Synthesis, molecular docking and ADME studies of thiazole-thiazolidinedione hybrids as antimicrobial agents

Molecular hybridization, synthesis, in vitro α-glucosidase inhibition, in vivo antidiabetic activity and computational studies of isatin based compounds

In the pursuit of novel antidiabetic agents, a series of isatin-thiazole derivatives (7a-7j) were synthesized and characterized using a range of spectroscopic techniques. The enzyme inhibitory activities of the target analogues were assessed using both in vitro and in vivo assays. The tested compounds 7a-7j demonstrated In vitro inhibitory potential against α-glucosidase, as indicated by their IC50 values ranging from 28.47 to 46.61 µg/ml as compared to standard drug acarbose IC50 value of 27.22 ± 2.30 µg/ml. Additionally, compounds 7d and 7i were chosen for in vivo evaluation of their antidiabetic efficacy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats. These compounds exhibited significant antidiabetic activity both in vitro and in vivo, compound 7d produces therapeutic effects compared to standard pioglitazone by decreasing glycaemia and triglyceride levels in diabetic animals. Furthermore, a molecular docking study was conducted to elucidate the binding interactions of the compounds within the α-glucosidase enzyme binding pocket (PDB ID 3A47) and stability was confirmed by dynamics simulation trajectories. Thus, from the above findings, it may demonstrate that isatin-thiazole hybrids constitute promising candidates in the pursuit of developing newer oral antidiabetic agents.

Organocatalytic Synthesis and DNA Interactive Studies of New 1,2,3-triazolyl-thiazolidines Hybrids

An organocatalytic [3+2] cycloaddition reaction between thiazolidine-containing β-ketoester 1 and aryl azides 2 was employed to synthesize new 1,2,3-triazolyl-thiazolidine hybrids 3. In this metal-free approach, twelve compounds were isolated in yields ranging from 23 % to 96 % by using diethylamine (10 mol%) and DMSO at 75 °C for 24 hours. DNA-binding assays were conducted through absorption, emission spectroscopy and viscosimetry analysis, to evaluate the interaction capacity of the studied derivatives with nucleic acids. All the synthesized compounds were evaluated for their interactions with a specific group of compounds containing the pharmacophoric groups triazole and thiazolidine through a molecular docking speculative study, aimed at identifying the interaction profile of these compounds with DNA. The obtained results suggest that 1,2,3-triazolyl-thiazolidine hybrids could be a promising approach in the development of novel therapeutic agents targeting DNA-related processes.

An Overview of the Structure-Activity Relationship in Novel Antimicrobial Thiazoles Clubbed with Various Heterocycles (2017-2023)

Antimicrobial resistance is an increasing problem for global public health. One of the strategies to combat this issue is the synthesis of novel antimicrobials through rational drug design based on extensive structure-activity relationship studies. The thiazole nucleus is a prominent feature in the structure of many authorized antimicrobials, being clubbed with different heterocycles. The purpose of this review is to study the structure-activity relationship in antimicrobial thiazoles clubbed with various heterocycles, as reported in the literature between 2017 and 2023, in order to offer an overview of the last years in terms of antimicrobial research and provide a helpful instrument for future research in the field.

Lymphatic endothelial-like cells promote glioblastoma stem cell growth through cytokine-driven cholesterol metabolism

Glioblastoma is the most lethal primary brain tumor with glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) atop a cellular hierarchy. GSCs often reside in a perivascular niche, where they receive maintenance cues from endothelial cells, but the role of heterogeneous endothelial cell populations remains unresolved. Here, we show that lymphatic endothelial-like cells (LECs), while previously unrecognized in brain parenchyma, are present in glioblastomas and promote growth of CCR7-positive GSCs through CCL21 secretion. Disruption of CCL21-CCR7 paracrine communication between LECs and GSCs inhibited GSC proliferation and growth. LEC-derived CCL21 induced KAT5-mediated acetylation of HMGCS1 on K273 in GSCs to enhance HMGCS1 protein stability. HMGCS1 promoted cholesterol synthesis in GSCs, favorable for tumor growth. Expression of the CCL21-CCR7 axis correlated with KAT5 expression and HMGCS1K273 acetylation in glioblastoma specimens, informing patient outcome. Collectively, glioblastomas contain previously unrecognized LECs that promote the molecular crosstalk between endothelial and tumor cells, offering potentially alternative therapeutic strategies.

Design, synthesis, molecular dynamics simulation, MM/GBSA studies and kinesin spindle protein inhibitory evaluation of some 4-aminoquinoline hybrids

The discovery of novel chemotherapeutic agents is always challenging for researchers in industry and academia. Among the recent promising anticancer therapeutic targets, an important modulatory factor in mitosis is the expression of the kinesin family motor protein (Eg5). In terms of chemotherapy treatment, mitosis has gained significant attention due to its role as one of the biological processes that can be intervened in it. This study was undertaken to design, synthesise and evaluation of 4-aminoquinoline hybrid compounds as potential Eg5 inhibitors. Based on data collected from Malachite green and steady state ATPase assays, it has been determined that compounds such as 6c, 6d, 6g, and 6h are sensitive to Eg5 inhibition. In special mention, compounds 4 and 6c showed promising inhibitory activity in Malachite green assay with IC₅₀ values of 2.32 ± 0.23 µM and 1.97 ± 0.23 µM respectively. Compound 4 showed favourable inhibitory potential Steady state ATPase Assay with IC₅₀ value of 5.39 ± 1.39 µM. We performed molecular docking, MM/GBSA calculations, and molecular dynamic simulations to evaluate the interactions between ligands and the binding site of the kinesin spindle protein to evaluate the functional consequences of these interactions. As a result of these findings, it can be concluded that these 4-amioquinoline Schiff's base hybrids may prove to be promising candidates for development as novel inhibitors of Eg5. Further in-vivo research in this area is required.

Synthesis, biological evaluation and in-silico ADME studies of novel series of thiazolidin-2,4-dione derivatives as antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer agents

Background

A novel series of thiazolidine-2,4-dione molecules was derived and their chemical structures were established using physiochemical parameters and spectral techniques (¹H-NMR, IR, MS etc.). The synthesized molecule were then evaluated for their antioxidant, anticancer and antimicrobial potential.

Results and discussion

Serial tube dilution method was employed to evaluate the antimicrobial potential against selected fungal and bacterial strains by taking fluconazole and cefadroxil as reference antifungal and antibacterial drugs respectively. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity was used to assess the antioxidant potential of the synthesized analogues. Further, the anticancer potential of the selected molecules was assessed against DU-145 cancer cell lines using MTT assay. The drug-likeness was also evaluated by studying in-silico ADME parameters of the synthesized analogues.

Conclusion

In antioxidant evaluation studies, the analogue H5 with IC₅₀ = 14.85 μg/mL was found to be the most active molecule. The antimicrobial evaluation outcomes suggested that the molecules H5, H13, H15 and H18 possessed moderate to promising activity against the selected species of microbial strains having MIC range 7.3 µM to 26.3 µM. The results of anticancer evaluation revealed that all the screened derivatives possess mild anticancer potential. The in-silico ADME studies revealed that all the compounds were found to be drug-like.