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Jolly JK, Rodda BM, Edwards TL, Ayton LN, Ruddle JB. Optical coherence tomography in children with inherited retinal disease. Clin Exp Optom 2024; 107:255-266. [PMID: 38252959 DOI: 10.1080/08164622.2023.2294807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent advances have led to therapeutic options becoming available for people with inherited retinal disease. In particular, gene therapy has been shown to hold great promise for slowing vision loss from inherited retinal disease. Recent studies suggest that gene therapy is likely to be most effective when implemented early in the disease process, making consideration of paediatric populations important. It is therefore necessary to have a comprehensive understanding of retinal imaging in children with inherited retinal diseases, in order to monitor disease progression and to determine which early retinal biomarkers may be used as outcome measures in future clinical trials. In addition, as many optometrists will review children with an inherited retinal disease, an understanding of the expected imaging outcomes can improve clinical care. This review focuses on the most common imaging modality used in research assessment of paediatric inherited retinal diseases: optical coherence tomography. Optical coherence tomography findings can be used in both the clinical and research setting. In particular, the review discusses current knowledge of optical coherence tomography findings in eight paediatric inherited retinal diseases - Stargardt disease, Bests disease, Leber's congenital amaurosis, choroideremia, RPGR related retinitis pigmentosa, Usher syndrome, X-linked retinoschisis and, Batten disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasleen K Jolly
- Vision and Eye Research Institute, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Brent M Rodda
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas L Edwards
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, The Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lauren N Ayton
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, The Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jonathan B Ruddle
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, The Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Yang TH, Kang EYC, Lin PH, Wu PL, Sachs JA, Wang NK. The Value of Electroretinography in Identifying Candidate Genes for Inherited Retinal Dystrophies: A Diagnostic Guide. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:3041. [PMID: 37835784 PMCID: PMC10572658 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13193041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Inherited retinal dystrophies (IRDs) are a group of heterogeneous diseases caused by genetic mutations that specifically affect the function of the rod, cone, or bipolar cells in the retina. Electroretinography (ERG) is a diagnostic tool that measures the electrical activity of the retina in response to light stimuli, and it can help to determine the function of these cells. A normal ERG response consists of two waves, the a-wave and the b-wave, which reflect the activity of the photoreceptor cells and the bipolar and Muller cells, respectively. Despite the growing availability of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology, identifying the precise genetic mutation causing an IRD can be challenging and costly. However, certain types of IRDs present with unique ERG features that can help guide genetic testing. By combining these ERG findings with other clinical information, such as on family history and retinal imaging, physicians can effectively narrow down the list of candidate genes to be sequenced, thereby reducing the cost of genetic testing. This review article focuses on certain types of IRDs with unique ERG features. We will discuss the pathophysiology and clinical presentation of, and ERG findings on, these disorders, emphasizing the unique role ERG plays in their diagnosis and genetic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsai-Hsuan Yang
- Department of Education, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan;
- College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Eugene Yu-Chuan Kang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan;
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hsuan Lin
- National Taiwan University Hospital, Yunlin 640203, Taiwan;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; (P.-L.W.); (J.A.S.)
| | - Pei-Liang Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; (P.-L.W.); (J.A.S.)
- Department of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Jacob Aaron Sachs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; (P.-L.W.); (J.A.S.)
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | - Nan-Kai Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan;
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; (P.-L.W.); (J.A.S.)
- Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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