The effect of prostaglandin E1 on human bone metabolism: evaluation by biochemical markers for bone turnover

Does medication administration affect the rate of orthodontic tooth movement and root resorption development in humans? A systematic review

Background

Recently, the potential impact of different medications on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement and the associated root resorption has been systematically reviewed in animal studies and various effects have been shown. However, animal data cannot be extrapolated to human clinical situations directly.

Objectives

To systematically investigate the most up to date available evidence from controlled human studies regarding the effect of medication administration on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement and associated root resorption development.

Search methods

We searched eight databases (covering also grey literature) without restrictions and we performed hand searching up until October 2018.

Selection criteria

Controlled studies in humans assessing the effect of various medications on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement and root resorption development.

Data collection and analysis

Study selection was followed by data extraction and risk of bias assessment using the ROBINS-I tool for non-randomized and the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool for randomized studies.

Results

Eight studies, at various risk of bias, were finally identified. With regard to the rate of orthodontic tooth movement, local injections of prostaglandin E1 were found to exert an increasing effect, whereas systemic intake of nabumetone decreased it. Following tenoxicam administration, drinking water with fluoride or local injections of calcitriol (vitamin D metabolite), no significant effects were demonstrated. Concerning root resorption development, nabumetone administration was shown to reduce it, whereas fluoride, overall, was not observed to exert any effect. Only in individuals subjected to heavy orthodontic forces, did fluoride show a protective effect for the period of force application, but not in the longer term during retention.

Conclusions

The aforementioned substances may show varying effects on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement and root resorption development in human subjects. Despite the observed limitations, the orthodontist should be able to identify patients taking pharmaceuticals and consider any implications related to orthodontic treatment.

Registration

PROSPERO (CRD42017078208).

The effect of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC PUFA) on bone formation in piglets: a model for bone growth in nutritional investigation

This research investigates the effects of exogenous prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) treatment and arachidonic acid supplementation on the rate of growth in modelling bone of piglets. The piglet is a good model for the study of infant nutrition and bone growth. PGE(2) and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC PUFA) supplementation, alone and in combination, are shown to have little or no effect on cortical bone thickness. Though exogenous PGE(2) supplementation and LC PUFA supplementation may both be effective in promoting bone growth and mass in adults, they do not appear to have the same positive effect on bone growth in infancy over a short term. A dynamic model for bone growth in piglets is proposed here for the first time. This research adds to our knowledge of the relationship between the dynamic histology of bone, the rate of osteogenesis, and the link between nutrition and bone growth.

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and skeletal health

This minireview on skeletal biology describes the actions of prostaglandins and cytokines involved in the local regulation of bone metabolism, it documents the role of lipids in bone biology, and it presents relationships between fatty acids and other factors that impact skeletal metabolism. The data presented herein show consistent and reproducible beneficial effects of omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids on bone metabolism and bone/joint diseases. Polyunsaturated fatty acids modulate eicosanoid biosynthesis in numerous tissues and cell types, alter signal transduction, and influence gene expression. These effects have not been explored in the skeletal system. Future research on n-3 fatty acids in bone biology should focus on the following two aspects. First, the further elucidation of how n-3 fatty acids alter biochemical and molecular processes involved in bone modeling and bone cell differentiation, and second, the evaluation of the potential pharmaceutical applications of these nutraceutical fatty acids in maintaining bone mineral status and controlling inflammatory bone/joint diseases.

Mechanisms involved in prostaglandin-induced increase in bone resorption in neonatal mouse calvaria

Prostaglandins (PG) E1, E2 and F2alpha induce bone resorption in isolated neonatal parietal bone cultures, and an associated increase in interleukin-6 (IL-6) production. Indomethacin had little effect on the response to PGE2, or the relatively non-selective EP receptor agonists 11-deoxy PGE1 and misoprostol, but blocked the effects of PGF2alpha and the F receptor agonist fluprostenol, indicating an indirect action via release of other prostaglandins. It is more likely that there is positive autoregulation of prostaglandins production in this preparation mediated via stimulation of F receptors. The effects of selective EP receptor agonists sulprostone (EP1,3) and 17-phenyl trinor PGE2(EP1), indicated the involvement of EP2 and/or EP4 receptors, which signal via cAMP. The relatively weak increase in IL-6 production by misoprostol (with respect to resorption) suggests that these responses are controlled by different combination of EP2 and EP4 receptors. The PKA activator, forskolin, induced small increases in bone resorption at lower concentrations (50-500 ng/ml) but a reversal of this effect, and inhibition of resorption induced by other stimuli (PTH, PGE2), at higher concentrations (0.5-5 microg/ml). IL-6 production was markedly increased only at the higher concentrations. The inhibitory effect of forskolin may be a calcitonin-mimetic effect. PMA induced both resorption and IL-6 production which were both blocked by indomethacin, indicating a role for PKC in the control of prostaglandin production.