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Wang Y, Yang Y, Wu Y, Li J, Hu B, Cai Y, Yuan L, Feng W. Selective Complexation and Separation of Uranium(VI) from Thorium(IV) with New Tetradentate N,O-Hybrid Diamide Ligands: Synthesis, Extraction, Spectroscopy, and Crystallographic Studies. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:4922-4933. [PMID: 36919932 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c04384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
An unmet challenge in the thorium-uranium fuel cycle is the efficient separation of uranium from thorium. Herein, two new tetradentate N,O-hybrid ligands, N,N'-diethyl-N,N'-di-p-tolyl-2,2'-bipyridine-6,6'-dicarboxamide (Et-Tol-BPDA) and N,N'-diethyl-N,N'-di-p-tolyl-2,2'-bipyrimidine-4,4'-dicarboxamide (Et-Tol-BPymDA), comprising a bipyridine or bipyrimidine core and amide moieties were designed and synthesized for selectively complexing and separating U(VI) from Th(IV). The high U(VI)/Th(IV) extraction selectivity was achieved by Et-Tol-BPDA (SFU/Th = 33 at 3 M HNO3) and Et-Tol-BPymDA (SFU/Th = 73 at 3 M HNO3) in nitric acid solutions. The extraction process for U(VI) or Th(IV) with these two ligands primarily proceeded through the solvation mechanism, as evidenced by slope analyses. Thermodynamic studies for the extraction of U(VI) and Th(IV) revealed a spontaneous process. Results from UV-vis spectroscopic titration and slope analyses demonstrated that U(VI) and Th(IV) each form a 1:1 complex with the two ligands both in the monophasic organic solution and the biphasic extraction system. The stability constants of the 1:1 complexes of Et-Tol-BPDA or Et-Tol-BPymDA with U(VI) were found to be larger than those with Th(IV), which coincide well with the high U(VI)/Th(IV) extraction selectivity. The solid-state structures of Et-Tol-BPDA, Et-Tol-BPymDA, and 1:1 complexes of the two ligands with U(VI) or Th(IV) were analyzed by X-ray diffraction technique. The results from this work implicate the potential of bipyridine- and bipyrimidine-derived diamide ligands for uranium/thorium separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yuxiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yijie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Jin Li
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Bowen Hu
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yimin Cai
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Lihua Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Wen Feng
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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2
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Rout A, Mishra S. Ligand Effect on Physicochemical Properties of Ionic Liquid. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202200802. [PMID: 36631955 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In the solvent extraction process, the importance of an extractant (or ligand) and a diluent is inferred from their respective physicochemical properties. We have brought together all the recent results reported on the mixture of different extractants dissolved in a well-known ionic liquid diluent: 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([C4 mim][NTf2 ]) in the form of a review and aimed to emphasize the role of ligand polarity and structure on the physicochemical properties of an ionic liquid (IL) diluent. Some of the most important properties such as dynamic viscosity (η), absolute density ( ρ ${{\rm{{\rm \rho} }}}$ ), energy of activation (Ea ), coefficient of thermal expansion (α), phase separation time (PST), refractive index (n), etc., have been discussed meticulously in the paper. The effect of ligand structure on the aggregation behaviour of IL phase and the physicochemical properties of gamma irradiated solvent phases containing different ligands and their solution with IL phase also have been deliberated in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Rout
- Materials Chemistry & Metal Fuel Cycle Group, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, 603102, India
| | - Satyabrata Mishra
- Reprocessing Research & Development Division, Reprocessing Group, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, 603102, India
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Feng Y, Qiu X, Tao Z, E Z, Song J, Dong Y, Liang J, Li P, Fan Q. Oxygen-containing groups in cellulose and lignin biochar: their roles in U(VI) adsorption. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:76728-76738. [PMID: 35670935 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20981-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption behaviors of cellulose and lignin biochar depend on the evolution of their oxygen-containing groups to some extent. In this study, cellulose-rich pakchoi and lignin-rich corncob were selected to prepare the pyrolytic biochar at variable temperatures, named PBC and CBC, respectively. Their structure-function relationships were in-depth studied via the combination of the adsorption experiments of U(VI) and comprehensive spectral analyses. The maximal adsorption capacity of PBC 300, obtained at 300 °C, was measured as 46.62 mg g-1 for U(VI), which was ⁓1.3 times higher than 35.60 mg g-1 of CBC 300. U(VI) adsorption on PBC and CBC were predominantly ascribed to the coordination interaction between oxygen-containing groups and U(VI). Interestingly, the main complexation groups were distinct in both biochars due to the different inherent evolutions of cellulose and lignin. Volatile d-glucose chains in cellulose were apt to degrade rapidly, and the formed carboxyls acted as the most important sites in PBC. However, the stable aromatic network in lignin led to a slow degradation, and more hydroxyls thus remained in CBC, which controlled U(VI) adsorption. In this study, we obtained greatly cost-effective adsorbents of U(VI) and provided some essential insights into understanding the structural evolution-function relationship of cellulose and lignin biochar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhong Feng
- Gansu Province Land Development and Rehabilitation Center, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xiaoyi Qiu
- Gansu Province Land Development and Rehabilitation Center, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zhuolin Tao
- Gansu Province Land Development and Rehabilitation Center, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zhengyang E
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jiayu Song
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yaqiong Dong
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jianjun Liang
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China.
| | - Ping Li
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Qiaohui Fan
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China
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4
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Selective separation of uranium, zirconium and iodine from various fission products by 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide and phosphoramide-functionalized ionic liquid. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-022-08396-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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5
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Wang H, Liu R, Wang H, Hu B, Qiu M. High effective enrichment of U(VI) from aqueous solutions on versatile crystalline carbohydrate polymer-functionalized graphene oxide. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:14009-14017. [PMID: 34546242 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02497c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The removal of uranium on various sorbents has been widely employed in recent times. However, the limited sorption capacities of these sorbents inhibit the actual application of the radionuclide in actual environments. The development of a novel material with high sorption capacity and superior regeneration for the removal of uranium is highly desirable. Therefore, a versatile class of crystalline carbohydrate polymers (COF) was prepared from organic compounds. Moreover, COF-functionalized graphene oxide (COF/GO) was synthesized and tested for the removal of U(VI) from aqueous solutions. The batch characterization showed that COF was vertically oriented on the surface of GO using diboronic acid as nucleation sites. The maximum removal capacity of U(VI) on COF/GO reached 117.67 mg g-1, and was attributed to a huge void ratio and various oxygen-bearing functional groups. In addition, the inner-sphere surface-complexation dominated the U(VI) removal, and the adsorption mechanism of inner-sphere surface-complexation was transferred into surface precipitation with increasing reaction time. COF/GO can be converted into conductive carbon and reduced GO (C/rGO) nanocomposite, which has high specific capacitance. These results suggested that GO-based materials can be considered as promising candidates for the enrichment of U(VI) and energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Wang
- School of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Huancheng West Road 508, Shaoxing, 312000, P.R. China.
| | - Renrong Liu
- School of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Huancheng West Road 508, Shaoxing, 312000, P.R. China.
| | - Huifang Wang
- School of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Huancheng West Road 508, Shaoxing, 312000, P.R. China.
| | - Baowei Hu
- School of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Huancheng West Road 508, Shaoxing, 312000, P.R. China.
| | - Muqing Qiu
- School of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Huancheng West Road 508, Shaoxing, 312000, P.R. China.
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Zhang Z, Yong F, Zhang L, Chen H, Yuan WL, Xu D, Shen YH, Wang XH, He L, Tao GH. High performance task-specific ionic liquid in uranium extraction endowed with negatively charged effect. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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7
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Rao A. Comparative study on aqueous acid free UO 2 dissolution-extraction using DHOA adduct into room temperature ionic liquid/supercritical carbon dioxide/n-hexane. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2020-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Feasibility was established for direct dissolution-extraction of uranium employing adduct of N,N-dihexyl octanamide (DHOA), thus eliminating discrete aqueous phase and free acid usage. Various aspects of dissolution of solid uranium dioxide and extraction of uranium into molecular diluent viz. n-hexane and neoteric solvents viz. room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) and supercritical carbon dioxide (SC CO2) were studied. The organic adduct was found to have composition DHOA.(HNO3)0.78(H2O)0.4. Adduct miscibility and UO2 dissolution behavior was markedly different for RTIL and n-hexane. The dissolution process, studied by monitoring UV–Vis spectra, was found to be pseudo first order with a rate constant of of 0.074 min−1 and 0.036 min−1 for n-hexane and RTIL respectively. Irrespective of medium, dissolution-extraction efficiency of ≥90% was achievable. Using RTIL for dissolution-extraction medium and SC CO2 for stripping is promising in terms of overall efficiency as well as RTIL recovery by avoiding aqueous cross contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Rao
- Radio chemistry Division , Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , Trombay , Mumbai 400 085 , India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute , Mumbai 400094 , India
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8
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Wei Z, Lu C, Zhou Y, Jiao C, Zhang M, Hou H, Gao Y, Tian G. Asymmetric diglycolamide in BmimNTf2 as an effective solvent system for the uranyl extraction. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-020-07330-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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9
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Mahanty B, Verma PK, Mohapatra PK. Extraction of Some Actinide Ions from Nitric Acid Feeds Using N, N-di-n-hexyloctanamide (DHOA) in an Ionic Liquid. J SOLUTION CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10953-020-00970-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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10
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Mohammadzadeh M, Bagheri H, Ghader S. Study on extraction and separation of Ni and Zn using [bmim][PF6] IL as selective extractant from nitric acid solution obtained from zinc plant residue leaching. ARAB J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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11
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Singhal P, Vats BG, Yadav A, Pulhani V. Efficient extraction of uranium from environmental samples using phosphoramide functionalized magnetic nanoparticles: Understanding adsorption and binding mechanisms. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 384:121353. [PMID: 31611018 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoramide functionalized Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by a three step procedure and its application for uranium extraction from different enviornmental matrices has been demonstrated. A maximum adsorption capacity of 95.2 mg of U/g of the sorbent has been achieved which is higher as compared to many reported magnetic NPs. pH dependent adsorption studies were performed at 1 ppm uranium concentrations which suggests more than 80% adsorption in pH range of 4-8 with maximum adsorption at pH 6. Interestingly this is the pH range of most naturally occurring water bodies suggesting the potential of this material to extract uranium from real environmental samples. Adsorption studies were carried out with tap water, drinking water and sea water and more than 90% uranium extraction was observed. Desorption studies were performed with different reagents suggesting that the material can be reused again. EXAFS studies have been carried out which suggests that the uranium binds with oxygens of three PO group at the surface of phosphoramide functionalized NPs and based on this, binding mode of uranium with the synthesized sorbent is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Singhal
- Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India.
| | - Bal Govind Vats
- Fuel Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India.
| | - Ashok Yadav
- Atomic & Molecular Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - Vandana Pulhani
- Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India
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12
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Luo D, Huang J, Zhang Y, Liu H, Hu P. Highly efficient separation and extraction of vanadium from a multi-impurity leachate of vanadium shale using tri-n-octylmethylammonium chloride. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.115842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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13
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Li N, Yin M, Tsang DCW, Yang S, Liu J, Li X, Song G, Wang J. Mechanisms of U(VI) removal by biochar derived from Ficus microcarpa aerial root: A comparison between raw and modified biochar. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 697:134115. [PMID: 32380609 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Uranium (U) is a toxic and radioactive element. Excessive amounts of aqueous U(VI) generated from U mining, processing and nuclear industry may result in severe and irreversible damage to the environment. Herein, Ficus microcarpa aerial root (FMAR), a biowaste material, was used to adsorb U(VI) from aqueous solutions for the first time. Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)-modified FMAR biochar was synthesised, characterised and compared with raw (unmodified) biochar with respect to U(VI) adsorption. The results showed that the adsorption capability of the modified FMAR biochar was evidently higher than that of the raw biochar. Multiple characterisation techniques confirmed that the discrepancy was mainly due to the increased content of O-H and formation of irregular sheet-like nanostructure with the ultrafine MnO2 nanoparticles on the biochar surfaces after KMnO4 modification. The abundance of O-H and nanoscale MnO2 notably enhanced the adsorption of U(VI) by means of coordination and Lewis acid-base interaction. The results indicate that KMnO4-modified FMAR biochar has a good potential to serve as an environment-friendly adsorbent for the removal of U(VI) from solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuo Li
- Key Laboratory of Water Quality and Conservation in the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Meiling Yin
- Key Laboratory of Water Quality and Conservation in the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shitong Yang
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Juan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Water Quality and Conservation in the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Xue Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Gang Song
- Key Laboratory of Water Quality and Conservation in the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Water Quality and Conservation in the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Roy A, Sen N, Singh KK, Shenoy KT, Grover RB. CFD Modeling of Single-Drop Hydrodynamics at Submerged Nozzles: Validation with TBP-Dodecane and Nitric Acid System and Parametric Analysis. SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ION EXCHANGE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/07366299.2019.1598010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amitava Roy
- Department of Engineering Sciences, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Nirvik Sen
- Chemical Engineering Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - K. K. Singh
- Department of Engineering Sciences, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
- Chemical Engineering Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - K. T. Shenoy
- Chemical Engineering Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - R. B. Grover
- Department of Engineering Sciences, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
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15
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Ansari SA, Mohapatra PK, Raut DR. Extraction of
$$ {\text{Np}}^{4+} $$
Np
4
+
and
$$ {\text{NpO}}_{2}^{2+} $$
NpO
2
2
+
from Nitric Acid Medium Using TODGA in Room Temperature Ionic Liquids. J SOLUTION CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10953-018-0741-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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