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Martin CR, Jones C, Huang C, Jomeen J, Boubert L, Marshall CA. The Tokophobia Severity Scale (TSS): measurement model, power and sample size considerations. J Reprod Infant Psychol 2022; 40:613-622. [PMID: 34106798 DOI: 10.1080/02646838.2021.1931070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the measurement model of the Tokophobia Severity Scale and consider issues of statistical power and sample size from the original instrument development study. BACKGROUND Fear of childbirth (FoC) and tokophobia represents an area of increasing concern within perinatal mental health research and clinical practice. Existing measures of the FoC have been criticised due to either measurement inconsistencies, difficulties in scoring or practical clinical application. Attempting to address these limitations, researchers developed the Tokophobia Severity Scale (TSS). A fundamental assumption underpinning the use of the TSS is unidimensionality, however this assertion may have been based on sub-optimal sample size and approach taken to factor structure determination. METHOD Parallel analysis (PA), principal components analysis (PCA), exploratory factor analysis (EFA), power analysis and sample size calculation using a reconstruction of the original dataset from published summary data. RESULTS Following replication of the original PCA, a three-factor model was found to offer a significantly better fit to data than a unidimensional model. Power analysis suggested the original study was underpowered. CONCLUSION The TSS remains a promising tool but assumptions regarding its measurement model are based on an inadequate sample size. Sample sizes for a sufficiently powered study indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin R Martin
- Institute for Clinical and Applied Health Research (ICAHR), University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Catriona Jones
- Institute for Clinical and Applied Health Research (ICAHR), University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Chao Huang
- Institute for Clinical and Applied Health Research (ICAHR), University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Julie Jomeen
- Health & Human Sciences, Southern Cross University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Laura Boubert
- Department of Psychology, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Claire A Marshall
- Perinatal Mental Health Team, Humber Teaching NHS Foundation Trust, Hull, UK
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2
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Ginter N, Takács L, Boon MJM, Verhoeven CJM, Dahlen HG, Peters LL. The Impact of Mode of Birth on Childbirth-Related Post Traumatic Stress Symptoms beyond 6 Months Postpartum: An Integrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148830. [PMID: 35886682 PMCID: PMC9316477 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: A traumatic birth can lead to the development of childbirth-related posttraumatic stress symptoms or disorder (CB-PTS/D). Literature has identified the risk factors for developing CB-PTS/D within the first six months postpartum thoroughly. However, the impact of mode of birth on CB-PTS/D beyond 6 months postpartum is scarcely studied. (2) Methods: A systematic search of the literature was conducted in the databases PubMed, Embase and CINAHL and PRISMA guidelines were followed. Studies were included if they reported the impact of mode of birth on CB-PTS/D beyond 6 months postpartum. (3) Results: In total, 26 quantitative and 2 qualitative studies were included. In the quantitative studies the percentage of women with CB-PTS/D ranged from 0.7% to 42% (between six months and five years postpartum). Compared with vaginal birth, operative vaginal birth, and emergency caesarean section were associated with CB-PTS/D beyond 6 months postpartum. Qualitative studies revealed that some women were suffering from CB-PTS/D as long as 18 years after birth. (4) Conclusions: Long- term screening of women for PTSD in the postnatal period could be beneficial. More research is needed on models of care that help prevent CB-PTS/D, identifying women at risk and factors that maintain CB-PTS/D beyond 6 months postpartum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Ginter
- Department of General Practice & Elderly Medicine, Section Midwifery Science, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands; (M.J.M.B.); (L.L.P.)
- Department of Midwifery Science, AVAG, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence:
| | - Lea Takács
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University, 116 42 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Martine J. M. Boon
- Department of General Practice & Elderly Medicine, Section Midwifery Science, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands; (M.J.M.B.); (L.L.P.)
- Department of Midwifery Science, AVAG, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Corine J. M. Verhoeven
- Department of Midwifery Science, AVAG, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Division of Midwifery, School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2HA, UK
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maxima Medical Centre, 5504 DB Veldhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hannah G. Dahlen
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia;
| | - Lilian L. Peters
- Department of General Practice & Elderly Medicine, Section Midwifery Science, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands; (M.J.M.B.); (L.L.P.)
- Department of Midwifery Science, AVAG, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia;
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Souto SPAD, Prata AP, Albuquerque RSD, Almeida S. Psychometric properties of the European Portuguese version of the Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire in pregnant women. Health Care Women Int 2021; 45:603-620. [PMID: 34283010 DOI: 10.1080/07399332.2021.1932892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The researchers' aim is to examine the psychometric properties of the European Portuguese version of the Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire version A (WDEQ-A). Data from 669 pregnant Portuguese women was collected between June and October of 2019. From the initial 33-item Portuguese version of the WDEQ-A, a 27-item instrument was developed. Five-factor solution explained 63.8% of the total variance. The factors defined by the researchers were: fear/lack of self-efficacy, loneliness, negative appraisal, lack of positive anticipation and concern for the child. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.934. The European Portuguese version of the WDEQ-A is a reliable and valid tool to measure fear of childbirth on both nulliparous and multiparous women and can be a useful tool for cross-cultural research. Moreover, researchers support the use of this tool in clinical practice to recognize and address fearful women during prenatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Patrícia Arantes do Souto
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Health: Institute of Health Sciences, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Paula Prata
- CINTESIS - Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Escola Sperior de Enfermagem do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Sofia Almeida
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Health: Institute of Health Sciences, Universidade Católica Psortuguesa, Porto, Portugal
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Weigl T, Garthus-Niegel S. [Questionnaires for the Assessment of Birth Expectancy and Birth Experience (Part 2 of a series on psychological assessment during the peripartum period)]. Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol 2021; 225:392-396. [PMID: 34058777 DOI: 10.1055/a-1471-7714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Giving birth is an intense experience and typically accompanied by severe pain. In addition to medical complications, subjective factors are likely to affect the birth experience. These include previous experiences with pregnancy and birth, previous traumatic experiences as well as birth expectations. Various questionnaires allow a standardized assessment of birth expectations and the birth experience. However, to date there is no questionnaire available in the German language that is based on diagnostic symptoms of birth-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Furthermore, current screening-tools were developed for women while men's perspectives have been neglected in research on the parental birth experience. Nonetheless, questionnaires seem to be well suited for the assessment of the birth experience of both mothers and fathers. In this way, support services could be expanded, since parents sometimes report a negative birth experience even in medically uncomplicated births. Along with the goal of enabling parents to have a positive birth experience, the prevention of the development of subclinical or even full-blown posttraumatic stress disorder after birth also plays an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Weigl
- Psychology School, Hochschule Fresenius - University of Applied Sciences, Düsseldorf, Deutschland
| | - Susan Garthus-Niegel
- Fakultät Medizin, MSH Medical School Hamburg - University of Applied Sciences and Medical University, Hamburg, Deutschland.,Institut und Poliklinik für Arbeits- und Sozialmedizin, TU Dresden, Dresden, Deutschland
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Roldán-Merino J, Ortega-Cejas CM, Lluch-Canut T, Farres-Tarafa M, Biurrun-Garrido A, Casas I, Castrillo-Pérez MI, Vicente-Hernández MM, Jimenez-Barragan M, Martínez-Mondejar R, Hurtado-Pardos B, Cabrera-Jaime S. Validity and reliability of the Spanish version of the "Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire" (W-DEQ-B). PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249942. [PMID: 33901208 PMCID: PMC8075224 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire (W-DEQ-B) is an instrument that allows the experiences around fear of childbirth to be examined after the birth. It is currently the most widely used to measure different aspects related to the fear of childbirth and enables healthcare and additional assistance to women after birth to be adapted according to their needs. The objective of this study was to translate the W-DEQ-B into Spanish and analyse its reliability and validity. The study was carried out in two phases: (1) transcultural adaption of the questionnaire to Spanish and (2) a transversal study in a sample of 190 postpartum women from Sexual and Reproductive Health Clinics in the province of Barcelona (Spain). The psychometric properties were examined in terms of reliability (internal consistency and temporal stability) and construct validity (confirmatory factorial analysis [CFA] and exploratory factorial analysis [EFA]). The results of the CFA did not confirm unidimensionality of the W-DEQ-B questionnaire. The EFA suggested four very similar, but not identical, dimensions to those obtained in other studies in which the W-DEQ-B has been evaluated. Both the Cronbach's alpha and the omega coefficient were adequate for the total questionnaire and for each of the four dimensions. The results of this study confirm that the W-DEQ-B is multi-dimensional. In the Spanish version of the W-DEQ-B-Sp four dimensions have been identified that allow the experiences around fear of childbirth to be examined after the birth. The Spanish version of the WDEQ-B (WDEQ-B-Sp) is reliable and valid for the measurement of fear of childbirth in clinical practice and for use in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Roldán-Merino
- Campus Docent, Sant Joan de Déu—Fundació Privada, School of Nursing, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Research Group GIES (Grupo de investigación en Enfermería, Educación y Sociedad), Barcelona, Spain
- Research Group GEIMAC (Consolidated Group 2017–1681: Group of Studies of Invariance of the Instruments of Measurement and Analysis of Change in the Social and Health Areas), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Celia Maria Ortega-Cejas
- Midwife, Sexual and Reproductive Health Clinic (ASSIR), Mollet del Vallès Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Lluch-Canut
- Research Group GEIMAC (Consolidated Group 2017–1681: Group of Studies of Invariance of the Instruments of Measurement and Analysis of Change in the Social and Health Areas), Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariona Farres-Tarafa
- Campus Docent, Sant Joan de Déu—Fundació Privada, School of Nursing, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Research Group GIES (Grupo de investigación en Enfermería, Educación y Sociedad), Barcelona, Spain
- Member Research Group GRISIMula (Grupo emergente 2017 SGR 531; Grupo en Recerca Enfermera en Simulación), Barcelona, Spain
- Secretary, GRISCA Research Group (Nursing Simulation in Catalonia and Andorra Research Group), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ainoa Biurrun-Garrido
- Campus Docent, Sant Joan de Déu—Fundació Privada, School of Nursing, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Research Group GIES (Grupo de investigación en Enfermería, Educación y Sociedad), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irma Casas
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Preventive Medicine Service, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, Spain
- Research Group Innovation in Respiratory Infections and Tuberculosis Diagnosis (Group Consolidat 2017 SGR 494), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Marta Jimenez-Barragan
- Midwifery Coordinator, Sexual and Reproductive Health Clinic (ASSIR) Fundació Assistencial Mútua Terrassa, (Terrassa) Midwife, Sexual and Reproductive Health Clinic (ASSIR) Rambla Terrassa, (Terrassa) Docente en Fundació Universitaria del Bages, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Barbara Hurtado-Pardos
- Campus Docent, Sant Joan de Déu—Fundació Privada, School of Nursing, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Research Group GIES (Grupo de investigación en Enfermería, Educación y Sociedad), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Cabrera-Jaime
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Corporate Care Management, Institut Català d’Oncologia (ICO), L’Hospitalet de LLobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- GRIN Group, IDIBELL, Institute of Biomedical Research, Barcelona, Spain
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Martin C, Jones C, Marshall CA, Huang C, Reeve J, Fleming MP, König J, Jomeen J. Fear of childbirth measurement: appraisal of the content overlap of four instruments. J Reprod Infant Psychol 2020; 40:329-341. [DOI: 10.1080/02646838.2020.1861226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Colin Martin
- Institute for Clinical and Applied Health Research (ICAHR), University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Catriona Jones
- Institute for Clinical and Applied Health Research (ICAHR), University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Claire A. Marshall
- East Yorkshire Perinatal Mental Health Liaison Team, Humber Teaching NHS Foundation Trust, Hull, UK
| | - Chao Huang
- Institute for Clinical and Applied Health Research (ICAHR), University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Joanne Reeve
- Academy of Primary Care, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Mick P. Fleming
- Faculty of Wellbeing, University College Isle of Man, Isle of Man, UK
| | - Julia König
- Department of Clinical and Biological Psychology, Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt, Eichstätt, Germany
| | - Julie Jomeen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Southern Cross University, Lismore, Australia
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Jomeen J, Martin CR, Jones C, Marshall C, Ayers S, Burt K, Frodsham L, Horsch A, Midwinter D, O'Connell M, Shakespeare J, Sheen K, Thomson G. Tokophobia and fear of birth: a workshop consensus statement on current issues and recommendations for future research. J Reprod Infant Psychol 2020; 39:2-15. [PMID: 33206580 DOI: 10.1080/02646838.2020.1843908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To discuss and develop a statement on the current state of the evidence and opinion in Fear of Childbirth (FoC) and Tokophobia (Tocophobia), and to provide recommendations. Background: A group met in 2019 to discuss the state of clinical and academic knowledge relating to FoC/Tokophobia. Five key areas were agreed as the focus of the meeting. Methods: 12 internationally acknowledged experts, in this or a closely related area (e.g. PTSD) met to discuss their understanding of the evidence for FoC/ Tokophobia and current practice. The consensus described in this paper constitutes the expression of the general opinion of the participants and does not necessarily imply unanimity. Keys points: Work focussed on tokophobia is recent and there remains a wide range of issues, which were addressed in the workshop including complexity in defining prevalence, a theoretical lack of understanding, which creates challenge for robust assessment and the identification of risk factors. An improved aetiological and developmental understanding of the tokophobia is required to underpin appropriate, effective and evidence-based interventions. Evaluation of pathways of care and relevant interventions, should be a focus of future research. Conclusion: Significant gaps remain within the FoC/tokophobia knowledge base. Further research is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jomeen
- School of Health & Human Sciences, Southern Cross University , Bilinga, Australia.,Institute for Clinical and Applied Health Research (ICAHR), University of Hull , Hull, UK
| | - C R Martin
- School of Health & Human Sciences, Southern Cross University , Bilinga, Australia.,Institute for Clinical and Applied Health Research (ICAHR), University of Hull , Hull, UK.,School of Nursing and Allied Health, Buckinghamshire New University , High Wycombe, UK
| | - C Jones
- Institute for Clinical and Applied Health Research (ICAHR), University of Hull , Hull, UK
| | - C Marshall
- Perinatal Mental Health Team, Humber Teaching NHS Foundation Trust , Hull, UK
| | - S Ayers
- Centre for Maternal and Child Health Research, School of Health Sciences, City, University of London , London, UK
| | - K Burt
- Expert by Experience , UK
| | - L Frodsham
- Obstetric Medicine, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust , London, UK
| | - A Horsch
- Institute of Higher Education and Research in Healthcare (IUFRS), University of Lausanne , Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department Woman-Mother-Child, University Hospital , Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - D Midwinter
- Maternity and Midwifery Services, North Lincolnshire and Goole NHS Foundation Trust , Scunthorpe, UK
| | - M O'Connell
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Royal College of Surgeons Ireland in Bahrain , Adliya, Bahrain
| | | | - K Sheen
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool, UK
| | - G Thomson
- Maternal and Infant Nutrition & Nurture Unit, School of Community Health & Midwifery, University of Central Lancashire , Lancashire, UK.,School of Education, Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University , Falun, Sweden
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