1
|
The Natural Product Curcumin as an Antibacterial Agent: Current Achievements and Problems. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11030459. [PMID: 35326110 PMCID: PMC8944601 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11030459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid spread of antibiotic resistance and lack of effective drugs for treating infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria in animal and human medicine have forced us to find new antibacterial strategies. Natural products have served as powerful therapeutics against bacterial infection and are still an important source for the discovery of novel antibacterial drugs. Curcumin, an important constituent of turmeric, is considered safe for oral consumption to treat bacterial infections. Many studies showed that curcumin exhibited antibacterial activities against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The antibacterial action of curcumin involves the disruption of the bacterial membrane, inhibition of the production of bacterial virulence factors and biofilm formation, and the induction of oxidative stress. These characteristics also contribute to explain how curcumin acts a broad-spectrum antibacterial adjuvant, which was evidenced by the markedly additive or synergistical effects with various types of conventional antibiotics or non-antibiotic compounds. In this review, we summarize the antibacterial properties, underlying molecular mechanism of curcumin, and discuss its combination use, nano-formulations, safety, and current challenges towards development as an antibacterial agent. We hope that this review provides valuable insight, stimulates broader discussions, and spurs further developments around this promising natural product.
Collapse
|
2
|
Alharthi S, Ziora ZM, Moyle PM. Optimized protocols for assessing libraries of poorly soluble sortase A inhibitors for antibacterial activity against medically-relevant bacteria, toxicity and enzyme inhibition. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 52:116527. [PMID: 34839159 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Increasing antimicrobial resistance is a major global health concern. Conventional antibiotics apply selection pressures, which promote the accumulation of resistant microbes. Anti-virulence strategies, in contrast, are less potent antimicrobials, but are less likely to select for resistance, can be combined with existing antibiotics to improve their activity, and in some cases can overcome antimicrobial resistance towards other antimicrobials. Sortase A inhibitors (SrtAIs) represent an exciting example of this class; however, many reported examples demonstrate poor water solubility, which complicates their biological assessment and activity. This includes reports that use antimicrobial concentrations of organic solvents or conditions that fail to solubilise these compounds for minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) assessments. Herein, we report the first study to optimise screening processes for a library of prospective SrtAIs (trans-chalcone (TC), berberine (BR), curcumin (CUR), and quercetin (QC)), including comparative assessment of the effects of various co-solvent concentrations, along with comparative assessment of their antimicrobial activities against multiple disease relevant bacterial strains (methicillin-sensitive and resistant S. aureus, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa), inhibition of the sortase A enzyme, and toxicity towards mammalian cells (HEK-293), using these optimised conditions. Optimal solubility with minimal effect on bacterial viability was observed in the presence of 5% (v/v) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-Mueller-Hinton Broth. Three antimicrobial susceptibility tests (broth microdilution, agar dilution, and disk diffusion) were assessed for their ability to accurately determine minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) data for each SrtAI. Broth microdilution and agar dilution were both effective; however, the broth microdilution assay required the addition of a colorimetric metabolic indicator (resazurin) to enable simple and reliable MIC determination due to the development of precipitants over time. In contrast, disk diffusion did not provide reliable zone of inhibition data. Identical MIC data was observed with methicillin-sensitive and -resistant S. aureus (MRSA; ATCC43300), with lower potency activity against E. coli and P. aeruginosa. Under these conditions, TC and CUR demonstrated significant toxicity towards human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) cells, with QC showing less toxicity and BR limited-to-no toxicity at its MIC. Overall, the findings of this work provide optimised processes, which will prove useful for the study of other poorly soluble antimicrobial agents and SrtAIs. The obtained data suggests that BR should be considered in preference to the other SrtAIs for the development of new antimicrobial formulations, based on its superior antimicrobial and SrtA inhibition potency, and greatly reduced toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sitah Alharthi
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, the University of Queensland, Woolloongabba 4102, Queensland, Australia
| | - Zyta Maria Ziora
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, the University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter Michael Moyle
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, the University of Queensland, Woolloongabba 4102, Queensland, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
N Vijayan A, Refaei MA, Silva RN, Tsang P, Zhang P. Detection of Sortase A and Identification of Its Inhibitors by Paramagnetic Nanoparticle-Assisted Nuclear Relaxation. Anal Chem 2021; 93:15430-15437. [PMID: 34757710 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sortase A is a virulence factor responsible for the attachment of surface proteins to Staphylococcus aureus and other Gram-positive bacteria. Inhibitors of this enzyme are potential anti-infective agents. Herein, a new highly selective magnetic relaxation-based method for screening potential sortase A inhibitors is described. A 13-amino acid-long peptide substrate of sortase A is conjugated to SiO2-EDTA-Gd NPs. In the presence of sortase A, the LPXTG motif on the peptide strand is cleaved resulting in a shortened peptide as well as a reduced water T2 value whose magnitude is dependent on the concentration of sortase A. The detection limit is determined to be 76 pM. In contrast, the presence of sortase A inhibitors causes the T2 to remain at a higher value. The proposed method is used to characterize inhibition of sortase A by curcumin and 4-(hydroxymercuri)benzoic acid with an IC50 value of 12.9 ± 1.6 μM and 130 ± 1.76 μM, respectively. Furthermore, this method was successfully applied to detect sortase A activity in bacterial suspensions. The feasibility to screen different inhibitors in Escherichia coli and S. aureus suspensions was demonstrated. This method is fast and potentially useful to rapidly screen possible inhibitors of sortase A in bacterial suspensions, thereby aiding in the development of antibacterial agents targeting Gram-positive bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anjaly N Vijayan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
| | - Mary Anne Refaei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
| | - Rebecca N Silva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
| | - Pearl Tsang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sapra R, Rajora AK, Kumar P, Maurya GP, Pant N, Haridas V. Chemical Biology of Sortase A Inhibition: A Gateway to Anti-infective Therapeutic Agents. J Med Chem 2021; 64:13097-13130. [PMID: 34516107 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is the leading cause of hospital-acquired infections. The enzyme sortase A, present on the cell surface of S. aureus, plays a key role in bacterial virulence without affecting the bacterial viability. Inhibition of sortase A activity offers a powerful but clinically less explored therapeutic strategy, as it offers the possibility of not inducing any selective pressure on the bacteria to evolve drug-resistant strains. In this Perspective, we offer a chemical space narrative for the design of sortase A inhibitors, as delineated into three broad domains: peptidomimetics, natural products, and synthetic small molecules. This provides immense opportunities for medicinal chemists to alleviate the ever-growing crisis of antibiotic resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachit Sapra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India
| | - Amit K Rajora
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India
| | - Pushpendra Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India
| | - Govind P Maurya
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India
| | - Nalin Pant
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India
| | - V Haridas
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang L, Jing S, Qu H, Wang K, Jin Y, Ding Y, Yang L, Yu H, Shi Y, Li Q, Wang D. Orientin mediates protection against MRSA-induced pneumonia by inhibiting Sortase A. Virulence 2021; 12:2149-2161. [PMID: 34369293 PMCID: PMC8354611 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1962138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-resistant pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) has severely threatened human health and arouses widespread concern. Sortase A (SrtA) is an essential virulence factor of S. aureus, which is responsible for the covalent anchoring of a variety of virulence-related proteins to the cell wall. SrtA has always been regarded as an ideal pharmacological target against S. aureus infections. In this research, we have determined that orientin, a natural compound isolated from various medicinal plants, can effectively inhibit the activity of SrtA with an IC50 of 50.44 ± 0.51 µM. We further demonstrated that orientin inhibited the binding of S. aureus to fibrinogen and diminished biofilm formation and the attaching of Staphylococcal protein A (SpA) to the cell wall in vitro. Using the fluorescence quenching assay, we demonstrated a direct interaction between orientin and SrtA. Further mechanistic studies revealed that the residues Glu-105, Thr-93, and Cys-184 were the key sites for the binding of SrtA to orientin. Importantly, we demonstrated that treatment with orientin attenuated S. aureus virulence of in vivo and protected mice against S. aureus-induced lethal pneumonia. These findings indicate that orientin is a potential drug to counter S. aureus infections and limit the development of drug resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun China
| | - Shisong Jing
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun China
| | - Han Qu
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yajing Jin
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun China
| | - Ying Ding
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun China
| | - Lin Yang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun China
| | - Hangqian Yu
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun China
| | - Yan Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun China
| | - Qianxue Li
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Dacheng Wang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang L, Wang G, Qu H, Wang K, Jing S, Guan S, Su L, Li Q, Wang D. Taxifolin, an Inhibitor of Sortase A, Interferes With the Adhesion of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcal aureus. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:686864. [PMID: 34295320 PMCID: PMC8290497 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.686864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution and spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) poses a significant hidden risk to human public health. The majority of antibiotics used clinically have become mostly ineffective, and so the development of novel anti-infection strategies is urgently required. Since Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) cysteine transpeptidase sortase A (SrtA) mediates the surface-anchoring of proteins to its surface, compounds that inhibit SrtA are considered potential antivirulence treatments. Herein, we report on the efficacy of the potent SrtA inhibitor taxifolin (Tax), a flavonoid compound isolated from Chinese herbs. It was able to reversibly block the activity of SrtA with an IC50 of 24.53 ± 0.42 μM. Tax did not display toxicity toward mammalian cells or S. aureus at a concentration of 200 μM. In addition, Tax attenuated the virulence-related phenotype of SrtA in vitro by decreasing the adherence of S. aureus, reducing the formation of a biofilm, and anchoring of S. aureus protein A on its cell wall. The mechanism of the SrtA-Tax interaction was determined using a localized surface plasmon resonance assay. Subsequent mechanistic studies confirmed that Asp-170 and Gln-172 were the principal sites on SrtA with which it binds to Tax. Importantly, in vivo experiments demonstrated that Tax protects mice against pneumonia induced by lethal doses of MRSA, significantly improving their survival rate and reducing the number of viable S. aureus in the lung tissue. The present study indicates that Tax is a useful pioneer compound for the development of novel agents against S. aureus infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guangming Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Han Qu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Shisong Jing
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuhan Guan
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Liyan Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qianxue Li
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Dacheng Wang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wu SC, Liu F, Zhu K, Shen JZ. Natural Products That Target Virulence Factors in Antibiotic-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:13195-13211. [PMID: 31702908 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The increase in the incidence of antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) associated infections necessitates the urgent development of novel therapeutic strategies and antibacterial drugs. Antivirulence strategy is an especially compelling alternative strategy due to its low selective pressure for the development of drug resistance in bacteria. Plants and microorganisms are not only important food and medicinal resources but also serve as sources for the discovery of natural products that target bacterial virulence factors. This review discusses the mechanisms of the major virulence factors of S. aureus, including the accessory gene regulator quorum-sensing system, bacterial biofilm formation, α-hemolysin, sortase A, and staphyloxanthin. We also provide an overview of natural products isolated from plants and microorganisms with activity against the major virulence factors of S. aureus and their adjuvant effects on existing antibiotics to overcome antibiotic-resistant S. aureus. Finally, the limitations and solutions of these antivirulence compounds are discussed, which will help in the development of novel antibacterial drugs against antibiotic-resistant S. aureus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai-Cheng Wu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine , China Agricultural University , No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road , Beijing 100193 , People's Republic of China
- College of Veterinary Medicine , Qingdao Agricultural University , No. 700 Changcheng Road , Qingdao , Shandong 266109 , People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine , China Agricultural University , No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road , Beijing 100193 , People's Republic of China
| | - Kui Zhu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine , China Agricultural University , No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road , Beijing 100193 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Zhong Shen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine , China Agricultural University , No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road , Beijing 100193 , People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Vollono L, Falconi M, Gaziano R, Iacovelli F, Dika E, Terracciano C, Bianchi L, Campione E. Potential of Curcumin in Skin Disorders. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2169. [PMID: 31509968 PMCID: PMC6770633 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcumin is a compound isolated from turmeric, a plant known for its medicinal use. Recently, there is a growing interest in the medical community in identifying novel, low-cost, safe molecules that may be used in the treatment of inflammatory and neoplastic diseases. An increasing amount of evidence suggests that curcumin may represent an effective agent in the treatment of several skin conditions. We examined the most relevant in vitro and in vivo studies published to date regarding the use of curcumin in inflammatory, neoplastic, and infectious skin diseases, providing information on its bioavailability and safety profile. Moreover, we performed a computational analysis about curcumin's interaction towards the major enzymatic targets identified in the literature. Our results suggest that curcumin may represent a low-cost, well-tolerated, effective agent in the treatment of skin diseases. However, bypass of limitations of its in vivo use (low oral bioavailability, metabolism) is essential in order to conduct larger clinical trials that could confirm these observations. The possible use of curcumin in combination with traditional drugs and the formulations of novel delivery systems represent a very promising field for future applicative research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Vollono
- Dermatology Unit, Department of "Medicina dei Sistemi", University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier, 1-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Mattia Falconi
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Gaziano
- Microbiology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier, 1-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Iacovelli
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Emi Dika
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti, 1-40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Terracciano
- Neurology Unit, Guglielmo de Saliceto Hospital, 29121-29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Luca Bianchi
- Dermatology Unit, Department of "Medicina dei Sistemi", University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier, 1-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Campione
- Dermatology Unit, Department of "Medicina dei Sistemi", University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier, 1-00133 Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chaudhary M, Kumar N, Baldi A, Chandra R, Babu MA, Madan J. 4-Bromo-4’-chloro pyrazoline analog of curcumin augmented anticancer activity against human cervical cancer, HeLa cells: in silico-guided analysis, synthesis, and in vitro cytotoxicity. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:1335-1353. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1604266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Chaudhary
- IKG Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Hindu College of Pharmacy, Sonepat, Haryana, India
| | - Neeraj Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Ashish Baldi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Ramesh Chandra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - M. Arockia Babu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Chandigarh College of Pharmacy, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Jitender Madan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Chandigarh College of Pharmacy, Mohali, Punjab, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jeyaraman P, Alagarraj A, Natarajan R. In silico and in vitro studies of transition metal complexes derived from curcumin-isoniazid Schiff base. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:488-499. [PMID: 30767624 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1581090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A series of transition metal complexes have been synthesized from biologically active curcumin and isoniazid Schiff base. They are characterized by various spectral techniques like UV-Vis, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and mass spectroscopies. Moreover, elemental analysis, magnetic susceptibility and molar conductivity measurements are also carried out. All these data evidence that the metal complexes acquire square planar except zinc(II) which adopts a tetrahedral geometry, and they are non-electrolytic in nature. Groove mode of binding between the calf thymus DNA (CT DNA) and metal complexes is confirmed by electronic absorption titration, viscosity and cyclic voltammetry studies. In addition to that, all the metal complexes are able to cleave pUC 19 DNA. Optimized geometry and ground-state electronic structure calculations of all the synthesized compounds are established out by density functional theory (DFT) using B3LYP method which theoretically reveals that copper(II) complex explores higher stability and higher biological accessibility. This is experimentally corroborated by antimicrobial studies. In silico Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion (ADME) studies reveal the biological potential of all synthesized complexes, and also biological activity of the ligand is predicted by PASS online biological activity prediction software. Molecular docking studies are also carried out to confirm the groove mode of binding and receptor-complex interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Porkodi Jeyaraman
- Research Department of Chemistry, VHNSN College, Virudhunagar, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arunadevi Alagarraj
- Research Department of Chemistry, VHNSN College, Virudhunagar, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Raman Natarajan
- Research Department of Chemistry, VHNSN College, Virudhunagar, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|