Metal contained Phthalocyanines with 3,4-Dimethoxyphenethoxy substituents: their anticancer, antibacterial activities and their inhibitory effects on some metabolic enzymes with molecular docking studies

Synthesis and Inhibitor Effect Novel Alkoxymethyl Derivatives of Dihetero Cycloalkanes on Carbonic Anhydrase and Acetylcholinesterase

1,3-Diheterocycloalkanes derivatives are important starting materials in fine organic synthesis. These compounds can be widely used in various fields such as industry, medicine, biotechnology and chemical technology. The paper is focused on synthesis and study of alkoxymethyl derivatives of diheterocycloalkanes (M1-M15) and inhibition effect on carbonic anhydrase and acetylcholinesterase. The structures of compounds were confirmed by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Also, in this study alkoxymethyl derivatives of diheterocycloalkanes were assessed for their influence on various metabolic enzymes, including acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and human carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes (hCA I and hCA II). The results demonstrated that all these compounds exhibited potent inhibitory effects on all the target enzymes, surpassing the standard inhibitors, as evidenced by their IC50 and Ki values. The Ki values for the compounds concerning AChE, hCA I, and hCA II enzymes were in the ranges of 1.02±0.17-8.38±1.02, 15.30±3.15-58.14±5.17 and 24.05±3.70-312.94±27.24 nM, respectively.

Effects of UV/H2O2 Degradation on the Physicochemical and Antibacterial Properties of Fucoidan

The applications of fucoidan in the food industry were limited due to its high molecular weight and low solubility. Moderate degradation was required to depolymerize fucoidan. A few studies have reported that fucoidan has potential antibacterial activity, but its antibacterial mechanism needs further investigation. In this study, the degraded fucoidans were obtained after ultraviolet/hydrogen peroxide treatment (UV/H2O2) at different times. Their physicochemical properties and antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were investigated. The results showed that the average molecular weights of degraded fucoidans were significantly decreased (up to 22.04 times). They were mainly composed of fucose, galactose, and some glucuronic acid. Fucoidan degraded for 90 min (DFuc-90) showed the strongest antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, with inhibition zones of 27.70 + 0.84 mm and 9.25 + 0.61 mm, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were 8 mg/mL and 4 mg/mL, respectively. DFuc-90 could inhibit the bacteria by damaging the cell wall, accumulating intracellular reactive oxygen species, reducing adenosine triphosphate synthesis, and inhibiting bacterial metabolic activity. Therefore, UV/H2O2 treatment could effectively degrade fucoidan and enhance its antibacterial activity.

Acetylphenyl-substituted imidazolium salts: synthesis, characterization, in silico studies and inhibitory properties against some metabolic enzymes

Herein, we present how to synthesize thirteen new 1-(4-acetylphenyl)-3-alkylimidazolium salts by reacting 4-(1-H-imidazol-1-yl)acetophenone with a variety of benzyl halides that contain either electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups. The structures of the new imidazolium salts were conformed using different spectroscopic methods (1H NMR, 13C NMR, 19F NMR, and FTIR) and elemental analysis techniques. Furthermore, these compounds' the carbonic anhydrase (hCAs) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme inhibition activities were investigated. They showed a highly potent inhibition effect toward AChE and hCAs with Ki values in the range of 8.30 ± 1.71 to 120.77 ± 8.61 nM for AChE, 16.97 ± 2.04 to 84.45 ± 13.78 nM for hCA I, and 14.09 ± 2.99 to 69.33 ± 17.35 nM for hCA II, respectively. Most of the synthesized imidazolium salts appeared to be more potent than the standard inhibitor of tacrine (TAC) against AChE and Acetazolamide (AZA) against CA. In the meantime, to prospect for potential synthesized imidazolium salt inhibitor(s) against AChE and hCAs, molecular docking and an ADMET-based approach were exerted.

Chemical, Pharmacological, and Theoretical Aspects of Some Transition Metal(II) Complexes Derived from Pyrrole Azine Schiff Base

Some new transition metal complexes were prepared by reacting metal(II) salts with Schiff base azines, which were prepared via condensation of 5-(diethylamino) salicylaldehyde and hydrazine with pyrrole-2-carbaldehyde. Their structures were confirmed based on CHN, UV-visible, FT-IR, and EPR measurements. The complexes were also assessed for their antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. Some of these chemicals were said to be extraordinarily effective in this respect. The antibacterial activities of the complexes in vitro demonstrated their potential, although the [Cu(L)(bpy] complex was suggested to exhibit moderate activity against pathogens compared to all other in this series. The cytotoxic activity of the prepared analogues showed better cell viability compared with standard cisplatin. Moreover, there is a good agreement between the experimental and theoretical findings from docking and theoretical investigations done using DFT at the B3LYP level.

Piperazine derivatives with potent drug moiety as efficient acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, and glutathione S-transferase inhibitors

Cholinesterases catalyze the breakdown of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh), a naturally occurring neurotransmitter, into choline and acetic acid, allowing the nervous system to function properly. In the human body, cholinesterases come in two types, including acetylcholinesterase (AChE; E.C.3.1.1.7) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE; E.C.3.1.1.8). Both cholinergic enzyme inhibitors are essential in the biochemical processes of the human body, notably in the brain. On the other hand, GSTs are found all across nature and are the principal Phase II detoxifying enzymes in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Specific isozymes are identified as therapeutic targets because they are overexpressed in various malignancies and may have a role in the genesis of other diseases such as neurological disorders, multiple sclerosis, asthma, and especially cancer cell. Piperazine chemicals have a role in many biological processes and have fascinating pharmacological properties. As a result, therapeutically effective piperazine research is becoming more prominent. Half maximal inhibition concentrations (IC₅₀ ) of piperazine derivatives were found in ranging of 4.59-6.48 µM for AChE, 4.85-8.35 µM for BChE, and 3.94-8.66 µM for GST. Also, piperazine derivatives exhibited Ki values of 8.04 ± 5.73-61.94 ± 54.56, 0.24 ± 0.03-32.14 ± 16.20, and 7.73 ± 1.13-22.97 ± 9.10 µM toward AChE, BChE, and GST, respectively. Consequently, the inhibitory properties of the AChE/BChE and GST enzymes have been compared to Tacrine (for AChE and BChE) and Etacrynic acid (for GST).

Phthalimide-tethered imidazolium salts: Synthesis, characterization, enzyme inhibitory properties, and in silico studies

A series of new imidazolium salts were prepared in good yield by the reaction between 1-alkylimidazole and a variety of alkyl halides. The structures of the compounds were identified by FT-IR, ¹ H NMR, and ¹³ C NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and mass spectrometry. The crystal structure of 1b was determined by the single-crystal X-ray diffraction method. The phthalimide-tethered imidazolium salts exhibited inhibition abilities toward acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and human carbonic anhydrases (hCAs) I and II, with K_i values in the range of 24.63 ± 3.45 to 305.51 ± 35.98 nM for AChE, 33.56 ± 3.71 to 218.01 ± 25.21 nM for hCA I and 17.75 ± 0.96 to 308.67 ± 13.73 nM for hCA II. The results showed that the new imidazolium salts can play a key role in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, glaucoma, and leukemia, which is related to their inhibition abilities of hCA I, hCA II, and AChE. Molecular docking and in silico absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity studies were used to look into how the imidazolium salts interacted with the specific protein targets. To better visualize and understand the binding positions and the influence of the imidazolium salts on hCA I, hCA II, and AChE conformations, each one was subjected to molecular docking simulations.

Synthesis, Spectroscopic Analysis, and in Vitro/in Silico Biological Studies of Novel Piperidine Derivatives Heterocyclic Schiff-Mannich Base Compounds

In the present study, 3-substitued-4-(4-hydroxybenzylidenamino)-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-ones (S1-8) were synthesized by treating 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (B) with eight different 3-substitued-4-amino-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazole-5-ones (T1-8) in acetic acid medium, separately. The synthesized Schiff bases (S) were reacted with formaldehyde and secondary amine such as 4-piperidinecarboxyamide to afford novel heterocyclic bases. 3-Substitued-4-(4-hydroxybenzylidenamino)-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-ones (T) were treated with 4-piperidinecarboxyamide in the presence of formaldehyde to synthesize eight new 1-(4-piperidinecarboxyamide-1-yl-methyl)-3-substitued-4-(4-hydroxybenzylidenamino)-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-ones (M1-8). The structure characterization of compounds was carried out using ¹ H-NMR, IR, HR-MS, and ¹³ C-NMR spectroscopic methods. The inhibitory properties of the newly synthesized compounds were calculated against the acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzymes. Ki values were calculated in the range of 20.06±3.11-36.86±6.17 μM for GST, 17.87±2.91-30.53±4.25 μM for AChE, 9.08±0.69-20.02±2.88 μM for BChE, respectively, Besides, IC₅₀ values were also calculated. Best binding scores of -inhibitors against used enzymes were calculated as -12.095 kcal/mol, -12.775 kcal/mol, and -9.336 kcal/mol, respectively. While 5-oxo-triazole piperidine-4-carboxamide moieties have a critical role in the inhibition of AChE and GST enzymes, hydroxy benzyl moiety is important for BChE enzyme inhibition.