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Al-Omary FM, Alvarez N, Al-Rasheed LS, Veiga N, Hassan HM, El-Emam AA. Novel Adamantane-Linked Isothiourea Derivatives as Potential Chemotherapeutic Agents: Synthesis, Structural Insights, and Antimicrobial/Anti-Proliferative Profiles. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:13465-13477. [PMID: 37065023 PMCID: PMC10099428 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In this study, two adamantane-linked isothiourea derivatives containing a common 4-chlorophenyl substituent coupled with 4-nitrobenzyl or 4-bromobenzyl moieties were synthesized. Both derivatives were characterized, in the solid state and in solution, through a synergistic combination of experimental and in silico techniques, and the results are of great value for the chemical and structural characterization of related compounds. The crystal structures of both derivatives were analyzed in depth, including Hirshfeld surface analysis and lattice energy calculations, revealing a predominant dispersive component of the total energy that stabilizes crystal packing. Both compounds showed potent broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and moderate activity against the pathogenic fungus Candida albicans. In addition, in vitro anti-proliferative activity assays showed that the 4-bromobenzyl analogue displays higher activity than the 4-nitrobenzyl one, with IC50 values under 30 μM against five human cancer cell lines. Our results give evidence of the potential of the adamantane/isothiourea combination to render auspicious scaffolds for new potential chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatmah
A. M. Al-Omary
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Natalia Alvarez
- Química
Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Av. General Flores 2124, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Lamees S. Al-Rasheed
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nicolás Veiga
- Química
Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Av. General Flores 2124, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Hanan M. Hassan
- Department
of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, International Costal Road, Gamasa
City, Mansoura 11152, Egypt
| | - Ali A. El-Emam
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
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Al-Wahaibi LH, Asokan KV, Al-Shaalan NH, Tawfik SS, Hassan HM, El-Emam AA, Percino MJ, Thamotharan S. Supramolecular Self-Assembly Mediated by Multiple Hydrogen Bonds and the Importance of C-S···N Chalcogen Bonds in N'-(Adamantan-2-ylidene)hydrazide Derivatives. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:10608-10621. [PMID: 35382346 PMCID: PMC8973099 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
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The present article
comprehensively examines six N′-(adamantan-2-ylidene)hydrazide
derivatives using the Hirshfeld
surface analysis, PIXEL energy for molecular dimers, lattice energies
for crystal packing, and topological analysis for intramolecular and
intermolecular interactions. The crystal structure of one of the N′-(adamantan-2-ylidene)hydrazide derivatives, namely, N′-(adamantan-2-ylidene)-5-bromothiophene-2-carbohydrazide 1, C15H17N2OSBr, has been
determined and analyzed in detail along with five closely related
structures. The molecular conformation of 1 is locked
by an intramolecular C–S···N chalcogen bond
as found in one of its closely related structure, namely, N′-(adamantan-2-ylidene)thiophene-2-carbohydrazide.
Furthermore, a detailed potential energy surface scan analysis has
been performed to highlight the importance of a chalcogen bond. Two
of these compounds possess syn-orientation for amide units, whereas
the corresponding moiety exhibits anti-conformations in the remaining
four structures. The Hirshfeld surface and its decomposed fingerprint
plots provide a qualitative picture of acyl substituent effects on
the intermolecular interactions toward crystal packing of these six
structures. Intermolecular interaction energies for dimers observed
in these structures calculated by density functional theory (B97D3/def2-TZVP)
and PIXEL (MP2/6-31G**) methods are comparable. This study also identifies
that multiple hydrogen bonds, including N/C–H···O/N
and C–H···π interactions, are collectively
responsible for a self-assembled synthon. The nature and strength
of these interactions have been studied using atoms in molecule topological
analysis. The in vitro antiproliferative activity
of compound 1 was assessed against five human tumor cell
lines and showed marked antiproliferative activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamya H. Al-Wahaibi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Karthick Vishal Asokan
- Biomolecular Crystallography Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, India
| | - Nora H. Al-Shaalan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samar S. Tawfik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Hanan M. Hassan
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, International Costal Road, Gamasa City, Mansoura 11152, Egypt
| | - Ali A. El-Emam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - M. Judith Percino
- Unidad de Polímeros y Electrónica Orgánica, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Val3-Ecocampus Valsequillo, Independencia O2 Sur 50, San Pedro Zacachimalpa, Puebla 72960, Mexico
| | - Subbiah Thamotharan
- Biomolecular Crystallography Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, India
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Al-Mutairi A, Alagappan K, Blacque O, Al-Alshaikh MA, El-Emam AA, Percino MJ, Thamotharan S. Crystallographic and Theoretical Exploration of Weak Hydrogen Bonds in Arylmethyl N'-(adamantan-1-yl)piperidine-1-carbothioimidates and Molecular Docking Analysis. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:27026-27037. [PMID: 34693122 PMCID: PMC8529591 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Crystal structures of two potential chemotherapeutic agents, namely 4-nitrobenzyl N'-(adamantan-1-yl)piperidine-1-carbothioimidate 1 and 4-bromobenzyl N'-(adamantan-1-yl)piperidine-1-carbothioimidate 2, have been analyzed in detail. X-ray analysis reveals that the molecular conformations of these compounds are strikingly different. These two structures are compared with two of their closely related structures. In the related structures, morpholine replaces piperidine. Based on the Hirshfeld surface analysis and two-dimensional (2D) fingerprint plots, we describe the effects of piperidine/morpholine and Br/NO2 groups on the intermolecular interactions. An analysis of the CLP-PIXEL energy provides insight into the energetics of the dimers observed in the title compounds and their related structures. Compound 1 stabilizes with bifurcated C-H···S, C-H···O, and O(lp)···C(π) interactions, whereas compound 2 stabilizes with C-H···N, C-H···Br, and C-H···C interactions. The energy frameworks for the crystal structures of the title compounds reveal differences. The atoms-in-molecules (AIM) analysis was performed to confirm the intermolecular interactions found in the crystal structures of 1 and 2. Additionally, docking analysis suggests that the title compounds bind at the active site of human sphingosine kinase 1, a well-known cancer target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aamal
A. Al-Mutairi
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Imam
Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kowsalya Alagappan
- Biomolecular
Crystallography Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics, School of
Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed
University, Thanjavur 613401, India
| | - Olivier Blacque
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Monirah A. Al-Alshaikh
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Sciences, King
Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali A. El-Emam
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - M. Judith Percino
- Unidad de
Polímeros y Electrónica Orgánica, Instituto de
Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad
Autónoma de Puebla, Val3-Ecocampus Valsequillo, Independencia O2 Sur 50, San Pedro Zacachimalpa, Puebla C.P.72960, Mexico
| | - Subbiah Thamotharan
- Biomolecular
Crystallography Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics, School of
Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed
University, Thanjavur 613401, India
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Al-Wahaibi L, Grandhi DS, Tawfik SS, Al-Shaalan NH, Elmorsy MA, El-Emam AA, Percino MJ, Thamotharan S. Probing the Effect of Halogen Substituents (Br, Cl, and F) on the Non-covalent Interactions in 1-(Adamantan-1-yl)-3-arylthiourea Derivatives: A Theoretical Study. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:4816-4830. [PMID: 33644590 PMCID: PMC7905817 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The effect of halogen substituents (X = Br, Cl, and F) on the crystal packing and intra- and intermolecular interactions in four adamantane-thiourea hybrid derivatives is investigated using different theoretical tools. The bromo and chloro derivatives exhibit 3D isostructurality as evident from lattice parameters, molecular conformation, and crystal packing. The density functional theory study suggests that the molecular conformation of the parent (unsubstituted) and fluoro derivatives exhibits a stable low energy anti-syn conformation. In contrast, bromo and chloro derivatives adopt stable and relatively high energy minima on their potential energy surfaces. Hirshfeld surface analysis reveals the effect of halogen substituents on the intermolecular contacts. The halogen atoms mainly reduce the contribution of H···H contacts toward crystal packing. PIXEL energy analysis indicates the strong dimer formed by N-H···S hydrogen bonds in all four structures. It also revealed that a vast number of H···H contacts observed in different dimers of these structures either presented along with other conventional interactions or solely stabilize the dimeric topology. The topological parameters for intermolecular interactions in these structures suggest an intermediate bonding character between shared and closed-shell interactions for N-H···S hydrogen bonds in the parent and chloro derivatives. In contrast, the N-H···S hydrogen bond in other structures is of a closed-shell interaction. Among four derivatives, the fluoro derivative is weakly packed in the solid state based on the PIXEL method's lattice energy calculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamya
H. Al-Wahaibi
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Princess
Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Divya Sri Grandhi
- Biomolecular
Crystallography Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics, School of
Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed
University, Thanjavur 613 401, India
| | - Samar S. Tawfik
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Nora H. Al-Shaalan
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Princess
Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A. Elmorsy
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Ali A. El-Emam
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - M. Judith Percino
- Unidad
de Polímeros y Electrónica Orgánica, Instituto
de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad
Autónoma de Puebla, Val3-Ecocampus Valsequillo, Independencia O2 Sur 50, San Pedro Zacachimalpa, Puebla CP 72960, Mexico
| | - Subbiah Thamotharan
- Biomolecular
Crystallography Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics, School of
Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed
University, Thanjavur 613 401, India
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