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Chen X, Gao R, Song Y, Xu T, Jin L, Zhang W, Chen Z, Wang H, Wu W, Zhang S, Zhang G, Zhang N, Chang L, Liu H, Li H, Wu Y. Astrocytic AT1R deficiency ameliorates Aβ-induced cognitive deficits and synaptotoxicity through β-arrestin2 signaling. Prog Neurobiol 2023; 228:102489. [PMID: 37355221 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2023.102489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) seriously influences human health, and there is no effective treatment to prevent or cure AD. Recent studies have shown that angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) blockers significantly reduce the prevalence of AD, while the precise role and mechanism of AT1R in AD remain obscure. In this study, for the first time, we identified that astrocytic but not neuronal AT1R levels were significantly increased in AD model rats and found that astrocyte-specific knockout of AT1R significantly ameliorated amyloid β (Aβ)-induced cognitive deficits and synaptotoxicity. Pretreating astrocytes with an AT1R blocker also alleviated Aβ-induced synaptotoxicity in the coculture system of hippocampal neurons and astrocytes. Moreover, AT1R could directly bind to Aβ1-42 and activate the astrocytic β-arrestin2 pathway in a biased manner, and biased inhibition of the astrocytic AT1R/β-arrestin2 pathway relieved Aβ-induced neurotoxicity. Furthermore, we demonstrated that astrocytic AT1R/β-arrestin2 pathway-mediated synaptotoxicity was associated with the aggregation of autophagosomes, which triggered the disordered degradation of Aβ. Our findings reveal a novel molecular mechanism of astrocytic AT1R in Aβ-induced neurodegeneration and might contribute to establishing new targets for AD prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Ruiqi Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yizhi Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Liangyun Jin
- Electron Microscope Room of Central Laboratory, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Wanning Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Ziyan Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Hongqi Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Wenxing Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Suli Zhang
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Guitao Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Neurology and Clinical Psychology, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Lirong Chang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Huirong Liu
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Hui Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Yan Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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Kumar AP, P P, Mandal S, Kumar BRP, Raju RM, Dhanabal S, Rajagopal K, G R, X PN, Justin A. Computational studies, synthesis, in-vitro binding and transcription analysis of novel imidazolidine-2,4-dione and 2-thioxo thiazolidine-4-one based glitazones for central PPAR-γ agonism. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.135503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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3
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Lan T, Bi F, Xu Y, Yin X, Chen J, Han X, Guo W. PPAR-γ activation promotes xenogenic bioroot regeneration by attenuating the xenograft induced-oxidative stress. Int J Oral Sci 2023; 15:10. [PMID: 36797252 PMCID: PMC9935639 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-023-00217-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Xenogenic organ transplantation has been considered the most promising strategy in providing possible substitutes with the physiological function of the failing organs as well as solving the problem of insufficient donor sources. However, the xenograft, suffered from immune rejection and ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), causes massive reactive oxygen species (ROS) expression and the subsequent cell apoptosis, leading to the xenograft failure. Our previous study found a positive role of PPAR-γ in anti-inflammation through its immunomodulation effects, which inspires us to apply PPAR-γ agonist rosiglitazone (RSG) to address survival issue of xenograft with the potential to eliminate the excessive ROS. In this study, xenogenic bioroot was constructed by wrapping the dental follicle cells (DFC) with porcine extracellular matrix (pECM). The hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced DFC was pretreated with RSG to observe its protection on the damaged biological function. Immunoflourescence staining and transmission electron microscope were used to detect the intracellular ROS level. SD rat orthotopic transplantation model and superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) knockout mice subcutaneous transplantation model were applied to explore the regenerative outcome of the xenograft. It showed that RSG pretreatment significantly reduced the adverse effects of H2O2 on DFC with decreased intracellular ROS expression and alleviated mitochondrial damage. In vivo results confirmed RSG administration substantially enhanced the host's antioxidant capacity with reduced osteoclasts formation and increased periodontal ligament-like tissue regeneration efficiency, maximumly maintaining the xenograft function. We considered that RSG preconditioning could preserve the biological properties of the transplanted stem cells under oxidative stress (OS) microenvironment and promote organ regeneration by attenuating the inflammatory reaction and OS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Lan
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine & Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education & State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China ,grid.216938.70000 0000 9878 7032School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Fei Bi
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine & Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education & State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuchan Xu
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine & Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education & State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoli Yin
- grid.216938.70000 0000 9878 7032Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China ,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Function Reconstruction, Tianjin, China
| | - Jie Chen
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine & Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education & State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xue Han
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine & Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education & State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weihua Guo
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine & Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education & State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. .,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.
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Rational design, molecular docking, dynamic simulation, synthesis, PPAR-γ competitive binding and transcription analysis of novel glitazones. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Shah S, Chaple D, Arora S, Yende S, Mehta C, Nayak U. Prospecting for Cressa cretica to treat COVID-19 via in silico molecular docking models of the SARS-CoV-2. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:5643-5652. [PMID: 33446077 PMCID: PMC7814567 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1872419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome COVID-19 declared as a global pandemic by the World Health Organization has become the present wellbeing worry to the whole world. There is an emergent need to search for possible medications. Cressa cretica is reported to show antitubercular, antibacterial and expectorant property. In this research, we aim to prospect the COVID-19 main protease crystal structure (Mpro; PDB ID: 6LU7) and the active chemical constituents from Cressa cretica in order to understand the structural basis of their interactions. We examined the binding potential of active constituents of Cressa cretica plant to immensely conserved protein Mpro of SARS-CoV-2 followed by exploration of the vast conformational space of protein-ligand complexes by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The results suggest the effectiveness of 3,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid and Quercetin against standard drug Remdesivir. The active chemical constituents exhibited good docking scores, and interacts with binding site residues of Mpro by forming hydrogen bond and hydrophobic interactions. 3,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid showed the best affinity towards Mpro receptor which is one of the target enzymes required by SARS CoV-2 virus for replication suggesting it to be a novel research molecule. The potential of the active chemical constituents from Cressa cretica against the SARS-CoV-2 virus has best been highlighted through this study. Therefore, these chemical entities can be further scrutinized and provides direction for further consideration for in-vivo and in-vitro validations for the treatment of covid-19. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapan Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Priyadarshini J. L. College of Pharmacy, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dinesh Chaple
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Priyadarshini J. L. College of Pharmacy, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sumit Arora
- Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry Division, Gurunanak College of Pharmacy, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Subhash Yende
- Pharmacology Dvision, Gurunanak College of Pharmacy, Nagpur, Mahrashtra, India
| | - Chetan Mehta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences (MCOPS), MAHE, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Usha Nayak
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences (MCOPS), MAHE, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Rao P, S A, Masood G, Kusanur R, Niranjan V, Patra SM. Bioinformatics Study of Pioglitazone Analogues as Potential Anti-Diabetic Drugs. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s106816202205017x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Sellami A, Réau M, Montes M, Lagarde N. Review of in silico studies dedicated to the nuclear receptor family: Therapeutic prospects and toxicological concerns. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:986016. [PMID: 36176461 PMCID: PMC9513233 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.986016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Being in the center of both therapeutic and toxicological concerns, NRs are widely studied for drug discovery application but also to unravel the potential toxicity of environmental compounds such as pesticides, cosmetics or additives. High throughput screening campaigns (HTS) are largely used to detect compounds able to interact with this protein family for both therapeutic and toxicological purposes. These methods lead to a large amount of data requiring the use of computational approaches for a robust and correct analysis and interpretation. The output data can be used to build predictive models to forecast the behavior of new chemicals based on their in vitro activities. This atrticle is a review of the studies published in the last decade and dedicated to NR ligands in silico prediction for both therapeutic and toxicological purposes. Over 100 articles concerning 14 NR subfamilies were carefully read and analyzed in order to retrieve the most commonly used computational methods to develop predictive models, to retrieve the databases deployed in the model building process and to pinpoint some of the limitations they faced.
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Moazzem Hossen S, Akramul Hoque Tanim M, Shahadat Hossain M, Ahmed Sami S, Uddin Emon N. Deciphering the CNS anti-depressant, antioxidant and cytotoxic profiling of methanol and aqueous extracts of Trametes versicolor and molecular interactions of its phenolic compounds. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:6375-6383. [PMID: 34764755 PMCID: PMC8568997 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study sought to evaluate the central nervous system (CNS) depressant, antioxidant, and cytotoxicity activity of methanol and aqueous extract of Trametes versicolor (METV and AETV). The CNS activity was assessed by the open field, hole-cross, forced swimming, thiopental sodium-induced sleeping time, hole-board, and rotarod tests in Swiss albino mice. For both extracts, a substantial decrease in locomotion was observed in open field and hole-cross tests. In addition, the molecular docking study has been implemented through Maestro V11.1. The higher dose of METV (400 mg/kg) and the lower dose of AETV (200 mg/kg) exhibited a significant decrease in immobility time in forced swimming test and increased prolongation of sleep in thiopental sodium-induced sleeping time test, respectively. In contrast, a moderate finding was observed for the hole-board and rotarod tests. Additionally, a significant DPPH scavenging assay and a high toxicity effect in brine shrimp lethality assay were observed. Besides, five phenolic compounds, namely baicalin, quercetin, catechin, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and quinic acid, were used for the molecular docking study, whereas catechin demonstrated the highest binding affinity towards the targets. The findings conclude that the T. versicolor could be an alternative source for CNS anti-depressant and antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.M. Moazzem Hossen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh
| | | | - Mohammad Shahadat Hossain
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Saad Ahmed Sami
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Nazim Uddin Emon
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh
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Modi SJ, Kulkarni VM. Discovery of VEGFR-2 inhibitors exerting significant anticancer activity against CD44+ and CD133+ cancer stem cells (CSCs): Reversal of TGF-β induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 207:112851. [PMID: 33002846 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignancy characterized by neoangiogenesis, which is an augmented production of proangiogenic factors by the tumor and its adjacent infected cells. These dysregulated angiogenic factors are the therapeutic targets in anti-angiogenic drug development. The signaling pathway of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/VEGFR-2 is crucial for controlling the angiogenic responses in endothelial cells (ECs). In this study, we carried out a rational drug design approach wherein we have identified the novel orally bioavailable compound VS 8 as a potent VEGFR-2 inhibitor, which remarkably suppresses hVEGF and hVEGFR-2 expression in HUVECs and exhibits significant anti-angiogenic effects in CAM assay. Besides, VS 8 significantly induces apoptosis in HCC cell line (Hep G2). Later we examined its effectiveness against CD44+ and CD133+ CSCs. Here, VS 8 was found to be active against CSCs, and adequate for the cessation of the cell cycle at 'G0/G1' and 'S' phase in CD44+ and CD133+ CSCs respectively. Factually, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) stimulated epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) induces invasion and migration of HCC cells, which results in the metastasis. Therefore, we studied the effect of VS 8 on EMT markers using flow cytometry, which suggested that VS 8 significantly upregulates E-cadherin (epithelial biomarker) and downregulates vimentin (mesenchymal biomarker). Further, VS 8 downregulates the expression of EMT-inducing transcription factors (EMT-TFs), i.e., SNAIL. Altogether, our findings indicate that VS 8 could be a promising drug candidate for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth J Modi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, 411038, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vithal M Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, 411038, Maharashtra, India.
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Zhang J, Liu Y, Wang S, Que R, Zhao W, An L. Exploration of the Molecular Mechanism for Lipoprotein Lipase Expression Variations in SH-SY5Y Cells Exposed to Different Doses of Amyloid-Beta Protein. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:132. [PMID: 32477101 PMCID: PMC7235190 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques in the brain is a characteristic pathological change in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We previously found the expression of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) was increased in SH-SY5Y cells exposed to low-dose Aβ and decreased in cells with high-dose Aβ exposure, but the molecular mechanism is still unclear. Based on previous studies, the opposite regulation of histone deacetylase2 (HDAC2) and HDAC3 on LPL expression probably explain the above molecular mechanism, in which microRNA-29a and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) may be involved. This study further revealed the mechanism of HDAC2 and HDAC3 on conversely regulating LPL expression. The results showed that HDAC2 down-regulated microRNA-29a by decreasing histone acetylation (Ace-H3K9) level in its promoter region, subsequently increasing LPL expression directly or through PPARγ/LPL pathway; HDAC3 decreased LPL expression through inhibiting Ace-H3K9 levels in LPL and PPARγ promoter regions and up-regulating microRNA-29a. This study also found that with increasing concentrations of Aβ in cells, HDAC2 and HDAC3 expression were gradually increased, and Ace-H3K9 levels in LPL and PPARγ promoter region regulated by HDAC3 were decreased correspondingly, while Ace-H3K9 levels in microRNA-29a promoter region modulated by HDAC2 were not decreased gradually but presented a U-shaped trend. These may lead to the results that a U-shaped alteration in microRNA-29a expression, subsequently leading to an inverse U-shaped alteration in PPARγ or LPL expression. In conclusion, HDAC2 and HDAC3 at least partly mediate LPL expression variations in different concentrations of Aβ exposed SH-SY5Y cells, in which microRNA-29a and PPARγ are involved, and the histone acetylation level in microRNA-29a promoter region plays a key role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhu Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yufan Liu
- China Medical University-The Queen's University of Belfast Joint College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Sihui Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ran Que
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Weidong Zhao
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Li An
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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