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Asil SM, Narayan M. Molecular interactions between gelatin-derived carbon quantum dots and Apo-myoglobin: Implications for carbon nanomaterial frameworks. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:130416. [PMID: 38428776 PMCID: PMC11290343 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Carbon nanomaterials (CNMs), including carbon quantum dots (CQDs), have found widespread use in biomedical research due to their low toxicity, chemical tunability, and tailored applications. Yet, there exists a gap in our understanding of the molecular interactions between biomacromolecules and these novel carbon-centered platforms. Using gelatin-derived CQDs as a model CNM, we have examined the impact of this exemplar nanomaterial on apo-myoglobin (apo-Mb), an oxygen-storage protein. Intrinsic fluorescence measurements revealed that the CQDs induced conformational changes in the tertiary structure of native, partially unfolded, and unfolded states of apo-Mb. Titration with CQDs also resulted in significant changes in the secondary structural elements in both native (holo) and apo-Mb, as evidenced by the circular dichroism (CD) analyses. These changes suggested a transition from isolated helices to coiled-coils during the loss of the helical structure of the apo-protein. Infra-red spectroscopic data further underscored the interactions between the CQDs and the amide backbone of apo-myoglobin. Importantly, the CQDs-driven structural perturbations resulted in compromised heme binding to apo-myoglobin and, therefore, potentially can attenuate oxygen storage and diffusion. However, a cytotoxicity assay demonstrated the continued viability of neuroblastoma cells exposed to these carbon nanomaterials. These results, for the first time, provide a molecular roadmap of the interplay between carbon-based nanomaterial frameworks and biomacromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Masoudi Asil
- The Environmental Science & Engineering Program, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Mahesh Narayan
- The Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA.
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2
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Ahmad R, Narwaria M, Singh A, Kumar S, Haque M. Detecting Diabetic Ketoacidosis with Infection: Combating a Life-Threatening Emergency with Practical Diagnostic Tools. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2441. [PMID: 37510185 PMCID: PMC10378387 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13142441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a life-threatening acute complication of diabetes mellitus and can lead to patient demise if not immediately treated. From the recent literature, the diabetic ketoacidosis mortality rate, depending on age, is 2-5%. Insulin discontinuation and infection remain the two most common triggers for diabetic ketoacidosis. About 50% of cases of ketoacidosis result from bacterial infections like urinary tract infections and pneumonia. It is also important to diagnose the presence of infection in diabetic ketoacidosis patients to prevent the excessive use of antibiotics, which may lead to antibiotic resistance. Although performing bacterial culture is confirmatory for the presence or absence of bacterial infection, the time required to obtain the result is long. At the same time, emergency treatment needs to be started as early as possible. METHODS This narrative review examines various septic markers to identify the appropriate tools for diagnosis and to distinguish between diabetic ketoacidosis with and without infection. Electronic databases were searched using the Google engine with the keywords "Diabetes Mellitus", "Diabetic Ketoacidosis", "Infection with Diabetic Ketoacidosis", "biomarkers for infection in Diabetic Ketoacidosis", "Procalcitonin", "Inflammatory cytokines in DKA", "Lactic acidosis in DKA", and "White blood cell in infection in DKA". RESULTS This narrative review article presents the options for diagnosis and also aims to create awareness regarding the gravity of diabetic ketoacidosis with infection and emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis for appropriate management. Diabetes mellitus is a clinical condition that may lead to several acute and chronic complications. Acute diabetic ketoacidosis is a life-threatening condition in which an excess production of ketone bodies results in acidosis and hypovolemia. Infection is one of the most common triggers of diabetic ketoacidosis. When bacterial infection is present along with diabetic ketoacidosis, the mortality rate is even higher than for patients with diabetic ketoacidosis without infection. The symptoms and biomarkers of diabetic ketoacidosis are similar to that of infection, like fever, C reactive protein, and white blood cell count, since both create an environment of systemic inflammation. It is also essential to distinguish between the presence and absence of bacterial infection to ensure the appropriate use of antibiotics and prevent antimicrobial resistance. A bacterial culture report is confirmatory for the existence of bacterial infection, but this may take up to 24 h. Diagnosis needs to be performed approximately in the emergency room upon admission since there is a need for immediate management. Therefore, researching the possible diagnostic tools for the presence of infection in diabetic ketoacidosis patients is of great importance. Several of such biomarkers have been discussed in this research work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahnuma Ahmad
- Department of Physiology, Medical College for Women and Hospital, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh
| | - Mahendra Narwaria
- Asian Bariatrics Plus Hospital, V Wing-Mondeal Business Park, S G Highways, Ahmedabad 380054, India
| | - Arya Singh
- Asian Bariatrics Plus Hospital, V Wing-Mondeal Business Park, S G Highways, Ahmedabad 380054, India
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Periodontology, Karnavati School of Dentistry, Karnavati University, Gandhinagar 382422, India
| | - Mainul Haque
- Unit of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Defence Health, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (National Defence University of Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
- Department of Scientific Research Center (KSRC), Karnavati School of Dentistry, Karnavati University, Gandhinagar 382422, India
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Scutca AC, Nicoară DM, Mărăzan M, Brad GF, Mărginean O. Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Adds Valuable Information Regarding the Presence of DKA in Children with New-Onset T1DM. J Clin Med 2022; 12:jcm12010221. [PMID: 36615022 PMCID: PMC9821096 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12010221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute life-threatening complication occurring mainly at the onset of type 1 diabetes mellitus. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), a marker for systemic inflammation, has recently generated increasing interest in many chronic diseases. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine the value of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in association with DKA severity across these cases. A total of 155 children with new-onset type 1 DM from one large center were included in the study. Total and differential leukocyte counts were measured upon admission and calculation of the NLR was performed. Patients were classified into four groups: without DKA, mild, moderate, and severe DKA at disease onset. Total WBCs, neutrophils, and monocytes increased with DKA severity (p-value < 0.005), while eosinophiles displayed an inverse relationship (p-value < 0.001). Median NLR scores increased from those without ketoacidosis (1.11) to mild (1.58), moderate (3.71), and severe (5.77) ketoacidosis groups. The statistical threshold value of the NLR in predicting DKA was 1.84, with a sensitivity of 80.2% and a specificity of 80%. Study findings indicate that a higher NLR score adds valuable information regarding the presence of DKA in children with new-onset T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra-Cristina Scutca
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babes”, 300040 Timisoara, Romania
- Department of Pediatrics I, Children’s Emergency Hospital “Louis Turcanu”, 300011 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Delia-Maria Nicoară
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babes”, 300040 Timisoara, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Monica Mărăzan
- Department of Pediatrics I, Children’s Emergency Hospital “Louis Turcanu”, 300011 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Giorgiana-Flavia Brad
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babes”, 300040 Timisoara, Romania
- Department of Pediatrics I, Children’s Emergency Hospital “Louis Turcanu”, 300011 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Otilia Mărginean
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babes”, 300040 Timisoara, Romania
- Department of Pediatrics I, Children’s Emergency Hospital “Louis Turcanu”, 300011 Timisoara, Romania
- Department XI Pediatrics, Discipline I Pediatrics, Disturbances of Growth and Development in Children–BELIVE, 300011 Timisoara, Romania
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Cameron SJ, Sheng J, Hosseinian F, Willmore WG. Nanoparticle Effects on Stress Response Pathways and Nanoparticle-Protein Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7962. [PMID: 35887304 PMCID: PMC9323783 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) are increasingly used in a wide variety of applications and products; however, NPs may affect stress response pathways and interact with proteins in biological systems. This review article will provide an overview of the beneficial and detrimental effects of NPs on stress response pathways with a focus on NP-protein interactions. Depending upon the particular NP, experimental model system, and dose and exposure conditions, the introduction of NPs may have either positive or negative effects. Cellular processes such as the development of oxidative stress, the initiation of the inflammatory response, mitochondrial function, detoxification, and alterations to signaling pathways are all affected by the introduction of NPs. In terms of tissue-specific effects, the local microenvironment can have a profound effect on whether an NP is beneficial or harmful to cells. Interactions of NPs with metal-binding proteins (zinc, copper, iron and calcium) affect both their structure and function. This review will provide insights into the current knowledge of protein-based nanotoxicology and closely examines the targets of specific NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shana J. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada; (S.J.C.); (F.H.)
| | - Jessica Sheng
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada;
| | - Farah Hosseinian
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada; (S.J.C.); (F.H.)
| | - William G. Willmore
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada; (S.J.C.); (F.H.)
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada;
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
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5
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Green fabrication of copper oxide nanoparticles by Tragopogon collinus leaf extract: Characterization and exploring their selective anticancer effects against human leukemia cell line. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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6
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Cheng Y, Yu W, Zhou Y, Zhang T, Chi H, Xu C. Novel predictor of the occurrence of DKA in T1DM patients without infection: A combination of neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and white blood cells. Open Life Sci 2022; 16:1365-1376. [PMID: 35071771 PMCID: PMC8760182 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2021-0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of inflammation has been identified in the pathogenesis of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). The neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and white blood cells (WBC) can be used to predict a systemic inflammatory response. Changes in NLR and WBC levels have never been explored in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients with DKA and an uninfected state. This retrospective study included a total of 644 participants. NLR and WBC were measured in the control group (n = 316) and in T1DM patients with mild-DKA (n = 92), severe-DKA (n = 52), and non-DKA (n = 184) in an uninfected state. Then, we assessed the independent predictors of DKA occurrence in T1DM patients in an uninfected state. The diagnostic performance of variables was determined by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Serum NLR of T1DM patients is significantly higher than that of normal controls, and if DKA occurs, NLR increases further and increases with the severity of DKA. In addition to diastolic blood pressure, blood urea nitrogen, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and WBC, NLR was also independently associated with DKA in T1DM patients with an uninfected state (OR = 1.386, 95% CI: 1.127-1.705, p = 0.002). Furthermore, the diagnosis analysis showed that except for NLR and WBC, the area under the curve (AUC) of indicators with a statistical difference in patients with and without DKA were 0.747 for DKA diagnosis, and after the addition of NLR and WBC, the AUC was 0.806. The increased NLR level represents a low-cost and highly accessible predictor for DKA in T1DM patients with an uninfected state. The addition of inflammation indicators can play a statistically significant role in the prediction model of the DKA occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Cheng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 324, Jing 5 Road, Jinan 250021, Shandong, China.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, 324, Jing 5 Road, Jinan 250021, Shandong, China.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan 250021, Shandong, China.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Wenhao Yu
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yuping Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Weihai Municipal Hospital, 70, Heping Road, Weihai, 264299, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Haiyan Chi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Weihai Municipal Hospital, 70, Heping Road, Weihai, 264299, China
| | - Chao Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 324, Jing 5 Road, Jinan 250021, Shandong, China.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, 324, Jing 5 Road, Jinan 250021, Shandong, China.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan 250021, Shandong, China.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan 250021, Shandong, China
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7
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Assenhöj M, Eriksson P, Dönnes P, Ljunggren SA, Marcusson-Ståhl M, Du Rietz A, Uvdal K, Karlsson H, Cederbrant K. Protein interaction, monocyte toxicity and immunogenic properties of cerium oxide crystals with 5% or 14% gadolinium, cobalt oxide and iron oxide nanoparticles - an interdisciplinary approach. Nanotoxicology 2021; 15:1035-1058. [PMID: 34468264 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2021.1966115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Metal oxide nanoparticles are widely used in both consumer products and medical applications, but the knowledge regarding exposure-related health effects is limited. However, it is challenging to investigate nanoparticle interaction processes with biological systems. The overall aim of this project was to improve the possibility to predict exposure-related health effects of metal oxide nanoparticles through interdisciplinary collaboration by combining workflows from the pharmaceutical industry, nanomaterial sciences, and occupational medicine. Specific aims were to investigate nanoparticle-protein interactions and possible adverse immune reactions. Four different metal oxide nanoparticles; CeOx nanocrystals with 5% or 14% Gd, Co3O4, and Fe2O3, were characterized by dynamic light scattering and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Nanoparticle-binding proteins were identified and screened for HLA-binding peptides in silico. Monocyte interaction with nanoparticle-protein complexes was assessed in vitro. Herein, for the first time, immunogenic properties of nanoparticle-binding proteins have been characterized. The present study indicates that especially Co3O4-protein complexes can induce both 'danger signals', verified by the production of inflammatory cytokines and simultaneously bind autologous proteins, which can be presented as immunogenic epitopes by MHC class II. The clinical relevance of these findings should be further evaluated to investigate the role of metal oxide nanoparticles in the development of autoimmune disease. The general workflow identified experimental difficulties, such as nanoparticle aggregate formation and a lack of protein-free buffers suitable for particle characterization, protein analyses, as well as for cell studies. This confirms the importance of future interdisciplinary collaborations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Assenhöj
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Peter Eriksson
- Division of Molecular Surface Physics and Nanoscience, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | | | - Stefan A Ljunggren
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | | | - Anna Du Rietz
- Division of Molecular Surface Physics and Nanoscience, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Kajsa Uvdal
- Division of Molecular Surface Physics and Nanoscience, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Helen Karlsson
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Liu X, Zhou XQ, Shang XW, Wang L, Li Y, Yuan H, Hu FQ. Inhibition of chemotherapy-related breast tumor EMT by application of redox-sensitive siRNA delivery system CSO-ss-SA/siRNA along with doxorubicin treatment. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2021; 21:218-233. [PMID: 32133799 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1900468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis is one of the main reasons causing death in cancer patients. It was reported that chemotherapy might induce metastasis. In order to uncover the mechanism of chemotherapy-induced metastasis and find solutions to inhibit treatment-induced metastasis, the relationship between epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and doxorubicin (DOX) treatment was investigated and a redox-sensitive small interfering RNA (siRNA) delivery system was designed. DOX-related reactive oxygen species (ROS) were found to be responsible for the invasiveness of tumor cells in vitro, causing enhanced EMT and cytoskeleton reconstruction regulated by Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (RAC1). In order to decrease RAC1, a redox-sensitive glycolipid drug delivery system (chitosan-ss-stearylamine conjugate (CSO-ss-SA)) was designed to carry siRNA, forming a gene delivery system (CSO-ss-SA/siRNA) downregulating RAC1. CSO-ss-SA/siRNA exhibited an enhanced redox sensitivity compared to nonresponsive complexes in 10 mmol/L glutathione (GSH) and showed a significant safety. CSO-ss-SA/siRNA could effectively transmit siRNA into tumor cells, reducing the expression of RAC1 protein by 38.2% and decreasing the number of tumor-induced invasion cells by 42.5%. When combined with DOX, CSO-ss-SA/siRNA remarkably inhibited the chemotherapy-induced EMT in vivo and enhanced therapeutic efficiency. The present study indicates that RAC1 protein is a key regulator of chemotherapy-induced EMT and CSO-ss-SA/siRNA silencing RAC1 could efficiently decrease the tumor metastasis risk after chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xue-Qing Zhou
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xu-Wei Shang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yi Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hong Yuan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fu-Qiang Hu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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9
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Ahmadabad LE, Kalantari FS, Liu H, Hasan A, Gamasaee NA, Edis Z, Attar F, Ale-Ebrahim M, Rouhollah F, Babadaei MMN, Sharifi M, Shahpasand K, Akhtari K, Falahati M, Cai Y. Hydrothermal method-based synthesized tin oxide nanoparticles: Albumin binding and antiproliferative activity against K562 cells. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 119:111649. [PMID: 33321685 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of nanoparticles with protein and cells may provide important information regarding their biomedical implementations. Herein, after synthesis of tin oxide (SnO2) nanoparticles by hydrothermal method, their interaction with human serum albumin (HSA) was evaluated by multispectroscopic and molecular docking (MD) approaches. Furthermore, the selective antiproliferative impact of SnO2 nanoparticles against leukemia K562 cells was assessed by different cellular assays, whereas lymphocytes were used as control cells. TEM, DLS, zeta potential and XRD techniques showed that crystalline SnO2 nanoparticles have a size of less than 50 nm with a good colloidal stability. Fluorescence and CD spectroscopy analysis indicated that the HSA undergoes some slight conformational changes after interaction with SnO2 nanoparticles, whereas the secondary structure of HSA remains intact. Moreover, MD outcomes revealed that the charged residues of HSA preferentially bind to SnO2 nanoclusters in the binding pocket. Antiproliferative examinations displayed that SnO2 nanoparticles can selectively cause the mortality of K562 cells through induction of cell membrane leakage, activation of caspase-9, -8, -3, down regulation of Bcl-2 mRNA, the elevation of ROS level, S phase arrest, and apoptosis. In conclusion, this data may indicate that SnO2 nanoparticles can be used as promising particles to be integrated into therapeutic platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Ebrahimi Ahmadabad
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Firoozeh Samia Kalantari
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hui Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Anwarul Hasan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; Biomedical Research Centre, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar.
| | - Niusha Abbasi Gamasaee
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zehra Edis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, PO Box 346, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Farnoosh Attar
- Department of Food Toxicology, Research Center of Food Technology and Agricultural Products, Standard Research Institute (SRI), Karaj, Iran
| | - Mahsa Ale-Ebrahim
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rouhollah
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Nejadi Babadaei
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Science, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Sharifi
- Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Koorosh Shahpasand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology (RI-SCBT), Tehran, Iran
| | - Keivan Akhtari
- Department of Physics, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Falahati
- Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Yu Cai
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China; Cancer Institute of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China.
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10
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Bychkova AV, Lopukhova MV, Wasserman LA, Pronkin PG, Degtyarev YN, Shalupov AI, Vasilyeva AD, Yurina LV, Kovarski AL, Kononikhin AS, Nikolaev EN. Interaction between immunoglobulin G and peroxidase-like iron oxide nanoparticles: Physicochemical and structural features of the protein. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2019; 1868:140300. [PMID: 31676449 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2019.140300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The study is devoted to the oxidative modification of immunoglobulin G (IgG) on the surface of peroxidase-like iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) under conditions of induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and without them. A pronounced change of thermodynamic parameters of denaturation has been detected for IgG in solutions containing MNPs under hydrogen peroxide action during 24 h of incubation. Dynamic light scattering measurements and UV-Visible spectrophotometry have been used to show aggregation in these solutions. Ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) was used to compare IgG coating thickness on individual MNPs under conditions of induced ROS generation and without them. The similarity between IgG adsorption on MNPs under these conditions after 24 h of incubation has been confirmed by the fluorescence measurements. The sites of IgG oxidative modifications that take place on MNPs surface and some evidences of the influence of oxidative modification and adsorption on the chemical structure of IgG were revealed by HPLC MS/MS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Bychkova
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygina str., 4, 119334 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Mariia V Lopukhova
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygina str., 4, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Luybov A Wasserman
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygina str., 4, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel G Pronkin
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygina str., 4, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yevgeniy N Degtyarev
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygina str., 4, 119334 Moscow, Russia; N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander I Shalupov
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygina str., 4, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandra D Vasilyeva
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygina str., 4, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Lyubov' V Yurina
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygina str., 4, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander L Kovarski
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygina str., 4, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey S Kononikhin
- Talrose Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, Semenov Federal Center of Chemical Physic, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, Russia
| | - Evgene N Nikolaev
- Talrose Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, Semenov Federal Center of Chemical Physic, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, Russia
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Gamasaee NA, Muhammad HA, Tadayon E, Ale-Ebrahim M, Mirpour M, Sharifi M, Salihi A, Shekha MS, Alasady AAB, Aziz FM, Akhtari K, Hasan A, Falahati M. The effects of nickel oxide nanoparticles on structural changes, heme degradation, aggregation of hemoglobin and expression of apoptotic genes in lymphocytes. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:3676-3686. [PMID: 31476976 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1662850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO NPs) have received great interests in medical and biotechnological applications. However, their adverse impacts against biological systems have not been well-explored. Herein, the influence of NiO NPs on structural changes, heme degradation and aggregation of hemoglobin (Hb) was evaluated by UV-visible (Vis) spectroscopy, circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and molecular modeling investigations. Also, the morphological changes and expression of Bax/Bcl-2 mRNA in human lymphocyte cell exposed to NiO NPs were assayed by DAPI staining and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), respectively. The UV-Vis study depicted that NiO NPs resulted in the displacement of aromatic residues and heme groups and production of the pro-aggregatory species. Intrinsic and Thioflavin T (ThT) fluorescence studies revealed that NiO NPs resulted in heme degradation and amorphous aggregation of Hb, respectively, which the latter result was also confirmed by TEM study. Moreover, far UV-CD study depicted that NiO NPs lead to substantial secondary structural changes of Hb. Furthermore, near UV-CD displayed that NiO NPs cause quaternary conformational changes of Hb as well as heme displacement. Molecular modelling study also approved that NiO NPs resulted in structural alterations of Hb and heme deformation. Moreover, morphological and genotoxicity assays revealed that the DNA fragmentation and expression ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 mRNA increased in lymphocyte cells treated with NiO NPs for 24 hr. In conclusion, this study indicates that NiO NPs may affect the biological media and their applications should be limited.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niusha Abbasi Gamasaee
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hawzheen A Muhammad
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Elahe Tadayon
- Faculty of Specialized Veterinary Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Ale-Ebrahim
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mirsasan Mirpour
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Lahijan Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAU), Lahijan, Guilan, Iran
| | - Majid Sharifi
- Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Salihi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.,Department of Medical Analysis, Faculty of Science, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Mudhir Sabir Shekha
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.,Department of Pathological Analysis, College of Science, Knowledge University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Asaad A B Alasady
- Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology Unit, College of Medicine, University of Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Falah Mohammad Aziz
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Keivan Akhtari
- Department of Physics, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Anwarul Hasan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mojtaba Falahati
- Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Sharifi M, Rezayat SM, Akhtari K, Hasan A, Falahati M. Fabrication and evaluation of anti-cancer efficacy of lactoferrin-coated maghemite and magnetite nanoparticles. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:2945-2954. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1650114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Majid Sharifi
- Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Rezayat
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Keivan Akhtari
- Department of Physics, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Anwarul Hasan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mojtaba Falahati
- Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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13
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Falahati M, Attar F, Sharifi M, Haertlé T, Berret JF, Khan RH, Saboury AA. A health concern regarding the protein corona, aggregation and disaggregation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019; 1863:971-991. [PMID: 30802594 PMCID: PMC7115795 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle (NP)-protein complexes exhibit the "correct identity" of NP in biological media. Therefore, protein-NP interactions should be closely explored to understand and modulate the nature of NPs in medical implementations. This review focuses mainly on the physicochemical parameters such as dimension, surface chemistry, morphology of NPs, and influence of pH on the formation of protein corona and conformational changes of adsorbed proteins by different kinds of techniques. Also, the impact of protein corona on the colloidal stability of NPs is discussed. Uncontrolled protein attachment on NPs may bring unwanted impacts such as protein denaturation and aggregation. In contrast, controlled protein adsorption by optimal concentration, size, pH, and surface modification of NPs may result in potential implementation of NPs as therapeutic agents especially for disaggregation of amyloid fibrils. Also, the effect of NPs-protein corona on reducing the cytotoxicity and clinical implications such as drug delivery, cancer therapy, imaging and diagnosis will be discussed. Validated correlative physicochemical parameters for NP-protein corona formation frequently derived from protein corona fingerprints of NPs which are more valid than the parameters obtained only on the base of NP features. This review may provide useful information regarding the potency as well as the adverse effects of NPs to predict their behavior in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Falahati
- Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, TehranMedical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Farnoosh Attar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Food Industry & Agriculture, Standard Research Institute (SRI), Karaj, Iran
| | - Majid Sharifi
- Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, TehranMedical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Thomas Haertlé
- UR1268, Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies, INRA, BP 71627, 44316 Nantes Cedex 3, France; Poznan University of Life Sciences, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Management, ul.Wołyńska 33, 60-637 Poznań, Poland; Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jean-François Berret
- Matière etSystèmes Complexes, UMR 7057 CNRS Université Denis Diderot Paris-VII, Bâtiment Condorcet, 10 rue Alice Domon et LéonieDuquet, F-75205 Paris, France
| | - Rizwan Hasan Khan
- Molecular Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry Group, Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Ali Akbar Saboury
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Wu YN, Shieh DB, Yang LX, Sheu HS, Zheng R, Thordarson P, Chen DH, Braet F. Characterization of Iron Core⁻Gold Shell Nanoparticles for Anti-Cancer Treatments: Chemical and Structural Transformations During Storage and Use. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11122572. [PMID: 30563014 PMCID: PMC6316008 DOI: 10.3390/ma11122572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Finding a cancer-selective drug that avoids damaging healthy cells and organs is a holy grail in medical research. In our previous studies, gold-coated iron (Fe@Au) nanoparticles showed cancer selective anti-cancer properties in vitro and in vivo but were found to gradually lose that activity with storage or "ageing." To determine the reasons for this diminished anti-cancer activity, we examined Fe@Au nanoparticles at different preparation and storage stages by means of transmission electron microscopy combined with and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, along with X-ray diffraction analysis and cell viability tests. We found that dried and reconstituted Fe@Au nanoparticles, or Fe@Au nanoparticles within cells, decompose into irregular fragments of γ-F₂O₃ and agglomerated gold clumps. These changes cause the loss of the particles' anti-cancer effects. However, we identified that the anti-cancer properties of Fe@Au nanoparticles can be well preserved under argon or, better still, liquid nitrogen storage for six months and at least one year, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Na Wu
- Institute of Oral Medicine and Department of Stomatology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan. ;
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Dar-Bin Shieh
- Institute of Oral Medicine and Department of Stomatology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan. ;
- Center for Micro/Nano Science and Technology, Advanced Optoelectronic Technology Center, Innovation Center for Advanced Medical Device Technology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Li-Xing Yang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan.
| | - Hwo-Shuenn Sheu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu Science-Based Industrial Park, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan.
| | - Rongkun Zheng
- Australian Centre for Microscopy & Microanalysis, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Pall Thordarson
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Dong-Hwang Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.
| | - Filip Braet
- Australian Centre for Microscopy & Microanalysis, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
- School of Medical Sciences-The Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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15
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Amin F, Bano B. Spectroscopic studies on free radical coalescing antioxidants and brain protein cystatin. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2018; 37:2949-2959. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2018.1500946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fakhra Amin
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of life sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Bilqees Bano
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of life sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaCommunicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma
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16
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Xue G, Chu XY, Zhang HY. Oxidative DNA damage is associated more with genome accessibility than spatial positioning in the nucleus. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2018; 37:1857-1862. [PMID: 29663850 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2018.1465855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Xue
- a Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070 , P. R. China
| | - Xin-Yi Chu
- a Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070 , P. R. China
| | - Hong-Yu Zhang
- a Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070 , P. R. China
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17
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Kaur G, Dogra V, Kumar R, Kumar S, Singh K. Fabrication of iron oxide nanocolloids using metallosurfactant-based microemulsions: antioxidant activity, cellular, and genotoxicity toward Vitis vinifera. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2018; 37:892-909. [PMID: 29448887 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2018.1442251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The present work aims at the fabrication of iron oxide nanocolloids using biocompatible microemulsion and their cytotoxic, genotoxic effect on Vitis vinifera plant has been evaluated. The three iron-based metallosurfactant complexes were synthesized. Nanosuspensions (Ns) were prepared using microemulsion technique and for the purpose, the microemulsion was prepared using oleic acid, butanol, tween 80 and as synthesized iron metallosurfactant. In this technique, no additional capping agent and/or reducing agent was added. Tween 80 which is a biocompatible surfactant acted as a reducing agent as well as stabilizing for the iron oxide Ns. Characterization of Ns's was done using TEM, FESEM, EDX, XRD, AFM, and zeta potential. Mixed type of iron oxide nanoparticles i.e. magnetite (Fe3O4), and maghemite (Fe2O3) with a size range of 1-16 nm was found to be present in the nanosuspensions prepared from all the three precursors. The antioxidant activity of the Fe Ns was also confirmed using DPPH assay, with order of activity FeDDA > FeCTAC > FeHEXA. The cellular toxicity of Ns was evaluated by observing the morphological changes on V. vinifera plant (petiole) using a light microscope. Further, the interactions of iron oxide Ns with V. vinifera's DNA (plant-DNA) was assessed using circular dichroism (CD) and gel electrophoresis. For the case of FeCTAC Ns, a decrease in the intensity of bands was observed indicating fragmentation or adduct formation resulting in DNA damage. In the case of FeDDA, a modest decrease in the intensity of bands was observed. However, for FeHEXA Ns, complete neutralization of bands was confirmed implying maximum damage to the plant DNA. CD, gel electrophoresis and antioxidant activity confirmed that FeHEXA Ns were most toxic and FeDDA Ns were safest among the three as-fabricated nanosuspensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurpreet Kaur
- a Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry , Panjab University , Chandigarh , India
| | - Varsha Dogra
- b Department of Environment Studies , Panjab University , Chandigarh , India
| | - Rajeev Kumar
- b Department of Environment Studies , Panjab University , Chandigarh , India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- c Department of Bio and Nano Technology , Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology , Hisar , Haryana 125001 , India
| | - Kashmir Singh
- d Department of Biotechnology , Panjab University , Chandigarh , India
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18
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Sonu VK, Rajkumar I, Bhattacharjee K, Joshi S, Mitra S. Interaction of caffeine and sulfadiazine with lysozyme adsorbed at colloidal metal nanoparticle interface: influence on drug transport ability and antibacterial activity. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2018; 37:321-335. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2018.1426497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vikash K. Sonu
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793 022, India
| | - Imocha Rajkumar
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793 022, India
| | - Kaushik Bhattacharjee
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793 022, India
| | - S.R. Joshi
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793 022, India
| | - Sivaprasad Mitra
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793 022, India
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