Evaluation of (ɳ6-p-cymene) ruthenium diclofenac complex as anticancer chemotherapeutic agent: interaction with biomolecules, cytotoxicity assays

Ru(II)/diclofenac-based complexes: DNA, BSA interaction and their anticancer evaluation against lung and breast tumor cells

Ruthenium(ii) diclofenac-based complexes of the general formula [Ru(dicl)(P-P)(bpy)]PF6 [dicl = diclofenac, bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, and P-P = 1,4'-bis(diphenylphosphino)butane (dppb) (1), 1,2'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (dppe) (2), 1,3'-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane (dppp) (3) and 1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene (dppf) (4)] are synthesized. The complexes (1-4) are characterized by elemental analyses, infrared, NMR, and UV-vis spectroscopy and (3) and (4) are characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The DNA binding of complexes (1-4), studied by circular dichroism (CD) and Hoechst 33 258 staining assay, indicates their binding with the minor grooves. The complexes interact with BSA with binding constants (Kb) in the range of 2.5 × 103-5.5 × 104 M-1. The complexes exhibit high cytotoxicity against the tumor cell lines A549, MDA-MB-231, and MCF-7 with IC50 values ranging from 0.56 to 15.28 μM. The complexes are more selective for the hormone-dependent MCF-7 breast tumor cell line and complex (1) is the most potent one. The study demonstrates the anticancer activity of ruthenium(ii)/diclofenac-based complexes.

DNA binding, antibacterial, hemolytic and anticancer studies of some fluorescent emissive surfactant-ruthenium(II) complexes

Designing the effective metallodrugs with amphiphilic nature is an active approach for the biomedical applications such as chemotheraphy, bioimaging, drug carrier, etc. To elaborate this, some fluorescent emissive surfactant-ruthenium(II) complexes and its precursor ruthenium(II) complexes have been interacted with calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) for understanding the biophysical impacts of head and tail parts of the metallosurfactants. Here, DNA binding studies were examined by UV-visible absorption, fluorescence, circular dichroism and viscosity measurements. The obtained results showed that surfactant-ruthenium(II) complexes effectively bind with CT-DNA through hydrophobic interactions dominated moderate intercalation, whereas precursor ruthenium(II) complexes interact CT-DNA through electrostatic interactions dominated moderate intercalation. Also, increase of hydrophobic alkyl amine chain length as well as size of the head group in surfactant-ruthenium(II) complexes increased the binding affinity with CT-DNA, in which tail group played a dominant role. Further investigations of antibacterial, hemolytic and anticancer activities showed that desired biological activities could be obtained by tuning the head and tail groups of the metallodrugs in near future.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.