1
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White C, Pang N, Nagata JM, Zaitsoff S, Ganson KT. Losing, gaining, or staying the same: how do different weight change attempts relate to muscle dysmorphia and eating disorder symptoms across genders? Eat Disord 2024:1-17. [PMID: 39186470 DOI: 10.1080/10640266.2024.2391208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Adolescents and young adults are at heightened risk for eating disorder (ED) and muscle dysmorphia (MD) symptoms; yet, these symptoms and their relationships to harmful behaviors may also vary by gender. Thus, this study examined: 1) the prevalence of attempts to lose, gain, or maintain the same weight across gender identities, 2) purposes of weight change attempts, and 3) relationships between weight change attempts and ED and MD symptoms across cisgender men, women, and transgender and gender expansive (TGE) youth. 940 adolescents and young adults (57.4% cisgender women, 33.8% cisgender men, 8.8% TGE) completed questionnaires about weight change attempts, ED and MD symptoms. Women and TGE individuals attempted to lose weight more often than men, while men attempted to gain weight more often. All genders endorsed weight loss and gain attempts for different purposes. Weight loss attempts related to ED symptoms and appearance intolerance, whereas weight gain attempts related to MD symptoms across genders. In women, all weight change attempts related to greater functional impairment due to exercise. Findings highlight the need for tailored interventions to address desires to change one's body and underscore the harmful effects of weight change attempts across genders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe White
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nelson Pang
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jason M Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Shannon Zaitsoff
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kyle T Ganson
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Almoraie NM, Alothmani NM, Alomari WD, Al-Amoudi AH. Addressing nutritional issues and eating behaviours among university students: a narrative review. Nutr Res Rev 2024:1-16. [PMID: 38356364 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422424000088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
University life is a critical period for establishing healthy eating habits and attitudes. However, university students are at risk of developing poor eating habits due to various factors, including economic conditions, academic stress and lack of information about nutritional concepts. Poor diet quality leads to malnutrition or overnutrition, increasing the risk of preventable diseases. Food environments on university campuses also play a significant role in shaping the dietary habits of students, with the availability of and accessibility to healthy food options being important factors influencing food choices and overall diet quality. Disordered eating habits and body dissatisfaction are prevalent among university students and can lead to eating disorders. Income and living arrangements also influence dietary habits, with low household income and living alone being associated with unhealthy eating habits. This study is a narrative review that aimed to address nutritional issues and eating behaviours, specifically among university students. We investigated the eating behaviours of university students, including their dietary patterns, food choices and food environments. The objective of this review was to provide insights into the nutritional issues and eating behaviours of university students, with the aim of identifying target areas for intervention to improve the overall health and wellbeing among college students. University food environments need to be restructured to promote healthy eating, including the availability, accessibility, affordability and labelling of healthy foods, and policies to limit the availability of unhealthy foods and drinks on campus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha M Almoraie
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noor M Alothmani
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wajd D Alomari
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal H Al-Amoudi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Jakobek V, Kranjčev M, Barić R. Predictors of body image dissatisfaction in kinesiology students. Front Psychol 2024; 14:1322553. [PMID: 38379844 PMCID: PMC10878395 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1322553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction This research aimed to examine predictors of discrepancies between actual and ideal body images, specifically body fat and muscularity discrepancies, in kinesiology students. Methods Volunteer participants (N = 174, men = 112, women = 62) filled out the sex-specific Somatomorphic Matrices (NSM-M and SM-F) as well as The Positive and Negative Perfectionism Scale (PNPS), Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (RSE), and the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) using paper and pencil tools. Results The median and Mann-Whitney U tests were used to determine sex differences, and regression analyses were used to determine the contribution of sex, perfectionism, self-esteem, and eating attitudes in explaining the variances in body fat and muscularity dissatisfaction. The results showed no sex differences in body fat discrepancy, while men showed more discrepancy between actual and ideal muscularity than women. In regression analyses, sex was the only significant predictor of muscularity discrepancy, while disordered eating attitudes were a positive, and positive perfectionism was a negative predictor of body fat discrepancy. Discussion This study showed that while muscularity dissatisfaction is linked to the male sex, body fat dissatisfaction is not related to sex but to psychological variables of disordered eating attitudes and positive perfectionism in a population of youths that may be above average when it comes to physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedran Jakobek
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Renata Barić
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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4
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Ma R, Cheah CSL, Buchanan NT, Barman S. An examination of individual, relational, and cultural risk for disordered eating in Asian American college students. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2023:1-12. [PMID: 37437165 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2023.2217714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Objective: This study examined how individual (satisfaction of basic psychological needs), relational (perceived achievement- and dependency-oriented parental psychological control), and cultural (ethnic identity) factors may contribute to Asian American college students' (18 - 25 years of age) disordered eating. Participants: Asian American college students (N = 118) participated in the study. Methods: Participants completed a cross-sectional survey study. Moderated mediation models were used to analyze the data. Results: Analyses showed that perceived achievement-oriented, but not dependency-oriented, parental psychological control was more strongly associated with psychological needs satisfaction at higher, compared to lower, levels of ethnic identity. Conclusions: Findings highlighted the importance of both parenting and ethnic identity among Asian American college students' psychological needs and risk for disordered eating. The complex relations among achievement expectations, ethnic identity and wellbeing in Asian Americans are discussed. The results can inform intervention and prevention programs attending to the needs of this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruofan Ma
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Charissa S L Cheah
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - NiCole T Buchanan
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Salih Barman
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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5
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Lim M, Kou R, Esposito G, Jawed A, Dimitriou D, Mangar SA. Exploring the Relationship between Disordered Sleep and Mood in Male Anorexia Nervosa: An Actigraphy Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:2176. [PMID: 37432391 DOI: 10.3390/nu15092176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Eating disorders (EDs), including anorexia nervosa (AN), are severe psychological disorders that affect individuals' eating behaviours and body perception. Previous research has shown that people with EDs often report poorer sleep. Some literature has suggested that it is mood dysregulation that mediates the link between EDs and sleep. However, the majority of previous studies only focused on females, while male ED patients have been overlooked. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the relationships between EDs, mood, and sleep among male ED patients. Using a mixture of actigraphy recordings and self-reported questionnaires, the current study analysed a total 33 adult male participants diagnosed with AN. The participants first wore an actigraphy device for seven continuous days, following which their ED severity and mood were assessed by the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS), respectively. The descriptive actigraphy results suggested that, similar to females, males with AN also showed disturbed sleep, including insomnia, sleep fragmentation, low sleep efficiency, and increased napping sessions. However, when ED severity was correlated against actigraphy data and mood, no significant relationships were found between them. Thus, it was suggested that future studies may investigate discrete ED symptoms instead of global ED severity interacting with sleep and mood. Overall, this study represents an initial step in the investigation of EDs and sleep and mood dysregulation among an under-represented sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Lim
- Psychology Program, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 48 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639818, Singapore
| | - Ruoxin Kou
- Sleep Education and Research Laboratory, UCL Institute of Education, London WC1H 0AA, UK
| | - Gianluca Esposito
- Affiliative Behaviour and Physiology Lab, Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, 84 Corso Bettini, 38068 Rovereto, Italy
| | - Aisha Jawed
- Sleep Education and Research Laboratory, UCL Institute of Education, London WC1H 0AA, UK
| | - Dagmara Dimitriou
- Sleep Education and Research Laboratory, UCL Institute of Education, London WC1H 0AA, UK
| | - Stephen A Mangar
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Charing Cross Hospital, London W6 8RF, UK
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6
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Talbot D, Mahlberg J, Cunningham ML, Pinkus RT, Szabo M. The Somatomorphic Matrix-Female: More evidence for the validity of bidimensional figural rating scales for women. J Clin Psychol 2023; 79:477-496. [PMID: 36000930 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Our study aimed to develop and provide a preliminary psychometric validation of the Somatomorphic Matrix-Female (SM-F), a new bidimensional female figural rating scale which can be used to gauge actual and desired levels of both body fat and muscularity in a consolidated measure, as well as providing an index of actual-desired body discrepancy based on these measures. Across two studies undergraduate women (n Study 1 = 481; n Study 2 = 391) completed the Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire, the Body Shape Questionnaire-34, and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (Study 1) and the Drive for Thinness Scale and the Drive for Muscularity Scale (Study 2), as well as the SM-F. Overall, the SM-F demonstrated sound content, concurrent, and convergent validity for actual and desired body fat, actual and desired muscularity, and their respective discrepancy scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Talbot
- Department of Psychiatry, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Notre Dame, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Justin Mahlberg
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,The MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Rebecca T Pinkus
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Marianna Szabo
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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7
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Talbot D, Mahlberg J. Beyond desirable: preferences for thinness and muscularity are greater than what is rated as desirable by heterosexual Australian undergraduate students. AUSTRALIAN PSYCHOLOGIST 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00050067.2022.2033951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Talbot
- School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Notre Dame, Sydney, Australia
| | - Justin Mahlberg
- The Marcs Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
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8
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PEREIRA FRANCO VH, VETORACCI VIANA M, DE FRANÇA FERRAZ A, SANTANA K, KOMMERS MJ, ROBSON MONTEIRO DE ANDRADE B, ANDRADE SILVA RODRIGUES R, CORRÊA JR A, FETT CA, PERROUT DE LIMA JR, DA SILVA NOVAES J. Body image dissatisfaction of bodybuilder and active women. GAZZETTA MEDICA ITALIANA ARCHIVIO PER LE SCIENZE MEDICHE 2021. [DOI: 10.23736/s0393-3660.20.04342-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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9
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'Feeling fat' is associated with specific eating disorder symptom dimensions in young men and women. Eat Weight Disord 2021; 26:2345-2351. [PMID: 33389705 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-020-01074-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE 'Feeling fat,' the somatic experience of having excess body weight that is not fully explained by true adiposity, correlates with eating pathology in clinical and non-clinical samples. It is unknown whether 'feeling fat' more strongly relates to specific eating disorder symptom dimensions that typically characterize anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and/or binge eating disorder. Understanding the significance of 'feeling fat's relationship with specific eating disorder symptom dimensions-cognitive restraint, dietary restriction, binge eating, and purging-may suggest its relevance to particular forms of eating pathology and elucidate treatment directions for addressing 'feeling fat'. METHODS Questionnaires were completed by 989 undergraduates (54.3% female). RESULTS Path analyses indicated significant associations between feeling fat and all symptom dimensions; these paths were not moderated by gender. The best fitting model was the model including paths from 'feeling fat' to all symptom dimensions; no other model had equivalent fit. CONCLUSION 'Feeling fat' relates to all examined symptoms of eating disorders in a mixed-gender non-clinical population. These results indicate that 'feeling fat' is associated with multiple core symptoms of eating pathology, pointing to 'feeling fat's significance to eating pathology maintenance across the spectrum of eating pathology. Future research should compare the influence of 'feeling fat' on these symptoms in mixed-gender clinical samples. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V, cross-sectional descriptive study.
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10
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Taniguchi E. Role of parental confirmation in body dissatisfaction and body change behaviors among college men. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2021; 69:520-528. [PMID: 31730753 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2019.1684299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To examine how the components of confirmation (i.e., acceptance and challenge) from mother and father have an indirect effect on college men's body dissatisfaction through self-concept, and if body dissatisfaction, in turn, is related to body change behaviors. Participants: College men (N = 237) aged 18-25 from two large universities completed an online survey. Methods: Structural equation modeling was conducted to test hypothesized mediation model. Results: Maternal acceptance had negative indirect effects on body dissatisfaction through self-concept, and body dissatisfaction, in turn, was positively related to body change behaviors. Mother challenge emerged as a near-significant direct and positive predictor of muscularity enhancement behaviors. None of the paternal variables significantly contributed to the model. Conclusions: Mother acceptance may contribute to sons' positive view of self and their appearance, potentially reducing the likelihood of their engagement in body change behaviors. Intervention can target parent-child communication and enhancement of college men's self-concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Taniguchi
- Department of Communicology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
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11
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Wahl CA, Harris BS, Langdon JL, Riggs AJ, Meyer BB. Goal orientation, motivational climate, and exercise as predictors of eating disorder risk factors among college students. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2021; 69:168-175. [PMID: 31498757 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2019.1657431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: This study examined how goal orientation, motivational climate, and exercise could be used to predict college students' eating disorder symptomology. Participants: Recruited in February 2017, the participants included 275 college-aged students from a university in the southeastern United States. Methods: Using achievement goal theory as the framework to conceptualize motivations behind eating disorder behaviors, each participant filled out questionnaires related to goal mindsets, perceptions of the social climate in the university recreation center, and exercise habits. Data were analyzed using multiple regression analyses, with R coefficients being used to evaluate prediction models. Results: The results of the study suggested that goal orientation and ego-involving climate were the only significant predictors of eating disorder symptomology, accounting for 3.4% of the total variance. Conclusions: This study provided preliminary evidence of the importance of studying achievement goal theory-related variables that contribute to our understanding of eating disorder symptomology in the collegiate population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly A Wahl
- Health and Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University College of Health and Human Sciences, Statesboro, USA
| | - Brandonn S Harris
- Health and Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University College of Health and Human Sciences, Statesboro, USA
| | - Jody L Langdon
- Health and Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University College of Health and Human Sciences, Statesboro, USA
| | - Amy Jo Riggs
- Health and Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University College of Health and Human Sciences, Statesboro, USA
| | - Barbara B Meyer
- Department of Kinesiology-Integrated Health Care & Performance Unit, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee College of Health Sciences, Milwaukee, USA
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12
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Matsumoto A, Rodgers RF. A review and integrated theoretical model of the development of body image and eating disorders among midlife and aging men. Clin Psychol Rev 2020; 81:101903. [PMID: 32829288 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Etiological models of the development of eating disorders among midlife and aging men are lacking. The present study provides a review and integration of existing theoretical frameworks and empirical data relevant to the examination of eating pathology in this population and introduces an integrated model of risk and protective factors for the development of eating disorder symptoms. Several etiological models of eating pathology that have gained some empirical support, or present relevance to this population, are briefly reviewed including sociocultural theory, objectification theory, social identity theory, positive body image and the developmental theory of embodiment, and existential and terror management theory, and finally biologically based theories. In addition, these frameworks were extended to account for developmental and gender-specific factors that may influence the development of eating disorders. An integrated model of risk and protective factors that brings together critical elements of these extended theoretical frameworks is presented, with the goal of guiding and stimulating research in this neglected group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Matsumoto
- Department of Counseling and Applied Educational Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, USA
| | - Rachel F Rodgers
- Department of Counseling and Applied Educational Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, USA; Department of Psychiatric Emergency & Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
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13
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Sangha S, Oliffe JL, Kelly MT, McCuaig F. Eating Disorders in Males: How Primary Care Providers Can Improve Recognition, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Am J Mens Health 2020; 13:1557988319857424. [PMID: 31184292 PMCID: PMC6560809 DOI: 10.1177/1557988319857424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Eating disorders are complex and multifactorial illnesses that affect a broad spectrum of individuals across the life span. Contrary to historic societal beliefs, this disorder is not gender-specific. Lifetime prevalence of eating disorders in males is on the rise and demanding the attention of primary care providers, as well as the general population, in order to negate the potentially life-threatening complications. Current literature has continued to reinforce the notion that eating disorders predominately affect females by excluding males from research, thereby adding to the void in men-centered knowledge and targeted clinical care. To determine what is currently known about eating disorders among males, a scoping review was undertaken, which identified 15 empirical studies that focused on this topic. Using the Garrard matrix to extract and synthesize the findings across these studies, this scoping review provides an overview of the contributing and constituting factors of eating disorders in males by exploring the associated stigmas, risk factors, experiences of men diagnosed with an eating disorder, and differing clinical presentations. The synthesized evidence is utilized to discuss clinical recommendations for primary care providers, inclusive of male-specific treatment plans, as a means to improving care for this poorly understood and emerging men’s health issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simrin Sangha
- 1 University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - John L Oliffe
- 1 University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mary T Kelly
- 1 University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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14
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Abstract
AbstractFigural rating scales are tools used to measure male body dissatisfaction. The present review aimed to examine the design and psychometric properties of male figural rating scales and make recommendations based on findings. Relevant databases were systematically searched for studies that had developed and validated male figural rating scales. Twenty studies were included in this review. Figural rating scales differed in terms of the number of images represented and type of stimuli used (hand-drawn silhouettes, hand-drawn figures, computer-rendered figures, and photograph figures). Reliability and validity evidence varied greatly in strength across all scales. Four of the 20 scales included a correlational analysis between figural rating scale scores and eating disorder symptoms. Results showed the moderate to high positive correlations between eating disorder symptoms and figural rating scale perceived and index scores, suggesting that figural rating scales are sensitive to detecting eating disorder symptoms. Ideally, male figural rating scales should show strong validity and reliability, include variations in both body fat and muscularity, utilise realistic body stimuli, and be interval scales. No existing male figural rating scale meets these criteria. However, this review identifies five figural rating scales that meet the majority of the recommended criteria.
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15
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Mackowiak R, Lucibello KM, Gilchrist JD, Sabiston CM. Examination of Actual and Ideal Body-Related Characteristics and Body-Related Pride in Adult Males. Am J Mens Health 2019; 13:1557988319874642. [PMID: 31690212 PMCID: PMC6728689 DOI: 10.1177/1557988319874642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Body image concerns are becoming more prevalent in males. Discrepancies between
actual and ideal body muscularity and thinness have been studied from a
pathological perspective whereby perceiving the body as discrepant from an
internalized ideal is associated with body dissatisfaction, negative emotions,
and harmful body-altering behaviors. It is unclear if agreement among actual and
ideal self-perceptions is associated with positive emotion in males. The present
study examined the associations between actual and ideal congruence and
discrepancies in muscularity and thinness, and two facets of pride (i.e.,
authentic and hubristic pride) in male adults. Participants (n
= 294; Mage = 34.80 years;
MBMI = 27.31 kg/m2) completed a
cross-sectional self-report survey. Results from polynomial regressions
indicated that actual and ideal self-perceptions of muscularity and thinness
were significant predictors of both authentic (R2 =
.37 and .20) and hubristic pride (R2 = .33 and .19),
respectively. Response surface values demonstrated that extremely high or low
scores that were congruent for muscularity (a2 = .35
and .40) and thinness (a2 = .18 and .18) perceptions
were associated with higher reports of authentic and hubristic pride. These
findings demonstrated that congruence in actual and ideal self-perceptions
contribute to feelings of pride, suggesting interventions that promote actual
and ideal self-perception congruence may be important for fostering positive
emotional experiences in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Mackowiak
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kristen M Lucibello
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jenna D Gilchrist
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Kinesiology, the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Catherine M Sabiston
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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16
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Taniguchi E, Ebesu Hubbard AS. Effects of Physical Appearance Social Comparisons and Perceived Attainability of an Ideal Body on Body Dissatisfaction and Weight‐Management Behaviors Among Young Japanese Women. JAPANESE PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jpr.12264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Romano KA, Colgary CD, Swanbrow Becker M, Magnuson A. Prevention of shape and weight concerns among college students: An examination of education status variables. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2019; 67:449-458. [PMID: 29979932 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2018.1486319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Objective: The current study examined whether overlooked aspects of the postsecondary student experience predicted individuals' body-related concerns, beyond the influence of demographic factors that have upheld explanatory power in past research. Participants: Undergraduate and graduate students (n = 3,259) took part in the multi-institute Healthy Bodies Study during the 2015 academic year. Method: Participants completed an online survey that assessed their undergraduate/graduate statuses, academic majors, extracurricular involvements, and body-related concerns. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were run to answer primary study questions. Results: Gender, body mass index (BMI), undergraduate/graduate student status, being a male graduate student, major, and extracurricular activities predicted shape concern (SC), weight concern (WC), and whether these concerns increased since students began at their universities. The addition of the student-specific variables uniquely contributed to the variance in body-related concerns. Conclusions: Further research on the body-related discontent of the identified student groups should be conducted to elucidate potential campus-based treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Romano
- a Department of Psychology , Virginia Consortium Program in Clinical Psychology , Norfolk , Virginia , USA
- b Department of Psychology , Old Dominion University , Norfolk , Virginia , USA
| | - Christina D Colgary
- c Educational Psychology and Learning Systems , Florida State University , Tallahassee , Florida , USA
| | - Martin Swanbrow Becker
- c Educational Psychology and Learning Systems , Florida State University , Tallahassee , Florida , USA
| | - Amy Magnuson
- d Health Promotion, Florida State University , Tallahassee , Florida , USA
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18
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Talbot D, Smith E, Cass J. The relationship between psychophysical body categorization performance and male body dissatisfaction. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3882. [PMID: 30846805 PMCID: PMC6405907 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40502-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study compared the predictive relationship between various psychophysical indices of body categorization performance (Point of Subjective Equivalence (PSE), Just Noticeable Difference (JND) and Reaction Time (RT)) and male body dissatisfaction (Male Body Attitudes Scale (MBAS)) and eating disorder symptoms (Eating disorders examination questionnaire (EDE-Q)), with performance on a validated figure rating scale (Visual Body Scale for Men (VBSM)). Body Mass Index, body fat percentage, and fat free mass index were also measured. PSE was not as sensitive in predicting body dissatisfaction and eating disorder symptoms as the VBSM. JND and average RT were found to be sensitive predictors of body dissatisfaction and eating disorder symptoms across the 82 male participants. JND proved to be a better indicator of weight concern than the VBSM-M. Whilst the body categorization task offers new insights into the way body images may be processed by males with different levels of body dissatisfaction, the VBSM and the conventional self-report measures are likely to be clinically more efficacious at measuring body dissatisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Talbot
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Bullecourt Ave, Milperra, 2214, Australia.
| | - Evelyn Smith
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Bullecourt Ave, Milperra, 2214, Australia
| | - John Cass
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Bullecourt Ave, Milperra, 2214, Australia
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Strübel J, Petrie TA. Appearance and performance enhancing drug usage and psychological well-being in gay and heterosexual men. PSYCHOLOGY & SEXUALITY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/19419899.2019.1574879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Strübel
- Department of Textiles, Fashion Merchandising & Design, College of Business, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Trent A. Petrie
- Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
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Ebrahim M, Alkazemi D, Zafar TA, Kubow S. Disordered eating attitudes correlate with body dissatisfaction among Kuwaiti male college students. J Eat Disord 2019; 7:37. [PMID: 31649822 PMCID: PMC6805684 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-019-0265-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of disordered eating attitudes and body dissatisfaction based on muscularity and body fat was investigated among male college students in Kuwait with a range of body mass index values including underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obese participants. METHODS Data were collected, using the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) and the Bodybuilder Image Grid (BIG), from 400 male undergraduate students (84.8% Kuwaiti nationals) recruited from both public and private universities in Kuwait. An anonymous, self-administered questionnaire was used to determine the prevalence of symptomatology indicative of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa and to examine the associations between body dissatisfaction and muscularity and body fat. RESULTS Most participants were dissatisfied with their current muscle mass and body fat (67.3 and 69%, respectively). Logistic regression analyses produced odds ratios (ORs) demonstrating that students dissatisfied with their muscularity and body fat and those who indicated a desire to decrease both muscularity and body fat had significantly higher odds of being at risk of disordered eating attitudes (OR = 2.241, 95% CI [1.17, 3.6], p = .032, and OR = 1.898, 95% CI [1.214, 2.967], p = .005, respectively). Obese participants also had higher odds of exhibiting disordered eating attitudes (OR = 2.06, 95% CI [1.17, 3.60], p = .011). CONCLUSION The high proportion of disordered eating attitudes among Kuwaiti college men was associated with high levels of body image dissatisfaction in relation to both body fat and muscularity. High levels of eating disorder symptoms were also linked to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Ebrahim
- 1Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Life Sciences, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 5969, 13060 Safat, Adailiya Kuwait
| | - Dalal Alkazemi
- 1Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Life Sciences, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 5969, 13060 Safat, Adailiya Kuwait
| | - Tasleem A Zafar
- 1Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Life Sciences, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 5969, 13060 Safat, Adailiya Kuwait
| | - Stan Kubow
- 2School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Montreal, QC H9X3V9 Canada
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Wisting L, Wonderlich J, Skrivarhaug T, Dahl-Jørgensen K, Rø Ø. Psychometric properties and factor structure of the diabetes eating problem survey - revised (DEPS-R) among adult males and females with type 1 diabetes. J Eat Disord 2019; 7:2. [PMID: 30675355 PMCID: PMC6337821 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-018-0232-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although an increasing amount of research has now established good psychometric properties and a three-component factor structure of the Diabetes Eating Problem Survey - Revised (DEPS-R) in pediatric samples with type 1 diabetes (T1D), research using adult samples has been limited and divergent. This study therefore aimed to investigate psychometric properties and test a three-factor model of the DEPS-R among adults with T1D. METHODS A total of 282 adults with T1D aged 18-79 years participated in the study. Measures included the DEPS-R, the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q), and clinical data from the Norwegian Quality Improvement of Laboratory Examinations (NOKLUS) system. RESULTS The DEPS-R total mean score (SD) for the total sample, males, and females were 13.8 (9.2), 11.2 (7.8), and 15.6 (9.6) respectively. Good fit indices for the confirmatory factor analysis were found. The Cronbach's alpha of the DEPS-R was .84, suggesting good internal consistency. The DEPS-R correlated significantly with the EDE-Q among both males (.52, p < .01) and females (.68, p < .001). Also, the DEPS-R correlated significantly with BMI in both genders (.33, p < .001 in females and .35, p < .001 in males). HbA1c correlated significantly with the DEPS-R in females (.27, p < .01), but not in males. CONCLUSIONS Good fit for a three-factor structure of the DEPS-R was confirmed. Further, the DEPS-R demonstrated good psychometric properties among adults with T1D, and can be recommended for clinical use for this patient group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Wisting
- 1Regional Department for Eating Disorders, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4956 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway.,Oslo Diabetes Research Centre, P.O. Box 4956 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Joseph Wonderlich
- 3Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA
| | - Torild Skrivarhaug
- Oslo Diabetes Research Centre, P.O. Box 4956 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway.,4Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4956 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway.,5Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Problemveien 7, N-0315 Oslo, Norway.,The Norwegian Diabetic Centre, Sponhoggveien 19, N-0284 Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Dahl-Jørgensen
- Oslo Diabetes Research Centre, P.O. Box 4956 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway.,4Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4956 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway.,5Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Problemveien 7, N-0315 Oslo, Norway.,The Norwegian Diabetic Centre, Sponhoggveien 19, N-0284 Oslo, Norway
| | - Øyvind Rø
- 1Regional Department for Eating Disorders, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4956 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway.,7Institute of Clinical Medicine, Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Problemveien 7, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
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Taniguchi E. Mediating Role of Social Competence: Family Communication and Body Satisfaction among Male College Students. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2018; 33:1199-1210. [PMID: 28786690 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2017.1350905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study examined whether social competence mediates the association between family communication and undergraduate males' body satisfaction. Male undergraduate students (N = 442) completed an online survey assessing their perceptions of mothers' as well as fathers' family communication patterns (FCPs), social competence, and body satisfaction. Results generally supported the hypothesized model. Conversation orientation, regardless of whether mothers' or fathers', was positively associated with social competence, which, in turn, was positively related to body satisfaction. On the other hand, the role of conformity orientation in predicting males' body satisfaction varied by parental sex (mothers or fathers): Mothers' conformity orientation was associated with body satisfaction through social competence in an expected manner, whereas fathers' conformity orientation was related to none of the endogenous variables. However, once mothers' FCPs were eliminated from the model, fathers' conformity orientation became a direct as well as indirect predictor of sons' body satisfaction through social competence. Interpretations of the findings, practical implications, and a future direction are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Taniguchi
- a Department of Communicology , University of Hawai'i at Mānoa
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Devrim A, Bilgic P, Hongu N. Is There Any Relationship Between Body Image Perception, Eating Disorders, and Muscle Dysmorphic Disorders in Male Bodybuilders? Am J Mens Health 2018; 12:1746-1758. [PMID: 30003837 PMCID: PMC6142149 DOI: 10.1177/1557988318786868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bodybuilding has increasingly become popular between males since male body shape has become a subject of interest in the last decades. Bodybuilders have desired to gain more muscle and paid attention to their body shape. Based on this purpose, they have string rules that include restrictive eating and excessive exercise program. Recent research has demonstrated that desiring more muscular body shape exhibits eating behavior problems and body dissatisfaction issues in bodybuilders. Limited research exists on the relationship between body dissatisfaction and eating disorders in male bodybuilders. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between body image disturbance and eating disorders in 120 male bodybuilders. The Eating Attitude Test (EAT-40) was used to determine eating disorders, the Muscle Dysmorphia Disorder Inventory was used to determine bigorexia symptoms, and Bodybuilder Image Grid-Original (BIG O) and Scaled (BIG S) forms were used to detect the factors associated with body dissatisfaction. There was a positive relationship between Eating Attitude Test and Muscle Dysmorphia Disorder Inventory total scores. Eating Attitude Test was positively correlated with both fat and muscle dissatisfaction. Our results indicated that eating disorder psychopathology is positively related to body dissatisfaction and body dysmorphic disorders in male bodybuilders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslı Devrim
- 1 Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Sıhhiye Campus, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Pelin Bilgic
- 1 Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Sıhhiye Campus, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nobuko Hongu
- 2 Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Ralph-Nearman C, Filik R. New Body Scales Reveal Body Dissatisfaction, Thin-Ideal, and Muscularity-Ideal in Males. Am J Mens Health 2018; 12:740-750. [PMID: 29557236 PMCID: PMC6131474 DOI: 10.1177/1557988318763516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to develop, test, and retest two new male body
dissatisfaction scales: The Male Body Scale (MBS; consisting of emaciated
to obese figures) and the Male Fit Body Scale (MFBS; consisting of
emaciated to muscular figures). These scales were compared to the two most commonly used
visually based indices of body dissatisfaction (Stunkard Figure Rating Scale, SFRS; and
Somatomorphic Matrix, SM). Male participants rated which body figure on each scale most
represented their current figure, then their ideal figure, and then rated which one of the
three scales (MBS, MFBS, and SFRS) best represented their current and ideal body overall.
Finally, they completed the Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS), the Eating Disorder
Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q 6.0), and their actual body composition was calculated.
This was followed by a retest and manipulation check 2 to 6 weeks later. Participants’
actual body mass index, fat- and muscularity-percentage were all highly related to their
current body figure choice, and both new scales were consistently valid and more reliable
between test and retest than the SFRS and SM body dissatisfaction scores. Importantly,
each scale was sensitive to different types of body dissatisfaction within males.
Specifically, the MBS revealed that males’ desire for the thin-ideal significantly
corresponded to higher eating disorder tendencies as identified by EDE-Q 6.0 scores, while
the MFBS revealed much higher body dissatisfaction toward the larger, muscularity-ideal,
predicting higher drive for muscularity as identified by DMS scores. Results validated the
new scales, and inform male-focused eating disorder research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruth Filik
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
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Cordes M, Vocks S, Düsing R, Waldorf M. Effects of the exposure to self- and other-referential bodies on state body image and negative affect in resistance-trained men. Body Image 2017; 21:57-65. [PMID: 28286330 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous body image research suggests that first, exposure to body stimuli can negatively affect men's body satisfaction and second, body concerns are associated with dysfunctional gaze behavior. To date, however, the effects of self- vs. other-referential body stimuli and of gaze behavior on body image in men under exposure conditions have not been investigated. Therefore, 49 weight-trained men were presented with pictures of their own and other bodies of different builds (i.e., normal, muscular, hyper-muscular) while being eye-tracked. Participants completed pre- and post-exposure measures of body image and affect. Results indicated that one's own and the muscular body negatively affected men's body image to a comparable degree. Exposure to one's own body also led to increased negative affect. Increased attention toward disliked own body parts was associated with a more negative post-exposure body image and affect. These results suggest a crucial role of critical self-examination in maintaining body dissatisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Cordes
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Osnabrück University, Knollstraße 15, 49069 Osnabrück, Germany.
| | - Silja Vocks
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Osnabrück University, Knollstraße 15, 49069 Osnabrück, Germany.
| | - Rainer Düsing
- Department of Experimental Psychology I, Osnabrück University, Seminarstraße 20, 49074 Osnabrück, Germany.
| | - Manuel Waldorf
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Osnabrück University, Knollstraße 15, 49069 Osnabrück, Germany.
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Souza ACD, Alvarenga MDS. Insatisfação com a imagem corporal em estudantes universitários – Uma revisão integrativa. JORNAL BRASILEIRO DE PSIQUIATRIA 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/0047-2085000000134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
RESUMO Objetivo Caracterizar a insatisfação corporal entre estudantes universitários. Métodos Revisão integrativa da literatura nas bases de dados PubMed, Lilacs, Bireme, portal SciELO e banco de teses com descritores indexados com os critérios de inclusão: população exclusivamente universitária, apresentação de dados referentes à frequência/prevalência da insatisfação corporal e/ou a caracterização de fatores relacionados. Resultados Foram selecionados 76 estudos (40 nacionais e 36 internacionais). A amplitude de insatisfação de imagem corporal em ambos os sexos foi de 8,3% a 87% nos estudos nacionais, e de 5,2% a 85,5% nos internacionais, avaliados, principalmente, por meio de escalas de silhuetas e/ou questionários (como o Body Shape Questionnaire, o Eating Disorder Inventory, e o Body-Self Relations Questionnaire Appearance Scales). Os fatores como exposição à mídia e redes sociais, o período menstrual e a baixa autoestima foram relacionados à insatisfação corporal. Conclusão A insatisfação corporal é um fenômeno comum entre os universitários, mas apresentando grande amplitude dependendo do sexo, instrumento, método e objetivo do estudo. Padronização na avaliação do construto é necessária para melhor compressão e discussão do problema.
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Bundros J, Clifford D, Silliman K, Neyman Morris M. Prevalence of Orthorexia nervosa among college students based on Bratman's test and associated tendencies. Appetite 2016; 101:86-94. [PMID: 26923745 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.02.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Disordered eating is prevalent among college student populations, and Orthorexia nervosa (ON) is being explored as a new type of eating disorder. There is currently no standardized ON diagnostic tool, and the majority of ON research has been conducted among European populations. The present study explored the Bratman Orthorexia Test (BOT) for ON diagnosis, and its relationship to validated tools for assessing disordered eating, body dysmorphic, and obsessive-compulsive tendencies among college students attending a western university. A convenience sample of 448 college students with a mean age of 22 years was recruited to complete an online survey that included the BOT, Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26), Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire (BDDQ), Obsessive Compulsive Inventory, Revised (OCI-R) and demographics. Spearman correlation, Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis, chi-square, and multiple linear regressions were used for analyses. The average BOT score was 4.71, near the "health fanatic" range, with Hispanic/Latino subjects and overweight/obese students having significantly higher median BOT scores. Gender, age, and college major were not significantly associated with BOT score. Significant positive correlations were observed between total BOT and EAT-26 scores (r = .47, p < 0.01), BOT and BDDQ scores (r = .25, p < 0.01), and BOT and OCI-R scores (r = .19, p < 0.01). ON tendencies may exist among college students and Hispanic/Latino and overweight/obese students may be at increased risk. Further research is needed to determine ON risk factors among diverse student populations in order to inform prevention and treatment approaches on college campuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Bundros
- Department of Nutrition & Food Science, California State University, Chico, CA 95929-0002, USA
| | - Dawn Clifford
- Department of Nutrition & Food Science, California State University, Chico, CA 95929-0002, USA
| | - Kathryn Silliman
- Department of Nutrition & Food Science, California State University, Chico, CA 95929-0002, USA
| | - Michelle Neyman Morris
- Department of Nutrition & Food Science, California State University, Chico, CA 95929-0002, USA.
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