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MORC2 and MAX contributes to the expression of glycolytic enzymes, breast cancer cell proliferation and migration. Med Oncol 2023; 40:102. [PMID: 36802305 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-01974-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cell proliferation is a high energy demanding process, where the cancer cells acquire energy by high rates of glycolysis, and this phenomenon is known as the "Warburg effect". Microrchidia 2 (MORC2), an emerging chromatin remodeler, is over expressed in several cancers including breast cancer and found to promote cancer cell proliferation. However, the role of MORC2 in glucose metabolism in cancer cells remains unexplored. In this study, we report that MORC2 interacts indirectly with the genes involved in glucose metabolism via transcription factors MAX (MYC-associated factor X) and MYC. We also found that MORC2 co-localizes and interacts with MAX. Further, we observed a positive correlation of expression of MORC2 with glycolytic enzymes Hexokinase 1 (HK1), Lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) and Phosphofructokinase platelet (PFKP) type in multiple cancers. Surprisingly, the knockdown of either MORC2 or MAX not only decreased the expression of glycolytic enzymes but also inhibited breast cancer cell proliferation and migration. Together, these results demonstrate the involvement of the MORC2/MAX signaling axis in the expression of glycolytic enzymes and breast cancer cell proliferation and migration.
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Duderstadt EL, McQuaide SA, Sanders MA, Samuelson DJ. Chemical carcinogen-induced rat mammary carcinogenesis is a potential model of p21-activated kinase positive female breast cancer. Physiol Genomics 2020; 53:61-68. [PMID: 33346690 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00112.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) gene encodes a serine/threonine kinase that is overexpressed in a subset of human breast carcinomas with poor prognosis. The laboratory rat (Rattus norvegicus) orthologous gene is located at Mammary carcinoma susceptibility 3 (Mcs3) QTL on rat chromosome 1. We used quantitative PCR to determine effects of Mcs3 genotype and 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) exposure on Pak1 expression. There was no effect of Mcs3 genotype; however, there was a 3.5-fold higher Pak1 level in DMBA-exposed mammary glands (MGs) than in unexposed glands (P < 0.05). Sequence variants in Pak1 exons did not alter amino acid sequence between Mcs3-susceptible and -resistant strains. Protein expression of PAK1/Pak1 in human breast carcinomas and DMBA-exposed rat mammary glands was detected using immunohistochemistry (IHC). Rat mammary glands from 12-wk-old females unexposed to DMBA were negative for Pak1, whereas 24% of carcinogen-exposed mammary glands from age-matched females stained positive for Pak1. The positive mammary glands exposed to carcinogen had no pathological signs of disease. Human breast carcinomas, used as comparative controls, had a 22% positivity rats. This was consistent with other human breast cancer studies of PAK1 expression. Similar frequencies of human/rat PAK1/Pak1 expression in female breast carcinomas and carcinogen-induced rat mammary glands, showing no visible pathogenesis of disease, suggests aberrant PAK1 expression is an early event in development of some breast cancers. Laboratory rats will be a useful experimental organism for comparative studies of Pak1-mediated mechanisms of breast carcinogenesis. Future studies of PAK1 as a diagnostic marker of early breast disease are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Duderstadt
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Sarah A McQuaide
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Mary A Sanders
- Department of Pathology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - David J Samuelson
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky.,James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
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Pérez-Yépez EA, Saldívar-Cerón HI, Villamar-Cruz O, Pérez-Plasencia C, Arias-Romero LE. p21 Activated kinase 1: Nuclear activity and its role during DNA damage repair. DNA Repair (Amst) 2018; 65:42-46. [PMID: 29597073 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) is a serine/threonine kinase activated by the small GTPases Rac1 and Cdc42. It is located in the chromosome 11q13 and is amplified and/or overexpressed in several human cancer types including 25-30% of breast tumors. This enzyme plays a pivotal role in the control of a number of fundamental cellular processes by phosphorylating its downstream substrates. In addition to its role in the cytoplasm, it is well documented that PAK1 also plays crucial roles in the nucleus participating in mitotic events and gene expression through its association and/or phosphorylation of several transcription factors, transcriptional co-regulators and cell cycle-related proteins, including Aurora kinase A (AURKA), polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1), the forkhead transcription factor (FKHR), estrogen receptor α (ERα), and Snail. More recently, PAK signaling has emerged as a component of the DNA damage response (DDR) as PAK1 activity influences the cellular sensitivity to ionizing radiation and promotes the expression of several genes involved in the Fanconi Anemia/BRCA pathway. This review will focus on the nuclear functions of PAK1 and its role in the regulation of DNA damage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloy Andrés Pérez-Yépez
- UBIMED, Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala, UNAM, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México 54090, Mexico; Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Héctor Iván Saldívar-Cerón
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Apartado postal 14-740, 07360 México, D. F., México
| | - Olga Villamar-Cruz
- UBIMED, Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala, UNAM, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México 54090, Mexico
| | - Carlos Pérez-Plasencia
- UBIMED, Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala, UNAM, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México 54090, Mexico
| | - Luis Enrique Arias-Romero
- UBIMED, Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala, UNAM, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México 54090, Mexico.
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Liu C, Liu L, Zhou C, Zhuang J, Wang L, Sun Y, Sun C. Protein-protein interaction networks and different clustering analysis in Burkitt's lymphoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 23:391-398. [PMID: 29189103 DOI: 10.1080/10245332.2017.1409947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) is a highly aggressive malignant lymphoma, its molecular biological mechanism has not been fully investigated. The construction of protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks and the identification of complexes through a cluster analysis are important research directions in the post-genome era. However, different cluster analysis algorithms have their own characteristics, and a single analysis has some limitations. In this study, we obtained the target and pathway information of BL using different clustering analyses. MATERIAL AND METHODS First, we obtained 50 BL genes by screening the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database; their related genes were further extracted from the literature. The PPI network was constructed with the Search Tool for Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins (STRING). Afterward, the interaction data were input in Cytoscape3.4.0 software and related plug-ins were used to implement topology analysis and clustering analysis. Functional analysis based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database were used to characterize the biological importance of the clusters. RESULTS We constructed a PPI network consisting of 459 nodes (proteins) and 1399 sides (interactions), 12 genes and 8 signaling pathways were found to be closely related to BL. CONCLUSION In this study, the use of combined algorithms to analyse gene interactions provides a new perspective for network-based analysis. The results of this study reveal new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying BL, which may be novel therapeutic targets for disease management and may provide a bioinformatic basis for the further understanding of BL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cun Liu
- a College of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Jinan , Shandong Province , People's Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Liu
- b Department of oncology , Weifang Traditional Chinese Hospital , Weifang , Shandong Province , People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Zhou
- b Department of oncology , Weifang Traditional Chinese Hospital , Weifang , Shandong Province , People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhuang
- b Department of oncology , Weifang Traditional Chinese Hospital , Weifang , Shandong Province , People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Wang
- a College of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Jinan , Shandong Province , People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Sun
- c Weifang Medical University , Weifang , Shandong Province , People's Republic of China
| | - Changgang Sun
- b Department of oncology , Weifang Traditional Chinese Hospital , Weifang , Shandong Province , People's Republic of China
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Zhang MJ, Su H, Yan JY, Li N, Song ZY, Wang HJ, Huo LG, Wang F, Ji WS, Qu XJ, Qu MH. Chemopreventive effect of Myricetin, a natural occurring compound, on colonic chronic inflammation and inflammation-driven tumorigenesis in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 97:1131-1137. [PMID: 29136951 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Myricetin is a flavonoids compound extracted from edible myrica rubra. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Myricetin on colonic chronic inflammation and inflammation-driven tumorigenesis in mice. Myricetin was administrated by gavage for 4 consecutive weeks. Mice were sacrificed and the number of colonic polyps was counted. Myricetin significantly inhibited AOM/DSS-induced colitis and colorectal tumorigenesis. Myricetin prevented the incidence of colorectal tumorigenesis and reduced the size of colorectal polyps. Histopathologic analysis showed that Myricetin could attenuate the degree of colonic inflammation and colorectal tumorigenesis. Further analysis showed that Myricetin strongly reduced the levels of inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, NF-κB, p-NF-κB, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), PCNA and Cyclin D1 in the colonic tissues as analyzed by the assays of immunohistochemical staining, Western blotting and Q-RT-PCR. Our results demonstrated that Myricetin possesses the biological activities of chemoprevention colonic chronic inflammation and inflammation-driven tumorigenesis. We suggest that Myricetin could be developed as a promising chemopreventive drug for reducing the risk of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Jia Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology in Universities of Shandong, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Han Su
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology in Universities of Shandong, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Jing-Yue Yan
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology in Universities of Shandong, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Zhi-Yu Song
- Department of Pharmacology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Huai-Jie Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology in Universities of Shandong, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Lian-Guang Huo
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology in Universities of Shandong, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Wan-Sheng Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology in Universities of Shandong, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
| | - Xian-Jun Qu
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology in Universities of Shandong, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China; Department of Pharmacology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Mei-Hua Qu
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology in Universities of Shandong, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
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Cruz OV, Prudnikova TY, Araiza-Olivera D, Perez-Plasencia C, Johnson N, Bernhardy AJ, Slifker M, Renner C, Chernoff J, Arias LE. Reduced PAK1 activity sensitizes FA/BRCA-proficient breast cancer cells to PARP inhibition. Oncotarget 2016; 7:76590-76603. [PMID: 27740936 PMCID: PMC5363532 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells that are deficient in homologous recombination, such as those that have mutations in any of the Fanconi Anemia (FA)/BRCA genes, are hypersensitive to inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). However, FA/BRCA-deficient tumors represent a small fraction of breast cancers, which might restrict the therapeutic utility of PARP inhibitor monotherapy. The gene encoding the serine-threonine protein kinase p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) is amplified and/or overexpressed in several human cancer types including 25-30% of breast tumors. This enzyme controls many cellular processes by phosphorylating both cytoplasmic and nuclear substrates. Here, we show that depletion or pharmacological inhibition of PAK1 down-regulated the expression of genes involved in the FA/BRCA pathway and compromised the ability of cells to repair DNA by Homologous Recombination (HR), promoting apoptosis and reducing colony formation. Combined inhibition of PAK1 and PARP in PAK1 overexpressing breast cancer cells had a synergistic effect, enhancing apoptosis, suppressing colony formation, and delaying tumor growth in a xenograft setting. Because reduced PAK1 activity impaired FA/BRCA function, inhibition of this kinase in PAK1 amplified and/or overexpressing breast cancer cells represents a plausible strategy for expanding the utility of PARP inhibitors to FA/BRCA-proficient cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Villamar Cruz
- UBIMED, Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala, UNAM, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, Mexico
| | | | | | - Carlos Perez-Plasencia
- UBIMED, Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala, UNAM, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Neil Johnson
- Experimental Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrea J. Bernhardy
- Experimental Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael Slifker
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Catherine Renner
- Department of Pathology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan Chernoff
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Luis E. Arias
- UBIMED, Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala, UNAM, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, Mexico
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