Donor related corneal graft infection: a review of literature and preventive strategies

Synergistic activity of clioquinol with voriconazole and amphotericin B against fungi of interest in eye infections

Keratoplasty represents a risk factor for fungal eye infections, despites the antibacterial actives in the corneal tissue preservation means, it does not contain active substances with antifungal action. Among the most commonly associated fungal agents are the species belonging to the genera Fusarium and Candida. These agents can trigger an infectious process characterized by swift progression associated with high rates of morbidity, causing irreversible damage. Polyene and azole antifungals are the main agents of ocular therapy, however, they demonstrate some limitations, such as their toxicity and fungal resistance. In this context, drug repositioning and the combination of antifungals may be an alternative. Hence, the goal of this study was to investigate the potential activity of clioquinol (CLQ), a derivative of 8-hydroxyquinoline with previously described antifungal activity, along with its triple and quadruple combinations with antifungal agents commonly used in ophthalmic fungal therapy, natamycin (NAT), voriconazole (VRC), and amphotericin B (AMB), against main fungal pathogens in eye infections. The MICs for CLQ ranged from 0.25 to 2.0 μg/mL, for NAT from 4.0 to 32.0 μg/mL, for AMB it ranged from 0.25 to 16.0 μg/mL and for VRC from 0.03125 to 512.0 µg/mL. Among the tested combinations, the VRC-AMB-CLQ combination stands out, which showed a synergistic effect for more than 50 % of the tested strains and did not present antagonistic results against any of them. Toxicity data were similar to those antifungals already used, even with lower potential toxicity. Therefore, both clioquinol and the triple combination VCR-AMB-CLQ exhibited promising profiles for use as active components in corneal tissue preservation medium.