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Tan L, Li J, Duan Y, Liu J, Zheng S, Liang X, Fang C, Zuo M, Tian G, Yang Y. Current knowledge on the epidemiology and prevention of Avian leukosis virus in China. Poult Sci 2024; 103:104009. [PMID: 39002365 PMCID: PMC11298916 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian leukosis virus (ALV) is an enveloped retrovirus with a single-stranded RNA genome, belonging to the genus Alpharetrovirus within the family Retroviridae. The disease (Avian leukosis, AL) caused by ALV is mainly characterized by tumor development and immunosuppression in chickens, which increases susceptibility to other pathogens and leads to significant economic losses in the Chinese poultry industry. The government and poultry industry have made lots of efforts to eradicate ALV, but the threat of which remains not vanished. This review provides a summary of the updated understanding of ALV in China, which mainly focuses on genetic and molecular biology, epidemiology, and diagnostic methods. Additionally, promising antiviral agents and ALV eradication strategies performed in China are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China; Yunnan Sino-Science Gene Technology Co. Ltd. Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Juan Li
- Yunnan Sino-Science Gene Technology Co. Ltd. Kunming, Yunnan, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of the TCM Agricultural Biogenomics, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yuqing Duan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Jing Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Shiling Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Xiongyan Liang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Chun Fang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Mengting Zuo
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of the TCM Agricultural Biogenomics, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Guangming Tian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.
| | - Yuying Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.
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Zhao RH, Yang FX, Bai YC, Zhao JY, Hu M, Zhang XY, Dou TF, Jia JJ. Research progress on the mechanisms underlying poultry immune regulation by plant polysaccharides. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1175848. [PMID: 37138926 PMCID: PMC10149757 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1175848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
With the rapid development of poultry industry and the highly intensive production management, there are an increasing number of stress factors in poultry production. Excessive stress will affect their growth and development, immune function, and induce immunosuppression, susceptibility to a variety of diseases, and even death. In recent years, increasing interest has focused on natural components extracted from plants, among which plant polysaccharides have been highlighted because of their various biological activities. Plant polysaccharides are natural immunomodulators that can promote the growth of immune organs, activate immune cells and the complement system, and release cytokines. As a green feed additive, plant polysaccharides can not only relieve stress and enhance the immunity and disease resistance of poultry, but also regulate the balance of intestinal microorganisms and effectively alleviate all kinds of stress faced by poultry. This paper reviews the immunomodulatory effects and molecular mechanisms of different plant polysaccharides (Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz polysaccharide, Astragalus polysaccharides, Taishan Pinus massoniana pollen polysaccharide, and alfalfa polysaccharide) in poultry. Current research results reveal that plant polysaccharides have potential uses as therapeutic agents for poultry immune abnormalities and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Han Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Fang-Xiao Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Vocational and Technical College of Agriculture, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yi-Cheng Bai
- Kunming CHIA TAI Co., Ltd., Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jing-Ying Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Mei Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xin-Yan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Teng-Fei Dou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Teng-Fei Dou
| | - Jun-Jing Jia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- *Correspondence: Jun-Jing Jia
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Cui W, Huang J, Niu X, Shang H, Sha Z, Miao Y, Wang H, Chen R, Wei K, Zhu R. Screening active fractions from Pinus massoniana pollen for inhibiting ALV-J replication and their structure activity relationship investigation. Vet Microbiol 2020; 252:108908. [PMID: 33254056 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to identify the active fractions of polysaccharide against replication of ALV-J and elucidate their structure activity relationship. The optimal extraction conditions were extracting temperature 90℃, pH 9 and the ratio of liquid to solid 30:1. Under these conditions, extraction yield of total polysaccharide was 6.5 % ± 0.19 %. Total polysaccharide was then purified by DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-200 gel. Three fractions, PPP-1, PPP-2, and PPP-3, were identified with molecular weight of 463.70, 99.41, and 26.97 kDa, respectively. Three polysaccharide fractions were all composed of 10 monosaccharides in different proportions. Compared with PPP-1, which was mainly composed of glucose, PPP-2 and PPP-3 contained a higher proportion of galactose, glucuronic acid and galacturonic acid. The Congo red assay indicated that the PPP-2 may have a triple helical structure, while PPP-1 and PPP-3 were absent. In vitro assay showed that there was no significant cytotoxicity among the polysaccharide fractions under the concentration of 800 μg mL-1 (P > 0.05). The antiviral test showed that PPP-2 had the strongest activity, indicating PPP-2 was the major antiviral component. The structure-activity relationship showed that the antiviral activities of polysaccharide fractions were affected by their monosaccharide composition, molecular weight, and triple helical structure, which was a result of a combination of multiple molecular structural factors. These results showed that the PPP-2 could be exploited as a valued product for replacing synthetic antiviral drugs, and provided support for future applications of polysaccharide from Pinus massoniana pollen as a useful source for antiviral agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenping Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271000, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.
| | - Jin Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271000, China.
| | - Xiangyun Niu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271000, China.
| | - Hongqi Shang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271000, China.
| | - Zhou Sha
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271000, China.
| | - Yongqiang Miao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271000, China.
| | - Huan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271000, China.
| | - Ruichang Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271000, China.
| | - Kai Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271000, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.
| | - Ruiliang Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271000, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.
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Dai M, Li S, Keyi Shi, Sun H, Zhao L, Deshui Yu, Liao J, Xu C, Liao M. Comparative analysis of key immune protection factors in H9N2 avian influenza viruses infected and immunized specific pathogen-free chicken. Poult Sci 2020; 100:39-46. [PMID: 33357705 PMCID: PMC7772655 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.09.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIV) continue to circulate in vaccinated chicken flocks in China, which prompted us to investigate the differential immune protection factors induced by H9N2 AIV infection and immunization for analyzing the reason of protection deficiency of H9N2 AIV inactivated vaccine. In this study, we firstly explored virus-induced optimal immune responses in chicken after H9N2 AIV infection. And, we found that H9N2 hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody level, antiviral interferon-stimulated genes including 2′,5’-oligoadenylate synthetase-like and myxovirus resistance 1, CD8+ T cell response in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) accompanied by the cytotoxicity-associated genes, including poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase and IFN-r play important roles in defending against H9N2 infection. Besides, we observed that vaccine immunization triggered the similar H9N2 HI antibody level as viral infection, the increase of CD4+ T cell percentage instead of CD8+ T cell percentage in PBL. Moreover, we further made a comparative analysis of immune-related gene expression profile in PBL and lung after H9N2 AIV infection and immunization, respectively. The results showed that vaccine immunization contributed to the up-regulation of Th2 cytokine. But the deficiency of cytotoxicity-associated genes induced by H9N2 AIV inactivated vaccine may be the potential key reason of protection deficiency. These findings provide evidence and direction for developing effective H9N2 AIV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manman Dai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shibing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Keyi Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Deshui Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayu Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenggang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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Jin H, Wu Y, Bi S, Xu Y, Shi F, Li X, Ma X, Hu S. Higher immune response induced by vaccination in Houhai acupoint relates to the lymphatic drainage of the injection site. Res Vet Sci 2020; 130:230-236. [PMID: 32224352 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Houhai acupoint (HA) is a site for acupuncture stimulation, located in the fossa between the anus and tail base in animals. To evaluate HA as a potential immunization site, the immune responses were compared when HA and the conventional site nape were vaccinated in rats. The results showed that injection of a porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) vaccine in HA induced significantly higher IgG, IgG1, IgG2, splenocyte proliferation and mRNA expression of IL-2, IL-4 and IFN-γ than in the nape. To search for the underlying mechanisms, the draining lymph nodes for HA and the nape were investigated. When rats were injected in HA with Indian ink, 11 lymph nodes including caudal mesenteric lymph node and bilateral gluteal lymph nodes, posterior inguinal lymph nodes, lumbar lymph nodes, internal iliac lymph nodes and popliteal lymph nodes were visibly stained with the ink and injection of a model antigen ovalbumin (OVA) in HA resulted in detection of OVA by western blotting while in the same lymph nodes only a pair of lymph nodes (central brachial lymph nodes) were observed when Indian ink or OVA was injected in the nape. IL-2 mRNA expression was detected in all the lymph nodes when PEDV vaccine was injected. Therefore, the enhanced immune response elicited by vaccination in HA may be attributed to more lymphocytes activated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Jin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Ye Wu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Shicheng Bi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Ye Xu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China; Animal Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Fushan Shi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Xiaoliang Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Xiaodan Ma
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Songhua Hu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China.
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He X, Fang J, Guo Q, Wang M, Li Y, Meng Y, Huang L. Advances in antiviral polysaccharides derived from edible and medicinal plants and mushrooms. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 229:115548. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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