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Vigh-Larsen JF, Junge N, Cialdella-Kam L, Tomás R, Young L, Krustrup P, Mohr M, Nybo L. Testing in Intermittent Sports-Importance for Training and Performance Optimization in Adult Athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2024; 56:1505-1537. [PMID: 39004796 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Performance in intermittent sports relies on the interplay between multiple physiological systems determining the capacity to perform short explosive efforts as well as repeated intense actions with limited recovery over the course of an entire game. Testing should reflect these demands to allow for sport- and position-specific capacity analyses that eventually may translate into optimized training and improved performance. This may include individual load management and optimized training prescription, intensity targeting for specific positions or individual athletes, as well as benchmarking for monitoring of training progression and enhanced engagement of athletes. This review provides an overview of available tests in different exercise domains identified as relevant (from assessment of single explosive actions to intermittent endurance capacity), forming the basis for recommendations on how to compose a comprehensive yet feasible test battery that may be integrated into the seasonal competition and training plan. The test procedures should cover the performance spectrum of relevance for the individual athlete-also in team sports to account for positional differences. We emphasize the benefits of sport-specific tests, highlight parameters of importance for test standardization, and discuss how the applied test battery may be supplemented with secondary tests directed toward specific energy systems to allow for more in-depth analyses when required (e.g., in terms of an underperforming athlete). The synergy between testing and tracking of match performance (utilizing time-motion or global positioning systems) is highlighted, and although tracking cannot substitute for testing, combining the tools may provide a comprehensive overview of the physiological demands and performance during competition contextualized to the athletes' maximal exercise capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicklas Junge
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sport Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DENMARK
| | - Lynn Cialdella-Kam
- Warfighter Performance Department, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA
| | - Rita Tomás
- Portugal Football School, Federação Portuguesa de Futebol Avenida das Seleções, Oeiras, PORTUGAL
| | - Laura Young
- American College of Sports Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | | | | | - Lars Nybo
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sport Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DENMARK
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Robertson CM, Pullinger SA, Robinson WR, Smith ME, Burniston JG, Edwards BJ. Circadian variation in muscle force output in males using isokinetic, isometric dynamometry: can we observe this in multi-joint movements using the muscleLab force-velocity encoder and are they similar in peak and magnitude? Chronobiol Int 2024; 41:709-724. [PMID: 38722075 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2024.2348011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
We have investigated the magnitude of circadian variation in Isokinetic and Isometric strength of the knee extensors and flexors, as well as back squat and bench press performance using the MuscleLab force velocity transducer. Ten resistance-trained males (mean±SD: age 21.5 ± 1.1 years; body mass 78.3 ± 5.2 kg; height 1.71 ± 0.07 m) underwent a) three to four familiarization sessions on each dynamometer and b) four sessions at different times of day (03:00, 09:00, 15:00 and 21:00 h). Each session was administered in a counterbalanced order and included a period when Perceived onset of mood states (POMS), then rectal and muscle temperature (Trec, Tm) was measured at rest, after which a 5-min standardized 150 W warm-up was performed on a cycle ergometer. Once completed, Isokinetic (60 and 240°·s-1 for extension and flexion) and Isometric dynamometry with peak torque (PT), time-to-peak-torque (tPT) and peak force (PF) and % activation was measured. Lastly, Trec and Tm were measured before the bench press (at 30, 50 and 70 kg) and back squat (at 40, 60 and 80 kg) exercises. A linear encoder was attached to an Olympic bar used for the exercises and average force (AF), peak velocity (PV) and time-to-peak-velocity (tPV) were measured (MuscleLab software; MuscleLab Technology, Langesund, Norway) during the concentric phase of the movements. Five-min recovery was allowed between each set with three repetitions being completed. General linear models with repeated measures and cosinor analysis were used to analyse the data. Values for Trec and Tm at rest were higher in the evening compared to morning values (Acrophase Φ: 16:35 and 17:03 h, Amplitude A: 0.30 and 0.23°C, Mesor M: 36.64 and 37.43°C, p < 0.05). Vigor, happy and fatigue mood states responses showed Φ 16:11 and 16:03 h and 02:05 h respectively. Circadian rhythms were apparent for all variables irrespective of equipment used where AF, PF and PT values peaked between 16:18 and 18:34 h; PV, tPV and tPT peaked between 05:54 and 08:03 h (p < 0.05). In summary, circadian rhythms in force output (force, torque, power, and velocity) were shown for isokinetic, isometric dynamometers and complex multi-joint movements (using a linear encoder); where tPV and tPT occur in the morning compared to the evening. Circadian rhythms in strength can be detected using a portable, low-cost instrument that shows similar cosinor characteristics as established dynamometers. Hence, muscle-strength can be measured in a manner that is more directly transferable to the world of athletic and sports performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin M Robertson
- Sport, School of Health, Social Work and Sport, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Samuel A Pullinger
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
- Sport Science Department, Inspire Institute of Sport, Bellary, India
| | - William R Robinson
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Matt E Smith
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jatin G Burniston
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ben J Edwards
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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Munnilari M, Bommasamudram T, Easow J, Tod D, Varamenti E, Edwards BJ, Ravindrakumar A, Gallagher C, Pullinger SA. Diurnal variation in variables related to cognitive performance: a systematic review. Sleep Breath 2024; 28:495-510. [PMID: 37589927 PMCID: PMC10955027 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-023-02895-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this review was to assess current evidence regarding changes in cognitive function according to time-of-day (TOD) and assess the key components of research design related to manuscripts of chronobiological nature. METHODS An English-language literature search revealed 523 articles through primary database searches, and 1868 via organization searches/citation searching. The inclusion criteria were met by eleven articles which were included in the review. The inclusion criteria set were healthy adult males, a minimum of two timepoints including morning and evening, cognitive measures of performance, and peer-reviewed academic paper. RESULTS It was established that cognitive performance varies with TOD and the degree of difference is highly dependent on the type of cognitive task with differences ranging from 9.0 to 34.2% for reaction time, 7.3% for alertness, and 7.8 to 40.3% for attention. The type of cognitive function was a determining factor as to whether the performance was better in the morning, evening, or afternoon. CONCLUSION Although some studies did not establish TOD differences, reaction time and levels of accuracy were highest in the evening. This implies that cognitive processes are complex, and existing research is contradictory. Some studies or cognitive variables did not show any measurable TOD effects, which may be due to differences in methodology, subjects involved, testing protocols, and confounding factors. No studies met all requirements related to chronobiological research, highlighting the issues around methodology. Therefore, future research must use a rigorous, approach, minimizing confounding factors that are specific to examinations of TOD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhavi Munnilari
- Department of Exercise and Sports Science, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Tulasiram Bommasamudram
- Department of Exercise and Sports Science, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
| | - Judy Easow
- Department of Exercise and Sports Science, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - David Tod
- Faculty of Health & Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | | | - Ben J Edwards
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Aishwarya Ravindrakumar
- Department of Exercise and Sports Science, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Chloe Gallagher
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Samuel A Pullinger
- Sport Science Department, Inspire Institute of Sport, Vidyanagar, Dist, Bellary, 583275, India.
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Zelenović M, Kontro T, Čaušević D, Bjelica B, Aksović N, Milanović Z. Warm-up is an efficient strategy to prevent diurnal variation of short-term maximal performance in young basketball players. Chronobiol Int 2024; 41:439-446. [PMID: 38353223 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2024.2313646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to investigate: 1) whether there were morning-to-evening differences in short-term maximal performance and 2) the impact of prolonged and specific warm-up on short-term maximal performance diurnal variations in young basketball players. Fifteen basketball players of both sexes (Male = 8; Female = 7; age: 14.4 ± 0.46 yr; weight: 64.7 ± 7.1 kg; height: 175.2 ± 6.6 cm; BMI: 21.1 ± 1.9 kg/m2) completed the following short-term maximal performance tests: CMJ with and without arm swing, Lane Agility Drill, Zig-Zag agility test with and without the ball, Sprint 20 m with and without the ball with the passage at 5 and 10 m. All tests were performed after the 15-min standard warm-up procedure (with static stretching) and/or 25-min specific warm-up (with prolonged running and dynamic stretching) in the morning and evening. Vertical jumping tests and all change-of-direction speed tests (with and without a ball) with superior responses were achieved in the evening after standard warm-up among all participants (p < 0.05). In contrast, superior short-term maximal performance was observed in the morning after prolonged and specific warm-up protocol (p < 0.05). It was concluded that specific and prolonged warm-up protocols are suitable strategy to prevent diurnal variation in short-term maximal performance in young basketball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Zelenović
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of East Sarajevo, East Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Titta Kontro
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Denis Čaušević
- Faculty of Sports and Physical Education, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Bojan Bjelica
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of East Sarajevo, East Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Nikola Aksović
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Priština-Kosovska Mitrovica, Leposavić, Serbia
| | - Zoran Milanović
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
- Science and Research Centre, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Koper, Slovenia
- Faculty of Sports Studies, Incubator of Kinanthropological Research, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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Heller HC, Herzog E, Brager A, Poe G, Allada R, Scheer FAJL, Carskadon M, de la Iglesia HO, Jang R, Montero A, Wright K, Mouraine P, Walker MP, Goel N, Hogenesch J, Van Gelder RN, Kriegsfeld L, Mah C, Colwell C, Zeitzer J, Grandner M, Jackson CL, Prichard JR, Kay SA, Paul K. The Negative Effects of Travel on Student Athletes Through Sleep and Circadian Disruption. J Biol Rhythms 2024; 39:5-19. [PMID: 37978840 PMCID: PMC11262807 DOI: 10.1177/07487304231207330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Collegiate athletes must satisfy the academic obligations common to all undergraduates, but they have the additional structural and social stressors of extensive practice time, competition schedules, and frequent travel away from their home campus. Clearly such stressors can have negative impacts on both their academic and athletic performances as well as on their health. These concerns are made more acute by recent proposals and decisions to reorganize major collegiate athletic conferences. These rearrangements will require more multi-day travel that interferes with the academic work and personal schedules of athletes. Of particular concern is additional east-west travel that results in circadian rhythm disruptions commonly called jet lag that contribute to the loss of amount as well as quality of sleep. Circadian misalignment and sleep deprivation and/or sleep disturbances have profound effects on physical and mental health and performance. We, as concerned scientists and physicians with relevant expertise, developed this white paper to raise awareness of these challenges to the wellbeing of our student-athletes and their co-travelers. We also offer practical steps to mitigate the negative consequences of collegiate travel schedules. We discuss the importance of bedtime protocols, the availability of early afternoon naps, and adherence to scheduled lighting exposure protocols before, during, and after travel, with support from wearables and apps. We call upon departments of athletics to engage with sleep and circadian experts to advise and help design tailored implementation of these mitigating practices that could contribute to the current and long-term health and wellbeing of their students and their staff members.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Craig Heller
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Erik Herzog
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Allison Brager
- U.S. Army John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School, Fort Bragg, North California, USA
| | - Gina Poe
- UCLA Brain Research Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ravi Allada
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Frank A. J. L. Scheer
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mary Carskadon
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Bradley Hospital, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | | | - Rockelle Jang
- UCLA Brain Research Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ashley Montero
- Department of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Kenneth Wright
- Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Philippe Mouraine
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Matthew P. Walker
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Namni Goel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - John Hogenesch
- Department of Genetics, Cincinnati University, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Lance Kriegsfeld
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Cheri Mah
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Christopher Colwell
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jamie Zeitzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Chandra L. Jackson
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Steve A. Kay
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ketema Paul
- Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Hunter SK, S Angadi S, Bhargava A, Harper J, Hirschberg AL, D Levine B, L Moreau K, J Nokoff N, Stachenfeld NS, Bermon S. The Biological Basis of Sex Differences in Athletic Performance: Consensus Statement for the American College of Sports Medicine. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:2328-2360. [PMID: 37772882 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Biological sex is a primary determinant of athletic performance because of fundamental sex differences in anatomy and physiology dictated by sex chromosomes and sex hormones. Adult men are typically stronger, more powerful, and faster than women of similar age and training status. Thus, for athletic events and sports relying on endurance, muscle strength, speed, and power, males typically outperform females by 10%-30% depending on the requirements of the event. These sex differences in performance emerge with the onset of puberty and coincide with the increase in endogenous sex steroid hormones, in particular testosterone in males, which increases 30-fold by adulthood, but remains low in females. The primary goal of this consensus statement is to provide the latest scientific knowledge and mechanisms for the sex differences in athletic performance. This review highlights the differences in anatomy and physiology between males and females that are primary determinants of the sex differences in athletic performance and in response to exercise training, and the role of sex steroid hormones (particularly testosterone and estradiol). We also identify historical and nonphysiological factors that influence the sex differences in performance. Finally, we identify gaps in the knowledge of sex differences in athletic performance and the underlying mechanisms, providing substantial opportunities for high-impact studies. A major step toward closing the knowledge gap is to include more and equitable numbers of women to that of men in mechanistic studies that determine any of the sex differences in response to an acute bout of exercise, exercise training, and athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra K Hunter
- Exercise Science Program, Department of Physical Therapy, and Athletic and Human Performance Center, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI
| | | | - Aditi Bhargava
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Joanna Harper
- Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Angelica Lindén Hirschberg
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, and Department of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, SWEDEN
| | - Benjamin D Levine
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Kerrie L Moreau
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, and Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Aurora, CO
| | - Natalie J Nokoff
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Endocrinology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Nina S Stachenfeld
- The John B. Pierce Laboratory and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Stéphane Bermon
- Health and Science Department, World Athletics, Monaco and the LAMHESS, University Côte d'Azur, Nice, FRANCE
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Bougrine H, Salem A, Nasser N, Ammar A, Chtourou H, Souissi N. Ramadan Fasting and Short-Term Maximal Physical Performance: Searching for Optimal Timing of the Last Meal "Suhoor" in Female Pre-University Handball Players. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ 2023; 13:2160-2178. [PMID: 37887153 PMCID: PMC10606875 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe13100152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Aiming to identify the ideal suhoor timing for maintaining optimal physical performance and health indicators during Ramadan intermittent fasting, the present study compares the effects of early vs. late Suhoor on short-term high-intensity physical exercise while controlling the body mass index (BMI) oral temperature (OT), dietary intake, and sleep patterns. In a randomized design, 19 female pre-university handball players (age: 16.8 ± 0.4 y; height: 1.70 ± 0.9 m; and body mass: 61.5 ± 6.9 kg) underwent two test sessions (at 08:00 a.m. and 05:00 p.m.) at four different conditions: ten days prior to Ramadan (R - 10), the final ten days of Ramadan (R) including both Early Suhoor R(ES) and Late Suhoor R(LS) conditions, and the ten days immediately following Ramadan (R + 10). A recovery period of at least 48 h has been set between successive test sessions at each period. Outcome measures included the Countermovement Jumps Test (CMJ), Modified Agility t-Test (MATT), Repeated Sprint Ability (RSA), and Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), OT, BMI, and daily diary intake were assessed across the three periods. The total scores of PSQI decreased significantly during R and R + 10 compared to R - 10. When performed in the afternoon, CMJ, MATT, and RSA performance decreased significantly at R(ES) and R(LS) conditions compared to R - 10. However, these performances decreased only after R(ES) when performed in the morning. Furthermore, performances were lower during R(ES) compared to R(LS) in the afternoon for all tests and the morning for MATT and RSA tests. These findings support prior research showing a deterioration of physical performance during Ramadan fasting and indicate a more pronounced impact following early Suhoor condition. Therefore, consuming a late suhoor, closer to pre-dawn time, could be suggested as an effective strategy to minimize physical performance decline during short-term high-intensity exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houda Bougrine
- Physical Activity Research Unit, Sport and Health (UR18JS01), National Observatory of Sports, Tunis 1003, Tunisia; (H.B.); (N.N.); (H.C.); (N.S.)
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education Gafsa, Gafsa University, Gafsa 2100, Tunisia
| | - Atef Salem
- Physical Activity Research Unit, Sport and Health (UR18JS01), National Observatory of Sports, Tunis 1003, Tunisia; (H.B.); (N.N.); (H.C.); (N.S.)
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Nidhal Nasser
- Physical Activity Research Unit, Sport and Health (UR18JS01), National Observatory of Sports, Tunis 1003, Tunisia; (H.B.); (N.N.); (H.C.); (N.S.)
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia
| | - Achraf Ammar
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
- Research Laboratory, Molecular Bases of Human Pathology, LR19ES13, Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3029, Tunisia
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology, and Psychology: Physical Activity, Health, and Learning (LINP2), UFR STAPS (Faculty of Sport Sciences), UPL, Paris Nanterre University, 92000 Nanterre, France
| | - Hamdi Chtourou
- Physical Activity Research Unit, Sport and Health (UR18JS01), National Observatory of Sports, Tunis 1003, Tunisia; (H.B.); (N.N.); (H.C.); (N.S.)
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia
| | - Nizar Souissi
- Physical Activity Research Unit, Sport and Health (UR18JS01), National Observatory of Sports, Tunis 1003, Tunisia; (H.B.); (N.N.); (H.C.); (N.S.)
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education Ksar-Saïd, Manouba University, Mannouba 2010, Tunisia
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8
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Klaus-Karwisch S, Merkle A, Werner S, Ruf L, Woll A, Härtel S, Altmann S. Sprint and jump performances of female athletes are enhanced in the evening but not associated with individual chronotype. Chronobiol Int 2023; 40:1427-1434. [PMID: 37828767 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2023.2267659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Sprint and jump performances represent performance-determining parameters in individual and team sports. Fluctuations in performance depending on the daytime raise the question of the best time to train and compete. Given the scarce research on females, this study aimed to analyze the influence of daytime on sprint and jump performances and to investigate whether the performance difference is related to the chronotype. Thus, 23 female sports students completed a questionnaire to assess their chronotype followed by performing two 30 m sprints, 5 Repeated Jump Tests (5RJT), and countermovement jumps (CMJ) in the morning (7:00-9:00 h) and evening (17:00-19:00 h). Time after 5 m, 10 m, and 30 m during the sprints, reactive strength index (RSI) during the 5RJTs, and jump height during the CMJs were examined. The performance during the 30 m sprint (t(22) = 5.28, p < 0.01 moderate effect size: 0.50) and the two jump tests (5RJT: t(22) = 8.27, p < 0.01 large effect size: 0.95; CMJ: t(22) = 5.46, p < 0.01 moderate effect size: 0.79) were significantly better in the evening than in the morning. There was no significant correlation between chronotype and the time-of-day effect. The results should be considered when planning training and competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Klaus-Karwisch
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alina Merkle
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Selina Werner
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ludwig Ruf
- TSG 1899 Hoffenheim, Zuzenhausen, Germany
- TSG ResearchLab gGmbH, Zuzenhausen, Germany
| | - Alexander Woll
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Altmann
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- TSG ResearchLab gGmbH, Zuzenhausen, Germany
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9
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Gallagher C, Green CE, Kenny ML, Evans JR, McCullagh GDW, Pullinger SA, Edwards BJ. Is implementing a post-lunch nap beneficial on evening performance, following two nights partial sleep restriction? Chronobiol Int 2023; 40:1169-1186. [PMID: 37722387 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2023.2253908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the effects that partial-sleep-restriction (PSR0, 4-h sleep retiring at 02:30 and waking at 06:30 h for two consecutive nights) have on 07:30 and 17:00 h cognitive and submaximal weightlifting; and whether this performance improves at 17:00 h following a 13:00 h powernap (0, 30 or 60-min). Fifteen resistance-trained males participated in this study. Prior to the experimental protocol, one repetition max (1RM) bench press and back squat, normative habitual sleep and food intake were recorded. Participants were familiarised with the testing protocol, then completed three experimental conditions: (i) PSR with no nap (PSR0); (ii) PSR with a 30-min nap (PSR30) and (iii) PSR with a 60-min nap (PSR60). Conditions were separated by 7 days with trial order counterbalanced. Intra-aural temperature, Profile of Mood Scores, word-colour interference, alertness and tiredness values were measured at 07:30, 11:00, 14:00, 17:00 h on the day of exercise protocol. Following final temperature measurements at 07:30 h and 17:00 h, participants completed a 5-min active warm-up before performing three repetitions of left and right-hand grip strength, followed by three repetitions at each incremental load (40, 60 and 80% of 1RM) for bench press and back squat, with a 5-min recovery between each repetition. A linear encoder was attached perpendicular to the bar used for the exercises. Average power (AP), average velocity (AV), peak velocity (PV), displacement (D) and time-to-peak velocity (tPV) were measured (MuscleLab software) during the concentric phase of the movements. Data were analysed using general linear models with repeated measures. The main findings were that implementing a nap at 13:00 h had no effect on measures of strength (grip, bench press or back squat). There was a main effect for time of day with greatest performance at 17:00 h for measures of strength. In addition to a significant effect for "load" on the bar for bench press and back squat where AP, AV, PV, D values were greatest at 40% (P < 0.05) and decreased with increased load, whereas tPV and RPE values increased with load; despite this no interaction of "load and condition" were present. A post lunch nap of 30- and 60-minute durations improved mood state, with feelings of alertness, vigour and happiness highest at 17:00 h, in contrast to confusion, tiredness and fatigue (P < 0.05), which were greater in the morning (07:30 h). The word-colour interference test, used as an indicator of cognitive function, reported significant main effect for condition, with the highest total test score in PSR60 condition (P = 0.015). In summary, unlike strength measures the implementation of a 30 or 60-minute nap improved cognitive function when in a partially sleep restricted state, compared to no nap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Gallagher
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Chloe E Green
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Michael L Kenny
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jessie R Evans
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Glenn D W McCullagh
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Ben J Edwards
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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Meignié A, Toussaint JF, Antero J. Dealing with menstrual cycle in sport: stop finding excuses to exclude women from research. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:2489-2490. [PMID: 35984494 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05014-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The current literature is mostly male-based, limiting evidence-based recommendations for training individualization for female athletes. Recently, studies have relied on recent findings showing a potential effect of the menstrual cycle to exclude female athletes from their samples. We highlight that the arguments usually put forward to this action are not acceptable. Our discussion aims to elucidate that female physiological parameter can be confounding variables in the same way than other parameters (temperature, nutrition, fatigue, etc.). Those are usually well handled in most studies. This is important to bridge the current sex data gap and promote research on female athletes. Specially, as we approach the next Olympic Games, were, for the first time, there will be full gender parity in terms of athlete numbers at the Olympic Games Paris 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Meignié
- IRMES, Institut de Recherche BioMédicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport, INSEP-URP 7329, Université Paris Cité, 11 avenue du Tremblay, 75012, Paris, France.
| | - Jean-François Toussaint
- IRMES, Institut de Recherche BioMédicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport, INSEP-URP 7329, Université Paris Cité, 11 avenue du Tremblay, 75012, Paris, France.,Centre d'Investigation en Médecine du Sport, Hôtel-Dieu, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Juliana Antero
- IRMES, Institut de Recherche BioMédicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport, INSEP-URP 7329, Université Paris Cité, 11 avenue du Tremblay, 75012, Paris, France
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Bommasamudram T, Ravindrakumar A, Varamenti E, Tod D, Edwards BJ, Peter IG, Pullinger SA. Daily variation in time-trial sporting performance: A systematic review. Chronobiol Int 2022; 39:1167-1182. [PMID: 35815685 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2022.2090373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Few functional measures related to time-trial display diurnal variation. The diversity of tests/protocols used to assess time-trial performance on diurnal effects and the lack of a standardised approach hinder agreement in the literature. Therefore, the aims of the present study were to investigate and systematically review the evidence relating to time-of-day differences in time-trial measures and to examine the main aspects related to research design important for studies of a chronobiological nature. The entire content of Manipal Academy of Higher Education electronic library and Qatar National Library, and electronic databases: PubMed (MEDLINE), Scopus and Web of Science were searched. Research studies published in peer-reviewed journals and non-peer reviewed studies, conducted in male adult participants aged ≥18 y before November 2021 were screened/included. Studies assessing tests related to time-trials in any modality between a minimum of 2 time-points during the day (morning [06:30-10:30 h] vs evening [14:30-20:00 h]) were deemed eligible. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) process was used to assess the evidence to inform recommendations. The primary search revealed that a total of 10 from 40 articles were considered eligible and subsequently included. Six were conducted using cycling, two using running and two using swimming as the mode of exercise. Distances ranged from 1 to 16.1-km in distance or 15 to 20-min time in the cycling and running time-trials, and 50 to 200-m in the swimming time-trials. Only four studies found one or several of their performance variables to display daily variations, with significantly better values in the evening; while six studies found no time-of-day significance in any variables assessed. The magnitude of difference ranged from 2.9% to 7.1% for performance time to complete a cycling time-trial, while running and swimming did not find any differences for performance time. Power output during a 16.1-km time trial in cycling also found evening performance to be significantly better by 10%. The only other observed differences were stroke rate and stroke length during a swimming time-trial and stroke rate (cycles.min-1) during a cycling time-trial. The magnitude of difference is dependent on exercise modality, individual chronotype, the training status of the individual and sample size differences. The lack of diurnal variation present in the majority of studies can in-part be explained with some of the methodological limitations and issues present related to quality and control. It is paramount that research assessing diurnal variation in performance uses appropriate session timings around the core body temperature minimum (~05:00 h; morning) and maximum (~17:00 h; evening). Although, differences in motivation/arousal, habitual training times, chronotypes and genotypes could provide an explanation as to why some studies/variables did not display time-of-day variation, more work is needed to provide an accurate conclusion. There is a clear demand for a rigorous, standardised approach to be adopted by future investigations which control factors that specifically relate to investigations of time-of-day, such as appropriate familiarisation, counterbalancing the order of administration of tests, providing sufficient recovery time between sessions and testing within a controlled environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulasiram Bommasamudram
- Department of Exercise and Sports Science, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Aishwarya Ravindrakumar
- Department of Exercise and Sports Science, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | | | - David Tod
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ben J Edwards
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Irene G Peter
- Department of Exercise and Sports Science, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
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