Heterogeneity of the bovine adrenal steroid 21-hydroxylase

Molecular cloning and expression of guinea pig cytochrome P450c21 cDNA (steroid 21-hydroxylase) isolated from the adrenals

In mammals, the P450c21 enzyme mediates 21-hydroxylase activity by transforming progesterone and 17-hydroxyprogesterone into deoxycorticosterone (DOC) and 11-deoxycortisol (11-DOC), respectively. Previous studies have shown that among the adrenal steroid hydroxylase enzymes involved in C19 steroid and glucocorticoid syntheses, P450c21 plays an important role, because it is localized at the key branch between glucocorticoids and C19 steroid production. Its implication in congenital adrenal hyperplasia is also of great clinical interest. In this study, in addition to describing the isolation of the P450c21 cDNA from guinea pig (GP) adrenal and comparing it to those from other species, we report on its tissue-distribution and on the activity of the recombinant protein towards progesterone and 17-hydroxyprogesterone. The guinea pig P450c21 includes the full-length coding region (1464 nucleotide) that is translated to a protein of 488 amino acids. The clone shares highly conserved regions with other species. The guinea pig P450c21 cDNA hybridized with a major transcript of 2.1kb and with two minor related transcripts of 1.8 and 1.5 kb and was found to be adrenal-specific among the various tissues analyzed. Characterization of the enzymatic activity by transient transfection of the guinea pig P450c21 cDNA in human embryonic kidney 293 cells indicated a net preference for the 21-hydroxylation of 17-hydroxyprogesterone in comparison to the progesterone substrate. Assays showed a maximum conversion rate of 12.5% for the conversion of progesterone into deoxycorticosterone (mineralocorticoid pathway), whereas the guinea pig P450c21 demonstrated a higher activity with 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, with 55% of 11-deoxycortisol formation (glucocorticoid pathway) after 48 h. Adrenocorticotropin and an analogue of the second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate specifically increased the abundance of P450c21 mRNA levels in guinea pig adrenal cells.

On the model controversy for substrate-induced spin-state transition in cytochrome P450: (a new perspective)

Three models have been proposed for substrate-induced spin-state transition in cytochrome P450. These are referred to as two-, three- and four-state models. In this communication the three models are reviewed with respect to their experimental basis and their ability to accommodate the results reported on the effects of substrates on spin-state and reduction of various P450's. In addition, a new perspective is presented.

Binding of substrates to cytochrome P450 enzymes: mathematical artifacts in the application of difference spectrophotometry

Investigation of the difference absorption spectrum has been a common method for studying many aspects of hemoproteins such as cytochrome P450. The difference spectrophotometric technique, as applied in studies on binding of substrates to cytochrome P450, has resulted in certain mathematical artifacts which have been mistaken for real changes in binding equilibria. The purpose of this paper is to point out these artifacts.