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Man GT, Albu PC, Nechifor AC, Grosu AR, Tanczos SK, Grosu VA, Ioan MR, Nechifor G. Thorium Removal, Recovery and Recycling: A Membrane Challenge for Urban Mining. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:765. [PMID: 37755188 PMCID: PMC10538078 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13090765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Although only a slightly radioactive element, thorium is considered extremely toxic because its various species, which reach the environment, can constitute an important problem for the health of the population. The present paper aims to expand the possibilities of using membrane processes in the removal, recovery and recycling of thorium from industrial residues reaching municipal waste-processing platforms. The paper includes a short introduction on the interest shown in this element, a weak radioactive metal, followed by highlighting some common (domestic) uses. In a distinct but concise section, the bio-medical impact of thorium is presented. The classic technologies for obtaining thorium are concentrated in a single schema, and the speciation of thorium is presented with an emphasis on the formation of hydroxo-complexes and complexes with common organic reagents. The determination of thorium is highlighted on the basis of its radioactivity, but especially through methods that call for extraction followed by an established electrochemical, spectral or chromatographic method. Membrane processes are presented based on the electrochemical potential difference, including barro-membrane processes, electrodialysis, liquid membranes and hybrid processes. A separate sub-chapter is devoted to proposals and recommendations for the use of membranes in order to achieve some progress in urban mining for the valorization of thorium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geani Teodor Man
- Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Department, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (G.T.M.); (A.C.N.); (A.R.G.)
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies—ICSI, 240050 Râmnicu Valcea, Romania
| | - Paul Constantin Albu
- Radioisotopes and Radiation Metrology Department (DRMR), IFIN Horia Hulubei, 023465 Măgurele, Romania; (P.C.A.); (M.-R.I.)
| | - Aurelia Cristina Nechifor
- Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Department, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (G.T.M.); (A.C.N.); (A.R.G.)
| | - Alexandra Raluca Grosu
- Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Department, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (G.T.M.); (A.C.N.); (A.R.G.)
| | - Szidonia-Katalin Tanczos
- Department of Bioengineering, University Sapientia of Miercurea-Ciuc, 500104 Miercurea Ciuc, Romania;
| | - Vlad-Alexandru Grosu
- Department of Electronic Technology and Reliability, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 061071 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihail-Răzvan Ioan
- Radioisotopes and Radiation Metrology Department (DRMR), IFIN Horia Hulubei, 023465 Măgurele, Romania; (P.C.A.); (M.-R.I.)
| | - Gheorghe Nechifor
- Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Department, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (G.T.M.); (A.C.N.); (A.R.G.)
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Ouazene M, Yahia Cherif F, Guendouzi A, Kaid M, Villemin D, Abdelmouiz A, Guendouzi A. Extraction of Cerium (III) by a Solvent Extraction Technique Using Diaminododecylphosphonic Acid (DADTMTPA): Experimental, Density Functional Theory and Molecular Dynamic Studies. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202202969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mokhtar Ouazene
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Synthesis, properties and applications University of Saïda Algeria
- Department of Process Engineering University of Saida Algeria
| | | | | | - M'hamed Kaid
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences University of Saïda Algeria
| | - Didier Villemin
- Laboratory of Molecular and Thioorganic Chemistry, ENSI Caen Caen France
| | - Ahmed Abdelmouiz
- Laboratory of Materials Physico-Chemistry University of Laghouat Algeria
| | - Abdelkrim Guendouzi
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Synthesis, properties and applications University of Saïda Algeria
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences University of Saïda Algeria
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α-Aminophosphonates, Phosphinates, and Phosphine Oxides as Extraction and Precipitation Agents for Rare Earth Metals, Thorium, and Uranium: A Review. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27113465. [PMID: 35684403 PMCID: PMC9181939 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Aminophosphonates, -phosphinates, and -phosphine oxides are a group of organophosphorus compounds that were investigated as extraction agents for rare earth (RE) metals and actinoids for the first time in the 1960s. However, more systematic investigations of their extraction properties towards REs and actinoids were not started until the 2010s. Indeed, recent studies have shown that these α-amino-functionalized compounds can outperform the commercial organophosphorus extraction agents in RE separations. They have also proven to be very efficient extraction and precipitation agents for recovering Th and U from RE concentrates. These actinoids coexist with REs in some of the commercially important RE-containing minerals. The efficient separation and purification of REs is becoming more and more important every year as these elements have a pivotal role in many existing technologies. If one also considers the facile synthesis of α-amino-functionalized organophosphorus extractants and precipitation agents, it is expected that they will be increasingly utilized in the extraction chemistry of REs and actinoids in the future. This review collates α-aminophosphonates, -phosphinates, and -phosphine oxides that have been utilized in the separation chemistry of REs and actinoids, including their most relevant synthetic routes and molecular properties. Their extraction and precipitation properties towards REs and actinoids are also discussed.
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Synthesis of a Novel Water-Soluble Polymer Complexant Phosphorylated Chitosan for Rare Earth Complexation. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030419. [PMID: 35160409 PMCID: PMC8840538 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Combining the characteristics of rare earth extractants and water-soluble polymer complexants, a novel complexant phosphorylated chitosan (PCS) was synthesized by Kabachnik–Fields reaction with alkalized chitosan, dimethyl phosphonate, and formaldehyde as raw materials and toluene-4-sulfonic acid monohydrate (TsOH) as catalyst. The complexation properties of PCS and poly (acrylic acid) sodium (PAAS) for lanthanum ions in the solution were compared at the same pH and room temperature. In addition, the frontier molecular orbital energies of polymer–La complexes were calculated by the density functional theory method, which confirmed the complexation properties of the polymers to rare earths. The results indicate that the PCS has better water solubility compared with chitosan and good complex ability to rare earths, which can be used for rare earth separation by the complexation–ultrafiltration process.
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Arman MO, Geboes B, Van Hecke K, Binnemans K, Cardinaels T. Electrochemical oxidation of terbium(III) in aqueous media: influence of supporting electrolyte on oxidation potential and stability. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-021-01651-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Feng S, Huang K, Huang Z, Liu G, Zhang G, Gou G. Highly selective extraction of Pd(II) using functionalized molecule of 2-[(2-ethylhexyl)thio]benzoxazole and its Pd(II) extraction mechanism. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Yan Y, Chen J, Li K, Zou D, Deng Y, Li D. A novel neutral-base coupling synergistic extraction system of Cyanex923 and primary amine N1923 for the recovery of cerium(IV) and fluorine from sulfuric acid medium. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.118026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Huang M, Fu Y, Lu Y, Liao W, Li Z. A novel extractant bis(2-ethylhexyl) ((2-ethylhexylamino)methyl) phosphine oxide for cerium(IV) extraction and separation from sulfate medium. J RARE EARTH 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jre.2019.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Bie C, Gao Y, Su J, Dong Y, Guo X, Sun X. The efficient separation of thorium from rare earth using oxamic acid in hydrochloric acid medium. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Zhao Q, Zhang Z, Li Y, bian X, Liao W. Solvent extraction and separation of rare earths from chloride media using α-aminophosphonic acid extractant HEHAMP. SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ION EXCHANGE 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/07366299.2018.1431079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhao
- Department of Metallurgical Physical Chemistry, School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, ERC for the Separation and Purification of REs and Thorium, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Zhifeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, ERC for the Separation and Purification of REs and Thorium, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yanling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, ERC for the Separation and Purification of REs and Thorium, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Xue bian
- Department of Metallurgical Physical Chemistry, School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wuping Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, ERC for the Separation and Purification of REs and Thorium, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
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Garifzyanov AR, Davletshina NV, Gaynullin AZ, Ivshin KA, Kataeva ON, Cherkasov RA. Synthesis and Structure of a Copper(II) Complex of N,N'-Bis(di-para-tolylphosphinoylmethyl)-1,8-diamino- 3,6-dioxaoctane. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363218010280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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