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Duan C, Liu H, Yang X, Liu J, Deng Y, Wang T, Xing J, Hu Z, Xu H. Sirtuin1 inhibits calcium oxalate crystal-induced kidney injury by regulating TLR4 signaling and macrophage-mediated inflammatory activation. Cell Signal 2023; 112:110887. [PMID: 37717713 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Sirtuin1 (Sirt1) activation significantly attenuated calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystal deposition and renal inflammatory injury by regulating renal immune microenvironment. Here, to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the therapeutic effects of Sirt1 on macrophage related inflammation and tubular epithelial cells (TECs) necrosis, we constructed a macrophage and CaOx monohydrate (COM)-stimulated tubular cell co-culture system to mimic immune microenvironment in kidney and established a mouse model of CaOx nephrocalcinosis in wild-type and myeloid-specific Sirt1 knockout mice. Target prediction analyses of Gene Expression Omnibus Datasets showed that only miR-34b-5p is regulated by lipopolysaccharides and upregulated by SRT1720 and targets the TLR4 3'-untranslated region. In vitro, SRT1720 suppressed TLR4 expression and M1 macrophage polarization and decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and mitochondrial damage in COM-stimulated TECs by targeting miR-34b-5p. Mechanically, Sirt1 promoted miR-34b-5p expression by suppressing the tri-methylation of H3K27, which directly bound to the miR-34b-5p promoter and abolished the miR-34b-5p transcription. Furthermore, loss of Sirt1 aggravated CaOx nephrocalcinosis-induced inflammatory and oxidative kidney injury, while AgomiR-34b reversed these effects. Therefore, our data suggested that Sirt1 inhibited TLR4 signaling and M1 macrophage polarization and decreased inflammatory and oxidative injury of TECs in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Duan
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430000 Wuhan, China
| | - Haoran Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 230000 Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoqi Yang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430000 Wuhan, China
| | - Jianhe Liu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, 650000 Kunming, China
| | - Yaoliang Deng
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 530000 Nanning, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, 361000 Xiamen, China
| | - Jinchun Xing
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, 361000 Xiamen, China
| | - Zhiquan Hu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430000 Wuhan, China.
| | - Hua Xu
- Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment and Translational Medicine Hubei Engineering Research Center, 430000 Wuhan, China; Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 430000 Wuhan, China; Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 430000 Wuhan, China.; Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, 430000 Wuhan, China.
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Meng S, Wang B, Li W. LncRNA MALAT1 improves cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and cognitive dysfunction by regulating miR-142-3p/SIRT1 axis. Int J Neurosci 2023:1-14. [PMID: 34461809 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2021.1972999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the regulation and related mechanisms of MALAT1 in cerebral ischemia- reperfusion (CI/R) injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS 72 mice were divided into sham group (n=24), MCAO group (n=24), MCAO+pcDNA-NC group (n=12) and MCAO+MALAT1 group (n=12). At 12 h, 24 h and 48 h after reperfusion, 6 mice were randomly selected from the sham group and the MCAO group to detect the expression of MALAT1, miR-142-3p and SIRT1 in brain tissue. All mice were scored for neurobehavioral after 48 h of reperfusion. After the completion of the scoring, 6 mice were randomly selected from each group and brain tissue was obtained for TTC analysis. The remaining mice of each group were kept on the Morris water maze test after 3 days of feeding. TTC staining and cerebral infarct volume determination. The infarct size of each brain slice was calculated using Image J image analysis software. OGD/R model PC12 cells were prepared according to simulating CI/R injury in vitro. MALAT1 was cloned into the pcDNA3.1 to construct a MALAT1 overexpression vector with the empty vector NC as a control. Plasmid or oligonuceotides were transfected into PC12 cells. The content of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, the content of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA) in brain tissue was detected. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) activity was measured. RESULTS MALAT1 was down-regulated in a time-dependent manner in CI/R-damaged mouse cerebral cortex and OGD/R-induced PC12 cells, accompanied by an increase in the expression of miR-142-3p and a decrease in sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) expression. Overexpression of MALAT1 inhibited OGD/R-induced cell necrosis and apoptosis and promoted cell proliferation. Overexpression of MALAT1 reduced the levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, ROS and MDA and increased the activities of SOD and CAT in OGD/R-injured PC12 cells. MALAT1 negatively regulated the expression of miR-142-3p, and SIRT1 was a target gene of miR-142-3p. The expression of SIRT1 induced by MALAT1 overexpression was obviously abolished by the introduction of miR-142-3p mimic. MALAT1 overexpression can exert its role by regulating the miR-142-3p/SIRT1 axis. Besides, overexpression of MALAT1 improved cerebral infarction, neurological impairment and cognitive dysfunction in CI/R mice. CONCLUSION MALAT1 mediates SIRT1 expression by acting as a ceRNA of miR-142-3p to improve CI/R injury. Abbreviations: CAT: catalase; CI/R: cerebral ischemia-reperfusion; IL-1β: interleukin-1β; IL-6: interleukin-6; lncRNA: long-chain non-coding RNA; MALAT1: metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript1; MCAO: middle cerebral artery occlusion; MDA: malondialdehyde; OGD/R: oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SIRT1: sirtuin 1; SOD: superoxide dismutase; TNF-α: tumour necrosis factor-alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengxi Meng
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Wentao Li
- Department of Encephalopathy, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Jing GH, Liu YD, Liu JN, Jin YS, Yu SL, An RH. Puerarin prevents calcium oxalate crystal-induced renal epithelial cell autophagy by activating the SIRT1-mediated signaling pathway. Urolithiasis 2022; 50:545-556. [PMID: 35913552 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-022-01347-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals can activate autophagy, causing damage to renal tubular epithelial cells (TECs). Puerarin has been shown to have protective and therapeutic effects against a variety of diseases by inhibiting autophagy activation. However, the protective effect of puerarin against CaOx crystals and the underlying molecular mechanisms are unclear. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assays were used to evaluate the effects of puerarin on cell viability. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were measured by the cell-permeable fluorogenic probe 2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA). Immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and western blotting were used to examine the expression of SIRT1, Beclin1, p62, and LC3, and explore the underlying molecular mechanisms in vivo and in vitro. Puerarin treatment significantly attenuated CaOx crystal-induced autophagy of TECs and CaOx cytotoxicity to TECs by altering SIRT1 expression in vitro and in vivo, whereas the SIRT1-specific inhibitor EX527 exerted contrasting effects. In addition, we found that the protective effect of puerarin was related to the SIRT1/AKT/p38 signaling pathway. The findings suggest that puerarin regulates CaOx crystal-induced autophagy by activating the SIRT1-mediated signaling pathway, and they suggest a series of potential therapeutic targets and strategies for treating nephrolithiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Hua Jing
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ya-Dong Liu
- Institute of Ultrasound Imaging, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian-Nan Liu
- Department of Urology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yin-Shan Jin
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shi-Liang Yu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| | - Rui-Hua An
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
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Zhou J, He YW, Fu L, Lan YY, Liu XY, Wu Q, Xu WD, Huang AF. Gene polymorphisms of SIRT1 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Rheum Dis 2021; 25:210-217. [PMID: 34866331 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.14257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM Previous studies have shown that silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) expression is elevated in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. However, whether gene polymorphisms in SIRT1 gene associated with RA in a Chinese Han population remains to be discussed. METHOD In this case-control study, 529 RA patients and 700 healthy controls were selected, and association of 11 SIRT1 gene polymorphisms (rs12415800, rs3740051, rs932658, rs3740053, rs7895833, rs10509291, rs33957861, rs7069102, rs2273773, rs3818292, rs1467568) with RA susceptibility was evaluated. RESULTS Frequency of GA+GG genotype of rs3740051 in RA patients was significantly lower than that in healthy controls (P = .037). Frequencies of GC and GC+GG genotypes of rs7069102 were significantly lower than those in healthy controls (P = .036, P = .047). Frequencies of GA and GA+GG genotypes of rs1467568 were lower in RA patients as compared to those in healthy controls (P = .011, P = .013). For rs2273773, RA patients who carried the T allele had higher number of tender joints than patients who carried the C allele (P = .033). Other polymorphisms did not associate with RA risk. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that rs3740051, rs7069102 and rs1467568 variants in SIRT1 gene are related to RA susceptibility in a Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- Department of Evidence-Based Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yan-Wei He
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Lu Fu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - You-Yu Lan
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Liu
- Department of Evidence-Based Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Qian Wu
- Department of Evidence-Based Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Wang-Dong Xu
- Department of Evidence-Based Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - An-Fang Huang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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Ye QL, Wang DM, Wang X, Zhang ZQ, Tian QX, Feng SY, Zhang ZH, Yu DX, Ding DM, Xie DD. Sirt1 inhibits kidney stones formation by attenuating calcium oxalate-induced cell injury. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 347:109605. [PMID: 34333021 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cell injury is a necessary and critical event during CaOx kidney stone formation. Sirt1 exerts a number of pleiotropic effects, protecting against renal cell injury. This study aims to explore the relationship between Sirt1 and CaOx kidney stone formation and the underlying mechanism. Sirt1 expression in renal tissues or HK-2 cells was detected by Western blot, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. Apoptosis in renal tissues was examined by TUNEL staining. Renal pathological changes and the crystals deposition were detected by hematoxylin-eosin and Von Kossa staining. Crystal-cell adhesion and cell injury in HK-2 cells were assessed by atomic absorption spectrometry and flow cytometry, respectively. Sirt1 expression in nephrolithiasis patients was downregulated and the level of apoptosis was increased. Further study found that Sirt1 expression was decreased in both in vivo and in vitro models. Interestingly, the levels of cell injury were elevated in vivo and in vitro models. Suppressing Sirt1 expression promoted COM-induced crystal-cell adhesion and exacerbated cell injury. In contrast, increasing the expression of Sirt1 by lentivirus transfection in vitro and resveratrol administration in vivo, alleviated crystal deposition and cell damage. Our findings suggest that Sirt1 could inhibit kidney stone formation, at least in part, through attenuating CaOx -induced cell injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Lin Ye
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Da-Ming Wang
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Zhang
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Qi-Xing Tian
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Shi-Yao Feng
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Zhi-Hui Zhang
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - De-Xin Yu
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - De-Mao Ding
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Dong-Dong Xie
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
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Ye T, Yang X, Liu H, Lv P, Lu H, Jiang K, Peng E, Ye Z, Chen Z, Tang K. Theaflavin protects against oxalate calcium-induced kidney oxidative stress injury via upregulation of SIRT1. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:1050-1060. [PMID: 33867828 PMCID: PMC8040307 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.57160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal tubular cell injury induced by calcium oxalate (CaOx) is a critical initial stage of kidney stone formation. Theaflavin (TF) has been known for its strong antioxidative capacity; however, the effect and molecular mechanism of TF against oxidative stress and injury caused by CaOx crystal exposure in kidneys remains unknown. To explore the potential function of TF on renal crystal deposition and its underlying mechanisms, experiments were conducted using a CaOx nephrocalcinosis mouse model established by glyoxylate intraperitoneal injection, and HK-2 cells were subjected to calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystals, with or without the treatment of TF. We discovered that TF treatment remarkably protected against CaOx-induced kidney oxidative stress injury and reduced crystal deposition. Additionally, miR-128-3p expression was decreased and negatively correlated with SIRT1 level in mouse CaOx nephrocalcinosis model following TF treatment. Moreover, TF suppressed miR-128-3p expression and further abolished its inhibition on SIRT1 to attenuate oxidative stress in vitro. Mechanistically, TF interacted with miR-128-3p and suppressed its expression. In addition, miR-128-3p inhibited SIRT1 expression by directly binding its 3'-untranslated region (UTR). Furthermore, miR-128-3p activation partially reversed the acceerative effect of TF on SIRT1 expression. Taken together, TF exhibits a strong nephroprotective ability to suppress CaOx-induced kidney damage through the recovery of the antioxidant defense system regulated by miR-128-3p/SIRT1 axis. These findings provide novel insights for the prevention and treatment of renal calculus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ye
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoqi Yang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Haoran Liu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Peng Lv
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongyan Lu
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kehua Jiang
- Department of Urology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Ejun Peng
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhangqun Ye
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiqiang Chen
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kun Tang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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A SNaPshot Assay for Determination of the Mannose-Binding Lectin Gene Variants and an Algorithm for Calculation of Haplogenotype Combinations. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11020301. [PMID: 33668563 PMCID: PMC7918147 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11020301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) deficiency caused by the variability in the MBL2 gene is responsible for the susceptibility to and severity of various infectious and autoimmune diseases. A combination of six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) has a major impact on MBL levels in circulation. The aim of this study is to design and validate a sensitive and economical method for determining MBL2 haplogenotypes. The SNaPshot assay is designed and optimized to genotype six SNPs (rs1800451, rs1800450, rs5030737, rs7095891, rs7096206, rs11003125) and is validated by comparing results with Sanger sequencing. Additionally, an algorithm for online calculation of haplogenotype combinations from the determined genotypes is developed. Three hundred and twenty-eight DNA samples from healthy individuals from the Czech population are genotyped. Minor allele frequencies (MAFs) in the Czech population are in accordance with those present in the European population. The SNaPshot assay for MBL2 genotyping is a high-throughput, cost-effective technique that can be used in further genetic-association studies or in clinical practice. Moreover, a freely available online application for the calculation of haplogenotypes from SNPs is developed within the scope of this project.
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Hou J, Xie X, Tu Q, Li J, Ding J, Shao G, Jiang Q, Yuan L, Lai X. SIRT1 gene polymorphisms are associated with nondiabetic type 1 cardiorenal syndrome. Ann Hum Genet 2019; 83:445-453. [PMID: 31355422 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 cardiorenal syndrome (CRS1) is characterized by acute cardiac disease (e.g., acute heart failure [AHF]), leading to acute kidney injury. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), an NAD+ -dependent deacylase, has been found to be associated with CRS1. To confirm whether a correlation exists between SIRT1 variants and the risk of CRS1, the association between the prevalence of CRS1 and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the SIRT1 gene was investigated in AHF patients. A total of 316 Chinese AHF participants (158 patients with CRS1 and 158 age- and sex-matched controls) were recruited for the present observational study to investigate the association between nine common SIRT1 SNPs (i.e., rs7895833 G > A, rs10509291 T > A, rs3740051 A > G, rs932658 A > C, rs33957861 C > T, rs7069102 C > G, rs2273773 T > C, rs3818292 A > G, and rs1467568 A > G) and the susceptibility to CRS1. Significant differences in genotype distribution between the control and CRS1 groups were found for rs7895833 and rs1467568. After applying a Bonferroni adjustment, the A allele of rs7895833 was still found to be protective (p = 0.001; odds ratio [OR] = 0.77) against CRS1 in this study population. The AA genotype of rs7895833 and the GA genotype of rs1467568 were associated with a significantly reduced risk of CRS1 (OR = 0.23 and 0.49, respectively). rs7895833 and rs1467568 were further analyzed as a haplotype, and the GA haplotype (rs7895833-rs1467568) exhibited a significant association with CRS1 (p = 0.008), while the AA haplotype showed a significant protective effect (p = 0.022). Our study showed that SIRT1 rs7895833 and rs1467568 polymorphisms had a significant effect on the risk of developing CRS1 in a population in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiebin Hou
- Department of Nephrology, the Second Medical Centre, Chinese PLA (People's Liberation Army) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyue Xie
- Division of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qingxian Tu
- Department of Cardiology, The First People's Hospital of ZunYi, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First People's Hospital of ZunYi, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Jiarong Ding
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Guojian Shao
- Department of Nephrology, Wenzhou Central Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qianfeng Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, The First People's Hospital of ZunYi, Zunyi, Guizhou, China.,The Third Affiiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Li Yuan
- Division of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xueli Lai
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
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