T 2A3 British Columbia Canada
| | - Katharina Rück
- Universität Heidelberg; Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut and Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, INF 270, D-; 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Christina Schneider
- Universität Heidelberg; Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut and Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, INF 270, D-; 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Miriam Starke
- Universität Heidelberg; Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut and Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, INF 270, D-; 69120 Heidelberg Germany
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39
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Radchenko V, Mastren T, Meyer CAL, Ivanov AS, Bryantsev VS, Copping R, Denton D, Engle JW, Griswold JR, Murphy K, Wilson JJ, Owens A, Wyant L, Birnbaum ER, Fitzsimmons J, Medvedev D, Cutler CS, Mausner LF, Nortier MF, John KD, Mirzadeh S, Fassbender ME. Radiometric evaluation of diglycolamide resins for the chromatographic separation of actinium from fission product lanthanides. Talanta 2017; 175:318-324. [PMID: 28841997 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Actinium-225 is a potential Targeted Alpha Therapy (TAT) isotope. It can be generated with high energy (≥ 100MeV) proton irradiation of thorium targets. The main challenge in the chemical recovery of 225Ac lies in the separation from thorium and many fission by-products most importantly radiolanthanides. We recently developed a separation strategy based on a combination of cation exchange and extraction chromatography to isolate and purify 225Ac. In this study, actinium and lanthanide equilibrium distribution coefficients and column elution behavior for both TODGA (N,N,N',N'-tetra-n-octyldiglycolamide) and TEHDGA (N,N,N',N'-tetrakis-2-ethylhexyldiglycolamide) were determined. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed and were in agreement with experimental observations providing the foundation for understanding of the selectivity for Ac and lanthanides on different DGA (diglycolamide) based resins. The results of Gibbs energy (ΔGaq) calculations confirm significantly higher selectivity of DGA based resins for LnIII over AcIII in the presence of nitrate. DFT calculations and experimental results reveal that Ac chemistry cannot be predicted from lanthanide behavior under comparable circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery Radchenko
- Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA; Life Science Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - Tara Mastren
- Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Catherine A L Meyer
- Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Alexander S Ivanov
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | | | - Roy Copping
- Nuclear Security and Isotope Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - David Denton
- Nuclear Security and Isotope Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Jonathan W Engle
- Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA; Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Justin R Griswold
- Nuclear Security and Isotope Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Karen Murphy
- Nuclear Security and Isotope Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Justin J Wilson
- Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA; Department of Chemistry&Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Allison Owens
- Nuclear Security and Isotope Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Lance Wyant
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Eva R Birnbaum
- Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Jonathan Fitzsimmons
- Collider-Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Bldg 801, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Dmitri Medvedev
- Collider-Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Bldg 801, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Cathy S Cutler
- Collider-Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Bldg 801, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Leonard F Mausner
- Collider-Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Bldg 801, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Meiring F Nortier
- Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Kevin D John
- Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Saed Mirzadeh
- Nuclear Security and Isotope Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Michael E Fassbender
- Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
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40
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Alpha-particle radiotherapy: For large solid tumors diffusion trumps targeting. Biomaterials 2017; 130:67-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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41
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Ansari SA, Mohapatra PK. A review on solid phase extraction of actinides and lanthanides with amide based extractants. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1499:1-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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42
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Gustafsson-Lutz A, Bäck T, Aneheim E, Hultborn R, Palm S, Jacobsson L, Morgenstern A, Bruchertseifer F, Albertsson P, Lindegren S. Therapeutic efficacy of α-radioimmunotherapy with different activity levels of the 213Bi-labeled monoclonal antibody MX35 in an ovarian cancer model. EJNMMI Res 2017; 7:38. [PMID: 28439844 PMCID: PMC5403775 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-017-0283-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to compare the therapeutic efficacy of two different activity levels of the 213Bi-labeled monoclonal antibody MX35 in an ovarian cancer model. Sixty female BALB/c (nu/nu) mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with human ovarian cancer cells (OVCAR-3). Two weeks later, 40 mice were injected intraperitoneal (i.p.) with 1 ml of 213Bi-MX35, 3 MBq/mL (n = 20), or 9 MBq/mL (n = 20). An additional 20 mice received unlabeled MX35. Incidence of tumors and ascites was investigated 8 weeks after therapy. Body weight and white blood cell counts were monitored after treatment for possible signs of toxicity. Results The tumor-free fraction of the animals treated with 3 MBq/mL of 213Bi-MX35 was 0.55, whereas that of animals treated with 9 MBq/mL of 213Bi-MX35 was 0.78. The control group treated with unlabeled MX35 had a tumor-free fraction of 0.15. No significant reduction in white blood cell counts or weight loss was observed. Conclusions Tumor growth after i.p. treatment with 213Bi-MX35 was significantly reduced compared to treatment with unlabeled MX35. Treatment with 9 MBq/mL of 213Bi-MX35 resulted in higher tumor-free fraction compared with 3 MBq/mL of 213Bi-MX35, but this difference was not statistically significant. No signs of toxicity were observed in the treated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gustafsson-Lutz
- Department of Radiation Physics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gula Stråket 2B, 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tom Bäck
- Department of Radiation Physics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gula Stråket 2B, 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Emma Aneheim
- Department of Radiation Physics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gula Stråket 2B, 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ragnar Hultborn
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Blå Stråket 2, 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stig Palm
- Department of Radiation Physics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gula Stråket 2B, 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lars Jacobsson
- Department of Radiation Physics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gula Stråket 2B, 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alfred Morgenstern
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Transuranium Elements, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Frank Bruchertseifer
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Transuranium Elements, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Per Albertsson
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Blå Stråket 2, 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sture Lindegren
- Department of Radiation Physics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gula Stråket 2B, 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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43
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Kratochwil C, Bruchertseifer F, Rathke H, Bronzel M, Apostolidis C, Weichert W, Haberkorn U, Giesel FL, Morgenstern A. Targeted α-Therapy of Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer with 225Ac-PSMA-617: Dosimetry Estimate and Empiric Dose Finding. J Nucl Med 2017; 58:1624-1631. [PMID: 28408529 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.117.191395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a treatment protocol for 225Ac-PSMA-617 α-radiation therapy in advanced-stage, metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer patients with prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-positive tumor phenotype. Methods: A dosimetry estimate was calculated on the basis of time-activity curves derived from serially obtained 177Lu-PSMA-617 scans extrapolated to the physical half-life of 225Ac, assuming instant decay of unstable daughter nuclides. Salvage therapies empirically conducted with 50 (n = 4), 100 (n = 4), 150 (n = 2), and 200 kBq/kg (n = 4) of 225Ac-PSMA-617 were evaluated retrospectively regarding toxicity and treatment response. Eight of 14 patients received further cycles in either 2- or 4-mo intervals with identical or deescalated activities. Results: Dosimetry estimates for 1 MBq of 225Ac-PSMA-617 assuming a relative biologic effectiveness of 5 revealed mean doses of 2.3 Sv for salivary glands, 0.7 Sv for kidneys, and 0.05 Sv for red marrow that are composed of 99.4% α, 0.5% β, and 0.1% photon radiation, respectively. In clinical application, severe xerostomia became the dose-limiting toxicity if treatment activity exceeded 100 kBq/kg per cycle. At 100 kBq/kg, the duration of prostate-specific antigen decline was less than 4 mo, but if therapy was repeated every 2 mo patients experienced additive antitumor effects. Treatment activities of 50 kBq/kg were without toxicity but induced insufficient antitumor response in these high-tumor-burden patients. Remarkable antitumor activity by means of objective radiologic response or tumor marker decline was observed in 9 of 11 evaluable patients. Conclusion: For advanced-stage patients, a treatment activity of 100 kBq/kg of 225Ac-PSMA-617 per cycle repeated every 8 wk presents a reasonable trade-off between toxicity and biochemical response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Kratochwil
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Bruchertseifer
- Directorate for Nuclear Safety and Security, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Hendrik Rathke
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Christos Apostolidis
- Directorate for Nuclear Safety and Security, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Wilko Weichert
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital at Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany; and
| | - Uwe Haberkorn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frederik L Giesel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alfred Morgenstern
- Directorate for Nuclear Safety and Security, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Karlsruhe, Germany
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44
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Ferrier M, Stein BW, Batista ER, Berg JM, Birnbaum ER, Engle JW, John KD, Kozimor SA, Lezama Pacheco JS, Redman LN. Synthesis and Characterization of the Actinium Aquo Ion. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2017; 3:176-185. [PMID: 28386595 PMCID: PMC5364452 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.6b00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Metal aquo ions occupy central roles in all equilibria that define metal complexation in natural environments. These complexes are used to establish thermodynamic metrics (i.e., stability constants) for predicting metal binding, which are essential for defining critical parameters associated with aqueous speciation, metal chelation, in vivo transport, and so on. As such, establishing the fundamental chemistry of the actinium(III) aquo ion (Ac-aquo ion, Ac(H2O) x3+) is critical for current efforts to develop 225Ac [t1/2 = 10.0(1) d] as a targeted anticancer therapeutic agent. However, given the limited amount of actinium available for study and its high radioactivity, many aspects of actinium chemistry remain poorly defined. We overcame these challenges using the longer-lived 227Ac [t1/2 = 21.772(3) y] isotope and report the first characterization of this fundamentally important Ac-aquo coordination complex. Our X-ray absorption fine structure study revealed 10.9 ± 0.5 water molecules directly coordinated to the AcIII cation with an Ac-OH2O distance of 2.63(1) Å. This experimentally determined distance was consistent with molecular dynamics density functional theory results that showed (over the course of 8 ps) that AcIII was coordinated by 9 water molecules with Ac-OH2O distances ranging from 2.61 to 2.76 Å. The data is presented in the context of other actinide(III) and lanthanide(III) aquo ions characterized by XAFS and highlights the uniqueness of the large AcIII coordination numbers and long Ac-OH2O bond distances.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin W. Stein
- Los
Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Enrique R. Batista
- Los
Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - John M. Berg
- Los
Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Eva R. Birnbaum
- Los
Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Jonathan W. Engle
- Los
Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
- University
of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53711, United States
| | - Kevin D. John
- Los
Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Stosh A. Kozimor
- Los
Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | | | - Lindsay N. Redman
- Los
Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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45
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Sempkowski M, Zhu C, Menzenski MZ, Kevrekidis IG, Bruchertseifer F, Morgenstern A, Sofou S. Sticky Patches on Lipid Nanoparticles Enable the Selective Targeting and Killing of Untargetable Cancer Cells. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:8329-8338. [PMID: 27468779 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b01464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Effective targeting by uniformly functionalized nanoparticles is limited to cancer cells expressing at least two copies of targeted receptors per nanoparticle footprint (approximately ≥2 × 10(5) receptor copies per cell); such a receptor density supports the required multivalent interaction between the neighboring receptors and the ligands from a single nanoparticle. To enable selective targeting below this receptor density, ligands on the surface of lipid vesicles were displayed in clusters that were designed to form at the acidic pH of the tumor interstitium. Vesicles with clustered HER2-targeting peptides within such sticky patches (sticky vesicles) were compared to uniformly functionalized vesicles. On HER2-negative breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 {expressing (8.3 ± 0.8) × 10(4) and (5.4 ± 0.9) × 10(4) HER2 copies per cell, respectively}, only the sticky vesicles exhibited detectable specific targeting (KD ≈ 49-69 nM); dissociation (0.005-0.009 min(-1)) and endocytosis rates (0.024-0.026 min(-1)) were independent of HER2 expression for these cells. MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 were killed only by sticky vesicles encapsulating doxorubicin (32-40% viability) or α-particle emitter (225)Ac (39-58% viability) and were not affected by uniformly functionalized vesicles (>80% viability). Toxicities on cardiomyocytes and normal breast cells (expressing HER2 at considerably lower but not insignificant levels) were not observed, suggesting the potential of tunable clustered ligand display for the selective killing of cancer cells with low receptor densities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ioannis G Kevrekidis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Program in Applied and Computational Mathematics, Princeton University , A319 Engineering Quad, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Frank Bruchertseifer
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Transuranium Elements , P.O. Box 2340, D-76125 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alfred Morgenstern
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Transuranium Elements , P.O. Box 2340, D-76125 Karlsruhe, Germany
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46
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Ferrier MG, Batista ER, Berg JM, Birnbaum ER, Cross JN, Engle JW, La Pierre HS, Kozimor SA, Lezama Pacheco JS, Stein BW, Stieber SCE, Wilson JJ. Spectroscopic and computational investigation of actinium coordination chemistry. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12312. [PMID: 27531582 PMCID: PMC4992055 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinium-225 is a promising isotope for targeted-α therapy. Unfortunately, progress in developing chelators for medicinal applications has been hindered by a limited understanding of actinium chemistry. This knowledge gap is primarily associated with handling actinium, as it is highly radioactive and in short supply. Hence, AcIII reactivity is often inferred from the lanthanides and minor actinides (that is, Am, Cm), with limited success. Here we overcome these challenges and characterize actinium in HCl solutions using X-ray absorption spectroscopy and molecular dynamics density functional theory. The Ac–Cl and Ac–OH2O distances are measured to be 2.95(3) and 2.59(3) Å, respectively. The X-ray absorption spectroscopy comparisons between AcIII and AmIII in HCl solutions indicate AcIII coordinates more inner-sphere Cl1– ligands (3.2±1.1) than AmIII (0.8±0.3). These results imply diverse reactivity for the +3 actinides and highlight the unexpected and unique AcIII chemical behaviour. Actinium-225 is a promising isotope for α-therapy but progress in developing its chemistry is hindered by its high radioactivity and short supply. Here, the authors characterize actinium coordination in HCl solutions using X-ray absorption spectroscopy and molecular dynamics density functional theory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John M Berg
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Eva R Birnbaum
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Justin N Cross
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Jonathan W Engle
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | | | - Stosh A Kozimor
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | | | - Benjamin W Stein
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - S Chantal E Stieber
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA.,California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, California 91768, USA
| | - Justin J Wilson
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA.,Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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Kratochwil C, Bruchertseifer F, Giesel FL, Weis M, Verburg FA, Mottaghy F, Kopka K, Apostolidis C, Haberkorn U, Morgenstern A. 225Ac-PSMA-617 for PSMA-Targeted α-Radiation Therapy of Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. J Nucl Med 2016; 57:1941-1944. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.116.178673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 539] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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Extraction chromatographic behavior of actinium and REE on DGA, Ln and TRU resins in nitric acid solutions. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-015-4331-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Evaluation of nitrogen-rich macrocyclic ligands for the chelation of therapeutic bismuth radioisotopes. Nucl Med Biol 2015; 42:428-438. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Radchenko V, Engle JW, Wilson JJ, Maassen JR, Nortier FM, Taylor WA, Birnbaum ER, Hudston LA, John KD, Fassbender ME. Application of ion exchange and extraction chromatography to the separation of actinium from proton-irradiated thorium metal for analytical purposes. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1380:55-63. [PMID: 25596759 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Actinium-225 (t1/2=9.92d) is an α-emitting radionuclide with nuclear properties well-suited for use in targeted alpha therapy (TAT), a powerful treatment method for malignant tumors. Actinium-225 can also be utilized as a generator for (213)Bi (t1/2 45.6 min), which is another valuable candidate for TAT. Actinium-225 can be produced via proton irradiation of thorium metal; however, long-lived (227)Ac (t1/2=21.8a, 99% β(-), 1% α) is co-produced during this process and will impact the quality of the final product. Thus, accurate assays are needed to determine the (225)Ac/(227)Ac ratio, which is dependent on beam energy, irradiation time and target design. Accurate actinium assays, in turn, require efficient separation of actinium isotopes from both the Th matrix and highly radioactive activation by-products, especially radiolanthanides formed from proton-induced fission. In this study, we introduce a novel, selective chromatographic technique for the recovery and purification of actinium isotopes from irradiated Th matrices. A two-step sequence of cation exchange and extraction chromatography was implemented. Radiolanthanides were quantitatively removed from Ac, and no non-Ac radionuclidic impurities were detected in the final Ac fraction. An (225)Ac spike added prior to separation was recovered at ≥ 98%, and Ac decontamination from Th was found to be ≥ 10(6). The purified actinium fraction allowed for highly accurate (227)Ac determination at analytical scales, i.e., at (227)Ac activities of 1-100 kBq (27 nCi to 2.7 μCi).
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Affiliation(s)
- V Radchenko
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545, United States
| | - J W Engle
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545, United States
| | - J J Wilson
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545, United States
| | - J R Maassen
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545, United States
| | - F M Nortier
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545, United States
| | - W A Taylor
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545, United States
| | - E R Birnbaum
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545, United States
| | - L A Hudston
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545, United States
| | - K D John
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545, United States
| | - M E Fassbender
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545, United States.
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