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Ferreira NR, Marto CM, de Sousa BM, Loureiro M, Oliveira AT, DosSantos MF, Rodrigues MJ. Synthesis of temporomandibular disorders management intervention outcomes for development of core outcome sets: A systematic review. J Oral Rehabil 2024; 51:1303-1319. [PMID: 38572886 DOI: 10.1111/joor.13692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The selection of appropriate outcomes in clinical trials and systematic reviews is a crucial factor in determining the results that are useful, reliable, and relevant for both patients and healthcare professionals. Clinicians and researchers have been encouraged to develop and apply core outcome sets (COS) to minimise the discrepancy between studies. AIM This systematic review is the first phase of the COS development project for clinical trials in temporomandibular disorders (COS-TMD). It aims to identify and synthesise the outcomes used in the randomised controlled trials (RCT) that evaluated the effectiveness of interventions used in TMD management. MATERIALS AND METHODS An electronic search was performed in several databases: MEDLINE (via PubMed), Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and EMBASE. The eligibility criteria comprised RCT that applied any intervention to treat temporomandibular joint disorders or masticatory muscle disorders. The identified outcomes were categorised according to domains of the Initiative on Methods, Measurement and Pain Assessment in Clinical Trials (IMMPACT). RESULTS The electronic search resulted in 1606 studies. After removing duplicates and applying the eligibility criteria, 106 RCT were included. A total of 43 studies evaluated masticatory muscle disorders, 27 evaluated temporomandibular joint disorders, and 36 analysed mixed TMD. CONCLUSIONS The evaluation showed significant variability in the types of outcomes and their measurement instruments. In addition, some domains such as physical and emotional functioning, participant ratings of global improvement and adverse events have been neglected when determining the effectiveness of treatments for TMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Ferreira
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Occlusion and Orofacial Pain, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - C M Marto
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Experimental Pathology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Integrated Clinical Practice, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, CACC, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - B M de Sousa
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Occlusion and Orofacial Pain, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M Loureiro
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Occlusion and Orofacial Pain, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - A T Oliveira
- Postgraduate Program in Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - M F DosSantos
- Postgraduate Program in Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Mechanical Properties and Cell Biology (PropBio) School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - M J Rodrigues
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Occlusion and Orofacial Pain, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Kim H, Shim JW, Shin WC, Lee YJ, Ha IH, Kim KW, Cho JH. Korean Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline Update for Temporomandibular Disorders: An Evidence-Based Approach. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2364. [PMID: 37628561 PMCID: PMC10454242 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11162364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Many updated clinical research results have been published since the Korean Medicine Clinical Practice Guidelines (KMCPGs) for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) were published in 2018. Therefore, it is necessary to update the existing clinical practice guidelines (CPGs). This study presents updated recommendations for TMD treatment based on current research data published up to February 2020. The draft version of the level of evidence and grade of recommendation was determined through an assessment of the risk of bias and a meta-analysis of selected literature based on the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). The final guidelines were derived using the Delphi method. Eighteen recommendations were derived for eight items of Korean medicine treatment for TMDs. Compared with previous Korean medicine CPGs for TMDs, the grades of seven recommendations, including acupuncture, pharmacopuncture, and Chuna manual therapy, were increased. The grades of the two recommendations have been changed. Six new recommendations were added to fully reflect clinical reality. Acupuncture, pharmacopuncture, and Chuna manual therapy are recommended for TMD patients in clinical practice. Concurrent conventional conservative therapy with Korean medicine or a combination of Korean medicines should be considered in clinical practice in patients with temporomandibular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungsuk Kim
- Department of Korean Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (H.K.); (J.W.S.); (W.-C.S.); (K.-W.K.)
| | - Jae Woo Shim
- Department of Korean Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (H.K.); (J.W.S.); (W.-C.S.); (K.-W.K.)
| | - Woo-Chul Shin
- Department of Korean Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (H.K.); (J.W.S.); (W.-C.S.); (K.-W.K.)
| | - Yoon Jae Lee
- Jaseng Spine and Joint Research Institute, Jaseng Medical Foundation, Seoul 06110, Republic of Korea; (Y.J.L.); (I.-H.H.)
| | - In-Hyuk Ha
- Jaseng Spine and Joint Research Institute, Jaseng Medical Foundation, Seoul 06110, Republic of Korea; (Y.J.L.); (I.-H.H.)
| | - Koh-Woon Kim
- Department of Korean Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (H.K.); (J.W.S.); (W.-C.S.); (K.-W.K.)
| | - Jae-Heung Cho
- Department of Korean Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (H.K.); (J.W.S.); (W.-C.S.); (K.-W.K.)
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Zhang Y, Qian Y, Huo K, Liu J, Huang X, Bao J. Efficacy of laser therapy for temporomandibular disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Complement Ther Med 2023; 74:102945. [PMID: 36997006 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2023.102945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the efficacy of laser therapy in temporomandibular disorders (TMD). METHODS Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in regard to this issue were searched in electronic databases. Three investigators independently screened the eligible studies, and the quality of the included studies was assessed according to the risk of bias tool recommended by the Cochrane handbook. The primary outcome measure was the degree of pain, reported on a visual analog scale (VAS), and the secondary outcome measures were TMJ function, including maximum active vertical opening (MAVO), maximum passive vertical opening (MPVO), left and right lateral movement (LLE, RLE). Pooled effect sizes were calculated using random effects models and 95% confidence interval (95% CI). RESULTS A total of 28 randomized controlled trials were included. Laser therapy had a more significant effect in terms of VAS (SMD=﹣1.88; 95% CI=﹣2.46 to﹣1.30; P<0.00001; I2 =93%), MAVO (MD = 4.90; 95% CI= 3.29 to 6.50; P < 0.00001; I2 =72%), MPVO (MD=5.82; 95% CI= 4.62 to 7.01; P<0.00001; I2 =40%) and RLE (MD = 0.73; 95% CI= 0.23 to 1.22; P = 0.004; I2 = 0%) as compared to placebo group. However, there was no significant difference in LLE between two groups (MD= 0.35; 95% CI=﹣0.31 to 1.01; P=0.30; I2 =0%). CONCLUSIONS Laser therapy can effectively reduce pain but have small effect on improving mandibular movement of TMD patients. More well-designed RCTs with large sample sizes are needed for further validation. And these studies should report detailed laser parameters and provide complete outcome measure data. PROSPERO CRD42022349719.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Sport Rehabilitation Center of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yingqiu Qian
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Sport Rehabilitation Center of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Kangxin Huo
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Sport Rehabilitation Center of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jingxin Liu
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Sport Rehabilitation Center of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xi Huang
- Department of Stomatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Jie Bao
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Sport Rehabilitation Center of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Children's Rehabilitation & Sports Medicine Research Institute of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo, China.
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El-Shaheed NH, Mostafa AZH, Aboelez MA. Efficacy of stabilisation splint and low-level laser therapy for patients with chronic closed lock from non-reducible displaced temporo-mandibular joint discs: A parallel randomised clinical trial. J Oral Rehabil 2023; 50:177-193. [PMID: 36564950 DOI: 10.1111/joor.13405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stabilisation splint therapy (SST) and low-level laser therapy (LLLT) are effective-invasive treatment for temporo-mandibular disorder (TMD) patients. However, the specific efficacy of each therapy in patients with chronic closed lock (CCL) from temporo-mandibular joints (TMJ) disc displacement without reduction (DDwoR) remains unknown. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess and compare the efficacy of SST and LLLT alone or in combination in patients with CCL from TMJ DDwoR. METHODS This parallel randomised clinical trial included 42 patients who were diagnosed with CCL from TMJ DDwoR. Patients were allocated equally and randomly into three treatment groups: group I received combined SST and LLLT, group II received LLLT and group III received SST. Maximum mouth opening (MMO), visual analogue scale (VAS), muscle and joint palpation scores and time required to achieve normal state were evaluated at baseline, 1, 2, 4 weeks, 3 and 6 months after the intervention. Data were collected and analysed using SPSS software. RESULTS Regarding MMO and VAS, a statistically significant improvement was found between group I versus group II and versus group III at all evaluation times. Regarding muscle and joint palpation scores, a statistically significant difference was found between group I versus group III, while non-significant difference was found between group I and group II. A statistically significant faster improvement was found in group I versus group III and versus group II. CONCLUSION All treatment modalities can be effective in management of CCL from a TMJ DDwoR cases, but the combined SST and LLLT group seems to provide the best and quickest improvement. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT05548894.
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Torres-Rosas R, Castro-Gutiérrez MEM, Flores-Mejía LA, Torres-Rosas EU, Nieto-García RM, Argueta-Figueroa L. Ozone for the treatment of temporomandibular joint disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Med Gas Res 2022; 13:149-154. [PMID: 36571381 PMCID: PMC9979202 DOI: 10.4103/2045-9912.345174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD) generate pain and difficulties for mouth opening affecting the patients' quality of life. Ozone is an emerging therapy that has been proposed as a potential treatment, due to that, the evidence about its efficacy should be reviewed. Therefore, this work aimed to conduct a comprehensive systematic review to address the efficacy of ozone therapy for the treatment of pain and limited mouth opening in patients with TMD. The design of the included studies was clinical trials and observational studies, whereas, a series of cases, in vivo, and in vitro studies were excluded. The search was performed in PubMed, ClinicalTrials, Web of Science, and Scopus. Gray literature was searched at Google Scholar. Relevant data of all included studies were recorded. The risk of bias (using RoB 2) and the quality (using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) assessments were carried out. Meta-analyses using random-effects models of pain and maximal mouth opening data were performed. This review included 8 studies with 404 participants suffering limited function and pain related to TMD. At the overall bias of the studies, 25% exhibited some concerns and 75% had high risk; and the quality of the studies was low. The analysis of the included studies suggests that ozone therapy can diminish pain and improve the maximal mouth opening in TMD patients. However, there is no conclusive evidence of ozone therapy as a superior treatment for TMD compared with occlusal splint and pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Torres-Rosas
- Laboratorio de Medicina Complementaria, Centro de Estudios en Ciencias de la Salud y la Enfermedad, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Autónoma “Benito Juárez” de Oaxaca, Oaxaca, México
| | | | | | | | - Roberto Miguel Nieto-García
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional (CIIDIR), Unidad Oaxaca, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Oaxaca, México
| | - Liliana Argueta-Figueroa
- Cátedras CONACyT – Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Autónoma “Benito Juárez” de Oaxaca, Oaxaca, México,Laboratorio de Biomateriales, Centro de Estudios en Ciencias de la Salud y la Enfermedad, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Autónoma “Benito Juárez” de Oaxaca, Oaxaca, México,Correspondence to: Liliana Argueta-Figueroa, E-mail: , or
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de Sire A, Marotta N, Ferrillo M, Agostini F, Sconza C, Lippi L, Respizzi S, Giudice A, Invernizzi M, Ammendolia A. Oxygen-Ozone Therapy for Reducing Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines Serum Levels in Musculoskeletal and Temporomandibular Disorders: A Comprehensive Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052528. [PMID: 35269681 PMCID: PMC8910188 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, the application of oxygen-ozone (O2O3) therapy has significantly increased in the common clinical practice in several pathological conditions. However, beyond the favorable clinical effects, the biochemical effects of O2O3 are still far from being understood. This comprehensive review aimed at investigating the state of the art about the effects of O2O3 therapy on pro-inflammatory cytokines serum levels as a modulator of oxidative stress in patients with musculoskeletal and temporomandibular disorders (TMD). The efficacy of O2O3 therapy could be related to the moderate oxidative stress modulation produced by the interaction of ozone with biological components. More in detail, O2O3 therapy is widely used as an adjuvant therapeutic option in several pathological conditions characterized by chronic inflammatory processes and immune overactivation. In this context, most musculoskeletal and temporomandibular disorders (TMD) share these two pathophysiological processes. Despite the paucity of in vivo studies, this comprehensive review suggests that O2O3 therapy might reduce serum levels of interleukin 6 in patients with TMD, low back pain, knee osteoarthritis and rheumatic diseases with a concrete and measurable interaction with the inflammatory pathway. However, to date, further studies are needed to clarify the effects of this promising therapy on inflammatory mediators and their clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro de Sire
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro “Magna Graecia”, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (N.M.); (A.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0961712819
| | - Nicola Marotta
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro “Magna Graecia”, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (N.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Martina Ferrillo
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro “Magna Graecia”, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (M.F.); (A.G.)
| | - Francesco Agostini
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Cristiano Sconza
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Italy; (C.S.); (S.R.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20090 Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Lippi
- Physical and Rehabilitative Medicine, Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont “A. Avogadro”, 28100 Novara, Italy; (L.L.); (M.I.)
| | - Stefano Respizzi
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Italy; (C.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Amerigo Giudice
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro “Magna Graecia”, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (M.F.); (A.G.)
| | - Marco Invernizzi
- Physical and Rehabilitative Medicine, Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont “A. Avogadro”, 28100 Novara, Italy; (L.L.); (M.I.)
- Translational Medicine, Dipartimento Attività Integrate Ricerca e Innovazione (DAIRI), Azienda Ospedaliera SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Antonio Ammendolia
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro “Magna Graecia”, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (N.M.); (A.A.)
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Ren H, Liu J, Liu Y, Yu C, Bao G, Kang H. Comparative effectiveness of low-level laser therapy with different wavelengths and transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation in the treatment of pain caused by temporomandibular disorders: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. J Oral Rehabil 2021; 49:138-149. [PMID: 34289157 DOI: 10.1111/joor.13230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) with different wavelengths and transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS) and explore the optimal wavelength range of laser application in the treatment of pain caused by temporomandibular disorders (TMD). METHODS An electronic search on PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Scopus and Web of Science was undertaken to identify the randomised clinical trials (RCTs) published from database inception to 16 April 2021, aiming to compare the effects of LLLT with different wavelengths (632.8-672 nm, 780-904 nm, and 910-1100 nm) or TENS or placebo group on TMD patients pain reduction. In addition, manual search of the studies was performed. The reviewers assessed the risk of bias of individual studies with the Cochrane risk of bias tool and excluded the RCTs with a high risk of bias in any field. Meanwhile, the reviewers, after performing the network meta-analysis, assessed the quality of evidence, which contributed to network estimate via the GRADE framework. RESULTS Twenty-seven RCTs with 969 patients with TMD were included. In the meta-analysis, all treatment groups showed an overall improvement in pain scores, when compared with the placebo group. LLLT with wavelength ranging from 910 nm to 1100 nm produced more pain relief in the visual analogue scale (VAS) immediately after treatment [mean difference (MD) = 4.68, 95% confidence interval (CI):(3.08,6.28)]. After one-month follow-up, LLLT with wavelength ranging from 910 nm to 1100 nm also showed superior pain-relieving effects [MD = 3.61, 95% CI: (-1.77, 8.99)]. However, no significant difference was observed. Based on the SUCRA ranking, L3 ranked first immediately after treatment and 1 month later. CONCLUSION The results of the meta-analysis showed the LLLT had better short-term efficacy than TENS in the treatment of pain caused by TMD. Better results can be achieved with higher wavelengths. Therefore, we recommended to treat TMD using LLLT with wavelength ranging from 910 nm to 1100 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ren
- Department of Temporomandibular joint and Occlusion, School/Hospital of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jingying Liu
- Department of Temporomandibular joint and Occlusion, School/Hospital of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Temporomandibular joint and Occlusion, School/Hospital of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Caiyun Yu
- Department of Temporomandibular joint and Occlusion, School/Hospital of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guangjie Bao
- Key Laboratory of Stomatology of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hong Kang
- Department of Temporomandibular joint and Occlusion, School/Hospital of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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Effectiveness of the Laser Application in Temporomandibular Joint Disorder: A Systematic Review of 1172 Patients. Pain Res Manag 2020; 2020:5971032. [PMID: 33005278 PMCID: PMC7503120 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5971032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the effectiveness of laser application in temporomandibular joint disorder. Methods PubMed, SCOPUS, Science Direct, Web of Science, and Google Scholar electronic databases were searched systematically with restricting the languages to only English and year (January 2001 to March 2020), and studies were selected based on the inclusion criteria. Study quality and publication bias were assessed by using the Robvis, a software package of R statistical software. Results This systematic review included 32 studies (1172 patients) based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Most of the studies reported significant reduction of pain by the use of the laser during TMD treatment. Two-thirds of the study (78.13%) found a better outcome comparing with conventional one. According to Robvis, 84.4% of the studies were high methodological studies with low risk of bias. Conclusion TMD patients suffer with continuous pain for long time even after conventional treatment. Laser therapy shows a promising outcome of pain reduction for TMD patients. Therefore, laser therapy can be recommended for the TMD patients' better outcome. This trial is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020177562).
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