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Liao D, Huang Y, Liu D, Zhang H, Shi X, Li X, Luo P. The role of s-palmitoylation in neurological diseases: implication for zDHHC family. Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1342830. [PMID: 38293675 PMCID: PMC10824933 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1342830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
S-palmitoylation is a reversible posttranslational modification, and the palmitoylation reaction in human-derived cells is mediated by the zDHHC family, which is composed of S-acyltransferase enzymes that possess the DHHC (Asp-His-His-Cys) structural domain. zDHHC proteins form an autoacylation intermediate, which then attaches the fatty acid to cysteine a residue in the target protein. zDHHC proteins sublocalize in different neuronal structures and exert dif-ferential effects on neurons. In humans, many zDHHC proteins are closely related to human neu-rological disor-ders. This review focuses on a variety of neurological disorders, such as AD (Alz-heimer's disease), HD (Huntington's disease), SCZ (schizophrenia), XLID (X-linked intellectual disability), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and glioma. In this paper, we will discuss and summarize the research progress regarding the role of zDHHC proteins in these neu-rological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yutao Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- School of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Haofuzi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xinyu Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Peng Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
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2
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Salaun C, Tomkinson NCO, Chamberlain LH. The endoplasmic reticulum-localized enzyme zDHHC6 mediates S-acylation of short transmembrane constructs from multiple type I and II membrane proteins. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105201. [PMID: 37660915 PMCID: PMC10520890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the S-acylation of two host cell proteins important for viral infection: TMPRSS2 (transmembrane serine protease 2), which cleaves severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 spike to facilitate viral entry, and bone marrow stromal antigen 2, a general viral restriction factor. We found that both proteins were S-acylated by zDHHC6, an S-acyltransferase enzyme localized at the endoplasmic reticulum, in coexpression experiments. Mutagenic analysis revealed that zDHHC6 modifies a single cysteine in each protein, which are in proximity to the transmembrane domains (TMDs). For TMPRSS2, the modified cysteine is positioned two residues into the TMD, whereas the modified cysteine in bone marrow stromal antigen 2 has a cytosolic location two amino acids upstream of the TMD. Cysteine swapping revealed that repositioning the target cysteine of TMPRSS2 further into the TMD substantially reduced S-acylation by zDHHC6. Interestingly, zDHHC6 efficiently S-acylated truncated forms of these proteins that contained only the TMDs and short juxtamembrane regions. The ability of zDHHC6 to modify short TMD sequences was also seen for the transferrin receptor (another type II membrane protein) and for five different type I membrane protein constructs, including cluster of differentiation 4. Collectively, the results of this study show that zDHHC6 can modify diverse membrane proteins (type I and II) and requires only the presence of the TMD and target cysteine for efficient S-acylation. Thus, zDHHC6 may be a broad specificity S-acyltransferase specialized for the modification of a diverse set of transmembrane proteins at the endoplasmic reticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Salaun
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
| | - Nicholas C O Tomkinson
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Luke H Chamberlain
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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3
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Theater in the Self-Cleaning Cell: Intrinsically Disordered Proteins or Protein Regions Acting with Membranes in Autophagy. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12050457. [PMID: 35629783 PMCID: PMC9143426 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12050457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Intrinsically disordered proteins and protein regions (IDPs/IDPRs) are mainly involved in signaling pathways, where fast regulation, temporal interactions, promiscuous interactions, and assemblies of structurally diverse components including membranes are essential. The autophagy pathway builds, de novo, a membrane organelle, the autophagosome, using carefully orchestrated interactions between proteins and lipid bilayers. Here, we discuss molecular mechanisms related to the protein disorder-based interactions of the autophagy machinery with membranes. We describe not only membrane binding phenomenon, but also examples of membrane remodeling processes including membrane tethering, bending, curvature sensing, and/or fragmentation of membrane organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum, which is an important membrane source as well as cargo for autophagy. Summary of the current state of knowledge presented here will hopefully inspire new studies. A profound understanding of the autophagic protein–membrane interface is essential for advancements in therapeutic interventions against major human diseases, in which autophagy is involved including neurodegeneration, cancer as well as cardiovascular, metabolic, infectious, musculoskeletal, and other disorders.
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4
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Abstract
Protein palmitoylation is the post-translational attachment of fatty acids, most commonly palmitate (C16 : 0), onto a cysteine residue of a protein. This reaction is catalysed by a family of integral membrane proteins, the zDHHC protein acyltransferases (PATs), so-called due to the presence of an invariant Asp-His-His-Cys (DHHC) cysteine-rich domain harbouring the catalytic centre of the enzyme. Conserved throughout eukaryotes, the zDHHC PATs are encoded by multigene families and mediate palmitoylation of thousands of protein substrates. In humans, a number of zDHHC proteins are associated with human diseases, including intellectual disability, Huntington's disease, schizophrenia and cancer. Key to understanding the physiological and pathophysiological importance of individual zDHHC proteins is the identification of their protein substrates. Here, we will describe the approaches and challenges in assigning substrates for individual zDHHCs, highlighting key mechanisms that underlie substrate recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Ian P Malgapo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Maurine E Linder
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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5
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Jin J, Zhi X, Wang X, Meng D. Protein palmitoylation and its pathophysiological relevance. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:3220-3233. [PMID: 33094504 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein palmitoylation, in which C16 fatty acid chains are attached to cysteine residues via a reversible thioester linkage, is one of the most common lipid modifications and plays important roles in regulating protein stability, subcellular localization, membrane trafficking, interactions with effector proteins, enzymatic activity, and a variety of other cellular processes. Moreover, the unique reversibility of palmitoylation allows proteins to be rapidly shuttled between biological membranes and cytoplasmic substrates in a process usually controlled by a member of the DHHC family of protein palmitoyl transferases (PATs). Notably, mutations in PATs are closely related to a variety of human diseases, such as cancer, neurological disorders, and immune deficiency conditions. In addition to PATs, intracellular palmitoylation dynamics are also regulated by the interplay between distinct posttranslational modifications, including ubiquitination and phosphorylation. Understanding the specific mechanisms of palmitoylation may reveal novel potential therapeutic targets for many human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Jin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuling Zhi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinhong Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Meng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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6
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Stix R, Lee CJ, Faraldo-Gómez JD, Banerjee A. Structure and Mechanism of DHHC Protein Acyltransferases. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:4983-4998. [PMID: 32522557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
S-acylation, whereby a fatty acid chain is covalently linked to a cysteine residue by a thioester linkage, is the most prevalent kind of lipid modification of proteins. Thousands of proteins are targets of this post-translational modification, which is catalyzed by a family of eukaryotic integral membrane enzymes known as DHHC protein acyltransferases (DHHC-PATs). Our knowledge of the repertoire of S-acylated proteins has been rapidly expanding owing to development of the chemoproteomic techniques. There has also been an increasing number of reports in the literature documenting the importance of S-acylation in human physiology and disease. Recently, the first atomic structures of two different DHHC-PATs were determined using X-ray crystallography. This review will focus on the insights gained into the molecular mechanism of DHHC-PATs from these structures and highlight representative data from the biochemical literature that they help explain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn Stix
- Theoretical Molecular Biophysics Laboratory, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Chul-Jin Lee
- Unit on Structural and Chemical Biology of Membrane Proteins, Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - José D Faraldo-Gómez
- Theoretical Molecular Biophysics Laboratory, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anirban Banerjee
- Unit on Structural and Chemical Biology of Membrane Proteins, Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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7
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Abstract
Functions of intrinsically disordered proteins do not require structure. Such structure-independent functionality has melted away the classic rigid "lock and key" representation of structure-function relationships in proteins, opening a new page in protein science, where molten keys operate on melted locks and where conformational flexibility and intrinsic disorder, structural plasticity and extreme malleability, multifunctionality and binding promiscuity represent a new-fangled reality. Analysis and understanding of this new reality require novel tools, and some of the techniques elaborated for the examination of intrinsically disordered protein functions are outlined in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir N. Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
- Laboratory of New Methods in Biology, Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russian Federation
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8
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Abstract
Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) and regions (IDRs) are commonly found in all proteomes analyzed so far. These proteins/regions are subject to numerous posttranslational modifications (PTMs) and alternative splicing, are involved in a wide range of cellular functions, and often facilitate protein-protein interactions (PPIs). Some of these proteins contain molecular recognition features (MoRFs), which are IDRs that bind to partner proteins and undergo disorder-to-order transitions. Although many IDPs/IDRs can fold upon binding, a large fraction of these proteins are known to maintain significant amounts of disorder in their bound states. Being well-recognized interaction specialists, IDPs/IDRs can participate in one-to-many and many-to-one interactions, where one IDP/IDR binds to multiple partners potentially gaining very different structures in the bound state, or where multiple unrelated IDPs/IDRs bind to one partner. As a result, IDPs frequently serve as hubs (i.e., proteins with many links) in complex PPI networks. The goal of this chapter is to describe computational and bioinformatics tools that can be used to look at the disorder status of proteins within a given PPI network and also to gain some knowledge on the disorder-based functionality of the members of this network. To this end, description is provided for some of the use of UniProt and DisProt databases, several databases generating PPI networks (BioGRID, IntAct, DIP, MINT, HPRD, APID, KEGG, and STRING), Composition profiler, some tools for the per-residue disorder predictions (PONDR® VLXT, PONDR® VL3, PONDR® VSL2, PONDR-FIT, and IUPred), binary disorder classifiers CH-plot and CDF-plot and their combined CH-CDF analysis, web-based tools for the visualization of disorder distribution in a query protein (D2P2 and MobiDB), as well as some tools for evaluation disorder-based functionality of proteins (ANCHOR, MoRFpred, DEPP, and ModPred).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA. .,USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA. .,Laboratory of New Methods in Biology, Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russian Federation.
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9
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Uversky VN, Finkelstein AV. Life in Phases: Intra- and Inter- Molecular Phase Transitions in Protein Solutions. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E842. [PMID: 31817975 PMCID: PMC6995567 DOI: 10.3390/biom9120842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins, these evolutionarily-edited biological polymers, are able to undergo intramolecular and intermolecular phase transitions. Spontaneous intramolecular phase transitions define the folding of globular proteins, whereas binding-induced, intra- and inter- molecular phase transitions play a crucial role in the functionality of many intrinsically-disordered proteins. On the other hand, intermolecular phase transitions are the behind-the-scenes players in a diverse set of macrosystemic phenomena taking place in protein solutions, such as new phase nucleation in bulk, on the interface, and on the impurities, protein crystallization, protein aggregation, the formation of amyloid fibrils, and intermolecular liquid-liquid or liquid-gel phase transitions associated with the biogenesis of membraneless organelles in the cells. This review is dedicated to the systematic analysis of the phase behavior of protein molecules and their ensembles, and provides a description of the major physical principles governing intramolecular and intermolecular phase transitions in protein solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir N. Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Laboratory of New Methods in Biology, Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexei V. Finkelstein
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow, Russia
- Biology Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia
- Bioltechnogy Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow, Russia
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10
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The molecular mechanism of DHHC protein acyltransferases. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 47:157-167. [PMID: 30559274 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Protein S-acylation is a reversible lipidic posttranslational modification where a fatty acid chain is covalently linked to cysteine residues by a thioester linkage. A family of integral membrane enzymes known as DHHC protein acyltransferases (DHHC-PATs) catalyze this reaction. With the rapid development of the techniques used for identifying lipidated proteins, the repertoire of S-acylated proteins continues to increase. This, in turn, highlights the important roles that S-acylation plays in human physiology and disease. Recently, the first molecular structures of DHHC-PATs were determined using X-ray crystallography. This review will comment on the insights gained on the molecular mechanism of S-acylation from these structures in combination with a wealth of biochemical data generated by researchers in the field.
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11
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Darling AL, Uversky VN. Intrinsic Disorder and Posttranslational Modifications: The Darker Side of the Biological Dark Matter. Front Genet 2018; 9:158. [PMID: 29780404 PMCID: PMC5945825 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) and intrinsically disordered protein regions (IDPRs) are functional proteins and domains that devoid stable secondary and/or tertiary structure. IDPs/IDPRs are abundantly present in various proteomes, where they are involved in regulation, signaling, and control, thereby serving as crucial regulators of various cellular processes. Various mechanisms are utilized to tightly regulate and modulate biological functions, structural properties, cellular levels, and localization of these important controllers. Among these regulatory mechanisms are precisely controlled degradation and different posttranslational modifications (PTMs). Many normal cellular processes are associated with the presence of the right amounts of precisely activated IDPs at right places and in right time. However, wrecked regulation of IDPs/IDPRs might be associated with various human maladies, ranging from cancer and neurodegeneration to cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Pathogenic transformations of IDPs/IDPRs are often triggered by altered PTMs. This review considers some of the aspects of IDPs/IDPRs and their normal and aberrant regulation by PTMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- April L Darling
- Department of Molecular Medicine, USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States.,Laboratory of New Methods in Biology, Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
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12
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Rana MS, Kumar P, Lee CJ, Verardi R, Rajashankar KR, Banerjee A. Fatty acyl recognition and transfer by an integral membrane S-acyltransferase. Science 2018; 359:eaao6326. [PMID: 29326245 PMCID: PMC6317078 DOI: 10.1126/science.aao6326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
DHHC (Asp-His-His-Cys) palmitoyltransferases are eukaryotic integral membrane enzymes that catalyze protein palmitoylation, which is important in a range of physiological processes, including small guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) signaling, cell adhesion, and neuronal receptor scaffolding. We present crystal structures of two DHHC palmitoyltransferases and a covalent intermediate mimic. The active site resides at the membrane-cytosol interface, which allows the enzyme to catalyze thioester-exchange chemistry by using fatty acyl-coenzyme A and explains why membrane-proximal cysteines are candidates for palmitoylation. The acyl chain binds in a cavity formed by the transmembrane domain. We propose a mechanism for acyl chain-length selectivity in DHHC enzymes on the basis of cavity mutants with preferences for shorter and longer acyl chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra S. Rana
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Branch, National Institutes of Child Health and Human, Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD-20892
| | - Pramod Kumar
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Branch, National Institutes of Child Health and Human, Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD-20892
| | - Chul-Jin Lee
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Branch, National Institutes of Child Health and Human, Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD-20892
| | - Raffaello Verardi
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Branch, National Institutes of Child Health and Human, Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD-20892
| | - Kanagalaghatta R. Rajashankar
- NE-CAT and Dept. of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Building 436E, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL-60439
| | - Anirban Banerjee
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Branch, National Institutes of Child Health and Human, Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD-20892
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13
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Fowler NJ, Blanford CF, de Visser SP, Warwicker J. Features of reactive cysteines discovered through computation: from kinase inhibition to enrichment around protein degrons. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16338. [PMID: 29180682 PMCID: PMC5703995 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15997-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Large-scale characterisation of cysteine modification is enabling study of the physicochemical determinants of reactivity. We find that location of cysteine at the amino terminus of an α-helix, associated with activity in thioredoxins, is under-represented in human protein structures, perhaps indicative of selection against background reactivity. An amino-terminal helix location underpins the covalent linkage for one class of kinase inhibitors. Cysteine targets for S-palmitoylation, S-glutathionylation, and S-nitrosylation show little correlation with pKa values predicted from structures, although flanking sequences of S-palmitoylated sites are enriched in positively-charged amino acids, which could facilitate palmitoyl group transfer to substrate cysteine. A surprisingly large fraction of modified sites, across the three modifications, would be buried in native protein structure. Furthermore, modified cysteines are (on average) closer to lysine ubiquitinations than are unmodified cysteines, indicating that cysteine redox biology could be associated with protein degradation and degron recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Fowler
- The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom.,School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher F Blanford
- The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom.,School of Materials, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Sam P de Visser
- The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom.,School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Jim Warwicker
- The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom. .,School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom.
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14
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Migliaccio AR, Uversky VN. Dissecting physical structure of calreticulin, an intrinsically disordered Ca 2+-buffering chaperone from endoplasmic reticulum. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2017; 36:1617-1636. [PMID: 28504081 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2017.1330224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Calreticulin (CALR) is a Ca2+ binding multifunctional protein that mostly resides in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and plays a number of important roles in various physiological and pathological processes. Although the major functions ascribed to CALR are controlling the Ca2+ homeostasis in ER and acting as a lectin-like ER chaperon for many glycoproteins, this moonlighting protein can be found in various cellular compartments where it has many non-ER functions. To shed more light on the mechanisms underlying polyfunctionality of this moonlighting protein that can be found in different cellular compartments and that possesses a wide spectrum of unrelated biological activities, being able to interact with Ca2+ (and potentially other metal ions), RNA, oligosaccharides, and numerous proteins, we used a set of experimental and computational tools to evaluate the intrinsic disorder status of CALR and the role of calcium binding on structural properties and conformational stability of the full-length CALR and its isolated P- and C-domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rita Migliaccio
- a Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (ISMMS) , New York , NY , USA.,b Department of Biomedical and Neuromotorial Sciences , Alma Mater University , Bologna , Italy
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- c Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute , Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida , Tampa , FL , USA.,d Laboratory of New Methods in Biology , Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences , Pushchino , Moscow Region 142290 , Russia
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15
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Plain F, Congreve SD, Yee RSZ, Kennedy J, Howie J, Kuo CW, Fraser NJ, Fuller W. An amphipathic α-helix directs palmitoylation of the large intracellular loop of the sodium/calcium exchanger. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:10745-10752. [PMID: 28432123 PMCID: PMC5481580 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.773945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The electrogenic sodium/calcium exchanger (NCX) mediates bidirectional calcium transport controlled by the transmembrane sodium gradient. NCX inactivation occurs in the absence of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and is facilitated by palmitoylation of a single cysteine at position 739 within the large intracellular loop of NCX. The aim of this investigation was to identify the structural determinants of NCX1 palmitoylation. Full-length NCX1 (FL-NCX1) and a YFP fusion protein of the NCX1 large intracellular loop (YFP-NCX1) were expressed in HEK cells. Single amino acid changes around Cys-739 in FL-NCX1 and deletions on the N-terminal side of Cys-739 in YFP-NCX1 did not affect NCX1 palmitoylation, with the exception of the rare human polymorphism S738F, which enhanced FL-NCX1 palmitoylation, and D741A, which modestly reduced it. In contrast, deletion of a 21-amino acid segment enriched in aromatic amino acids on the C-terminal side of Cys-739 abolished YFP-NCX1 palmitoylation. We hypothesized that this segment forms an amphipathic α-helix whose properties facilitate Cys-739 palmitoylation. Introduction of negatively charged amino acids to the hydrophobic face or of helix-breaking prolines impaired palmitoylation of both YFP-NCX1 and FL-NCX1. Alanine mutations on the hydrophilic face of the helix significantly reduced FL-NCX1 palmitoylation. Of note, when the helix-containing segment was introduced adjacent to cysteines that are not normally palmitoylated, they became palmitoylation sites. In conclusion, we have identified an amphipathic α-helix in the NCX1 large intracellular loop that controls NCX1 palmitoylation. NCX1 palmitoylation is governed by a distal secondary structure element rather than by local primary sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Plain
- From the Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Samitha Dilini Congreve
- From the Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Sue Zhen Yee
- From the Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Kennedy
- From the Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline Howie
- From the Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Chien-Wen Kuo
- From the Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Niall J Fraser
- From the Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - William Fuller
- From the Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, United Kingdom
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