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Gallardo-Zapata J, Pérez-Figueroa E, Olivar-López V, Medina-Sansón A, Jiménez-Hernández E, Ortega E, Maldonado-Bernal C. TLR Agonists Modify NK Cell Activation and Increase Its Cytotoxicity in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7500. [PMID: 39000607 PMCID: PMC11242025 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play a crucial role in innate immunity, particularly in combating infections and tumors. However, in hematological cancers, NK cells often exhibit impaired functions. Therefore, it is very important to activate its endosomal Toll-like receptors (TLRs) as a potential strategy to restore its antitumor activity. We stimulated NK cells from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells from children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and NK cells isolated, and the NK cells were stimulated with specific TLR ligands (Poly I:C, Imiquimod, R848, and ODN2006) and we evaluated changes in IFN-γ, CD107a, NKG2D, NKp44 expression, Granzyme B secretion, cytokine/chemokine release, and cytotoxic activity. Results revealed that Poly I:C and Imiquimod enhanced the activation of both immunoregulatory and cytotoxic NK cells, increasing IFN-γ, CD107a, NKG2D, and NKp44 expression. R848 activated immunoregulatory NK cells, while ODN2006 boosted CD107a, NKp44, NKG2D, and IFN-γ secretion in cytotoxic NK cells. R848 also increased the secretion of seven cytokines/chemokines. Importantly, R848 and ODN 2006 significantly improved cytotoxicity against leukemic cells. Overall, TLR stimulation enhances NK cell activation, suggesting TLR8 (R848) and TLR9 (ODN 2006) ligands as promising candidates for antitumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Gallardo-Zapata
- Immunology and Proteomics Research Laboratory, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04360, Mexico
| | - Erandi Pérez-Figueroa
- Immunology and Proteomics Research Laboratory, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Víctor Olivar-López
- Emergency Service, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Aurora Medina-Sansón
- Hemato-Oncology Department, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | | | - Enrique Ortega
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Research, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 4510, Mexico
| | - Carmen Maldonado-Bernal
- Immunology and Proteomics Research Laboratory, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
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Taghiloo S, Ajami A, Alizadeh-Navaei R, Asgarian-Omran H. Combination therapy of acute myeloid leukemia by dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor BEZ235 and TLR-7/8 agonist R848 in murine model. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 125:111211. [PMID: 37956488 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the high relapse rate and toxicity of the common therapies in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), modifications in the treatment strategies are required. The present study was conducted to determine the effects of combinational therapy with a dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, BEZ235, and TLR7/8 agonist, R848, on murine AML model. METHODS BEZ235 and R848 were administered to AML leukemic mice in either a single or combination treatment. Frequency of T-CD4+, T-CD8+, MDSCs, NK, exhausted T cells and the degranulation levels was measured via flow cytometry. The cytotoxicity and proliferation levels were evaluated by MTT assay. Then, the expression of iNOS, arginase-1, PD-L1, Gal-9, PVR, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12 and IL-17 was investigated by Real-Time PCR. Organomegaly, body weight and survival rate were also monitored. RESULTS Following combinational therapy with BEZ235 and R848, increasing in the frequency of anti-tumor immune cells including T-CD4+ cells and M1 macroghages, and decreasing in pro-tumor immune cells including MDSCs, exhausted T-CD4+ and T-CD8+ cells and also M2 macrophages were observed. The functional defects of immune cells in term of proliferation, cytotoxicity, degranulation, and cytokines expression were improved in leukemic mice after treatment with BEZ235 and R848. Finally, organomegaly, body weight and survival analysis showed significant improvements after treatment with BEZ235 and R848. CONCLUSION Taken together, we indicated that the combinational therapy with BEZ235 and R848 could be considered as a potential and powerful therapeutic option for AML patients. Further clinical studies are required to expand our current findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Taghiloo
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Abolghasem Ajami
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Reza Alizadeh-Navaei
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Non-Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Hossein Asgarian-Omran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Non-Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
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Chaintreuil P, Kerreneur E, Bourgoin M, Savy C, Favreau C, Robert G, Jacquel A, Auberger P. The generation, activation, and polarization of monocyte-derived macrophages in human malignancies. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1178337. [PMID: 37143666 PMCID: PMC10151765 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1178337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are immune cells that originate from embryogenesis or from the differentiation of monocytes. They can adopt numerous phenotypes depending on their origin, tissue distribution and in response to different stimuli and tissue environment. Thus, in vivo, macrophages are endowed with a continuum of phenotypes that are rarely strictly pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory and exhibit a broad expression profile that sweeps over the whole polarization spectrum. Schematically, three main macrophage subpopulations coexist in human tissues: naïve macrophages also called M0, pro-inflammatory macrophages referred as M1 macrophages, and anti-inflammatory macrophages also known as M2 macrophages. Naïve macrophages display phagocytic functions, recognize pathogenic agents, and rapidly undergo polarization towards pro or anti-inflammatory macrophages to acquire their full panel of functions. Pro-inflammatory macrophages are widely involved in inflammatory response, during which they exert anti-microbial and anti-tumoral functions. By contrast, anti-inflammatory macrophages are implicated in the resolution of inflammation, the phagocytosis of cell debris and tissue reparation following injuries. Macrophages also play important deleterious or beneficial roles in the initiation and progression of different pathophysiological settings including solid and hematopoietic cancers. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the generation, activation and polarization of macrophages is a prerequisite for the development of new therapeutic strategies to modulate macrophages functions in pathological situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Chaintreuil
- Université Côte d’Azur, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Nice, France
- Inserm U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Nice, France
| | - Emeline Kerreneur
- Université Côte d’Azur, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Nice, France
- Inserm U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Nice, France
| | - Maxence Bourgoin
- Université Côte d’Azur, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Nice, France
- Inserm U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Nice, France
| | - Coline Savy
- Université Côte d’Azur, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Nice, France
- Inserm U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Nice, France
| | - Cécile Favreau
- Université Côte d’Azur, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Nice, France
- Inserm U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Nice, France
| | - Guillaume Robert
- Université Côte d’Azur, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Nice, France
- Inserm U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Nice, France
| | - Arnaud Jacquel
- Université Côte d’Azur, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Nice, France
- Inserm U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Nice, France
- *Correspondence: Arnaud Jacquel, ; Patrick Auberger,
| | - Patrick Auberger
- Université Côte d’Azur, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Nice, France
- Inserm U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Nice, France
- *Correspondence: Arnaud Jacquel, ; Patrick Auberger,
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Veneziani I, Alicata C, Moretta L, Maggi E. The Latest Approach of Immunotherapy with Endosomal TLR Agonists Improving NK Cell Function: An Overview. Biomedicines 2022; 11:biomedicines11010064. [PMID: 36672572 PMCID: PMC9855813 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the most well-defined pattern recognition receptors (PRR) of several cell types recognizing pathogens and triggering innate immunity. TLRs are also expressed on tumor cells and tumor microenvironment (TME) cells, including natural killer (NK) cells. Cell surface TLRs primarily recognize extracellular ligands from bacteria and fungi, while endosomal TLRs recognize microbial DNA or RNA. TLR engagement activates intracellular pathways leading to the activation of transcription factors regulating gene expression of several inflammatory molecules. Endosomal TLR agonists may be considered as new immunotherapeutic adjuvants for dendritic cell (DC) vaccines able to improve anti-tumor immunity and cancer patient outcomes. The literature suggests that endosomal TLR agonists modify TME on murine models and human cancer (clinical trials), providing evidence that locally infused endosomal TLR agonists may delay tumor growth and induce tumor regression. Recently, our group demonstrated that CD56bright NK cell subset is selectively responsive to TLR8 engagement. Thus, TLR8 agonists (loaded or not to nanoparticles or other carriers) can be considered a novel strategy able to promote anti-tumor immunity. TLR8 agonists can be used to activate and expand in vitro circulating or intra-tumoral NK cells to be adoptively transferred into patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Veneziani
- Translational Immunology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Alicata
- Tumor Immunology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Moretta
- Tumor Immunology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Maggi
- Translational Immunology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Li W, Wang F, Guo R, Bian Z, Song Y. Targeting macrophages in hematological malignancies: recent advances and future directions. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:110. [PMID: 35978372 PMCID: PMC9387027 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01328-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that the detection and clearance of cancer cells via phagocytosis induced by innate immune checkpoints play significant roles in tumor-mediated immune escape. The most well-described innate immune checkpoints are the "don't eat me" signals, including the CD47/signal regulatory protein α axis (SIRPα), PD-1/PD-L1 axis, CD24/SIGLEC-10 axis, and MHC-I/LILRB1 axis. Molecules have been developed to block these pathways and enhance the phagocytic activity against tumors. Several clinical studies have investigated the safety and efficacy of CD47 blockades, either alone or in combination with existing therapy in hematological malignancies, including myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and lymphoma. However, only a minority of patients have significant responses to these treatments alone. Combining CD47 blockades with other treatment modalities are in clinical studies, with early results suggesting a synergistic therapeutic effect. Targeting macrophages with bispecific antibodies are being explored in blood cancer therapy. Furthermore, reprogramming of pro-tumor macrophages to anti-tumor macrophages, and CAR macrophages (CAR-M) demonstrate anti-tumor activities. In this review, we elucidated distinct types of macrophage-targeted strategies in hematological malignancies, from preclinical experiments to clinical trials, and outlined potential therapeutic approaches being developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Rongqun Guo
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Zhilei Bian
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Yongping Song
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
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Therapeutic applications of toll-like receptors (TLRs) agonists in AML. CLINICAL & TRANSLATIONAL ONCOLOGY : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE FEDERATION OF SPANISH ONCOLOGY SOCIETIES AND OF THE NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE OF MEXICO 2022; 24:2319-2329. [PMID: 35962918 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-022-02917-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive type of blood cancer affecting bone marrow (BM). In AML, hematopoietic precursors are arrested in the early stages of development and are defined as the presence of ≥ 20% blasts (leukemia cells) in the BM. Toll-like receptors (TLR) are major groups of pattern recognition receptors expressed by almost all innate immune cells that enable them to detect a wide range of pathogen-associated molecular patterns and damage-associated molecular patterns to prime immune responses toward adaptive immunity. Because TLRs are commonly expressed on transformed immune system cells (ranging from blasts to memory cells), they can be a potential option for developing efficient clinical alternatives in hematologic tumors. This is because several in vitro and in vivo investigations have demonstrated that TLR signaling increased the immunogenicity of AML cells, making them more vulnerable to T cell-mediated invasion. This study aimed to review the current knowledge in this field and provide some insight into the therapeutic potentials of TLRs in AML.
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7
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Huang L, Ge X, Liu Y, Li H, Zhang Z. The Role of Toll-like Receptor Agonists and Their Nanomedicines for Tumor Immunotherapy. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061228. [PMID: 35745800 PMCID: PMC9230510 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of pattern recognition receptors that play a critical role in innate and adaptive immunity. Toll-like receptor agonists (TLRa) as vaccine adjuvant candidates have become one of the recent research hotspots in the cancer immunomodulatory field. Nevertheless, numerous current systemic deliveries of TLRa are inappropriate for clinical adoption due to their low efficiency and systemic adverse reactions. TLRa-loaded nanoparticles are capable of ameliorating the risk of immune-related toxicity and of strengthening tumor suppression and eradication. Herein, we first briefly depict the patterns of TLRa, followed by the mechanism of agonists at those targets. Second, we summarize the emerging applications of TLRa-loaded nanomedicines as state-of-the-art strategies to advance cancer immunotherapy. Additionally, we outline perspectives related to the development of nanomedicine-based TLRa combined with other therapeutic modalities for malignancies immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hui Li
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (Z.Z.)
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8
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Insights into Modern Therapeutic Approaches in Pediatric Acute Leukemias. Cells 2022; 11:cells11010139. [PMID: 35011701 PMCID: PMC8749975 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pediatric cancers predominantly constitute lymphomas and leukemias. Recently, our knowledge and awareness about genetic diversities, and their consequences in these diseases, have greatly expanded. Modern solutions are focused on mobilizing and impacting a patient’s immune system. Strategies to stimulate the immune system, to prime an antitumor response, are of intense interest. Amid those types of therapies are chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells, bispecific antibodies, and antibody–drug conjugates (ADC), which have already been approved in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)/acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In addition, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), i.e., NOD-like receptors (NLRs), Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and several kinds of therapy antibodies are well on their way to showing significant benefits for patients with these diseases. This review summarizes the current knowledge of modern methods used in selected pediatric malignancies and presents therapies that may hold promise for the future.
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9
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Gallardo-Zapata J, Maldonado-Bernal C. Role of Toll-like receptors in natural killer cell function in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:748. [PMID: 34539852 PMCID: PMC8436356 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.13009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are specialized lymphocytes primarily involved in the response to infection and tumors. NK cells are characterized by the presence of specific surface molecules, as well as a wide repertoire of receptors that impart microenvironment-dependent effector functions. Among these receptors, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) can be activated to condition the NK response to either a cytotoxic or immunoregulatory phenotype. However, cellular function is frequently impaired during disorders such as cancer. In the last decade, it has become increasingly evident that the stimulation of NK cells is a requirement for their increased cytotoxic activity. TLR activation has been suggested as an alternative route for reestablishing the antitumor activity of NK cells. The present review summarizes the characteristics of NK cells, their receptors, the expression and function of NK cell TLRs, and their functional status in cancer, primarily acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Gallardo-Zapata
- Immunology and Proteomics Research Unit, Children's Hospital of Mexico Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico.,Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Carmen Maldonado-Bernal
- Immunology and Proteomics Research Unit, Children's Hospital of Mexico Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
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10
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Nucera F, Lo Bello F, Shen SS, Ruggeri P, Coppolino I, Di Stefano A, Stellato C, Casolaro V, Hansbro PM, Adcock IM, Caramori G. Role of Atypical Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors Pathways in the Pathogenesis of COPD. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:2577-2653. [PMID: 32819230 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327999200819145327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) represents a heightened inflammatory response in the lung generally resulting from tobacco smoking-induced recruitment and activation of inflammatory cells and/or activation of lower airway structural cells. Several mediators can modulate activation and recruitment of these cells, particularly those belonging to the chemokines (conventional and atypical) family. There is emerging evidence for complex roles of atypical chemokines and their receptors (such as high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), antimicrobial peptides, receptor for advanced glycosylation end products (RAGE) or toll-like receptors (TLRs)) in the pathogenesis of COPD, both in the stable disease and during exacerbations. Modulators of these pathways represent potential novel therapies for COPD and many are now in preclinical development. Inhibition of only a single atypical chemokine or receptor may not block inflammatory processes because there is redundancy in this network. However, there are many animal studies that encourage studies for modulating the atypical chemokine network in COPD. Thus, few pharmaceutical companies maintain a significant interest in developing agents that target these molecules as potential antiinflammatory drugs. Antibody-based (biological) and small molecule drug (SMD)-based therapies targeting atypical chemokines and/or their receptors are mostly at the preclinical stage and their progression to clinical trials is eagerly awaited. These agents will most likely enhance our knowledge about the role of atypical chemokines in COPD pathophysiology and thereby improve COPD management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Nucera
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences (BIOMORF), University of Messina, Pugliatti Square 1, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Federica Lo Bello
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences (BIOMORF), University of Messina, Pugliatti Square 1, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Sj S Shen
- Faculty of Science, Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, University of Technology, Ultimo, Sydney, Australia
| | - Paolo Ruggeri
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences (BIOMORF), University of Messina, Pugliatti Square 1, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Irene Coppolino
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences (BIOMORF), University of Messina, Pugliatti Square 1, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonino Di Stefano
- Division of Pneumology, Cyto- Immunopathology Laboratory of the Cardio-Respiratory System, Clinical Scientific Institutes Maugeri IRCCS, Veruno, Italy
| | - Cristiana Stellato
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Salerno Medical School, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Casolaro
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Salerno Medical School, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Phil M Hansbro
- Faculty of Science, Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, University of Technology, Ultimo, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ian M Adcock
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gaetano Caramori
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences (BIOMORF), University of Messina, Pugliatti Square 1, 98122 Messina, Italy
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11
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Lüke F, Harrer DC, Hahn J, Grube M, Pukrop T, Herr W, Reichle A, Heudobler D. Continuous Complete Remission in Two Patients with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Severe Fungal Infection Following Short-Term, Dose-Reduced Chemotherapy. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:599552. [PMID: 34149402 PMCID: PMC8206565 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.599552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous remission in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a rare phenomenon, which typically involves a pattern of feverish or septic disease followed by quick but mostly transient remission. We report on two male patients (46-year-old (pt. 1) and 19-year-old (pt. 2)) with CD20 positive, BCR-ABL negative common B-ALL. Patient 1 had received dexamethasone and cyclophosphamide (1.2 g) as a prephase therapy, followed by rituximab and a cumulative dose of 200 mg daunorubicin combined with 2 mg vincristine as an induction therapy. Patient 2 was treated with a reduced therapy regimen (Vincristine 1 mg, dexamethasone and 80 mg daunorubicin, 12-month mercaptopurine maintenance) due to (alcohol-related) toxic liver failure and pontine myelinolysis. Both patients developed severe septic disease just few days into induction treatment. Patient 1 suffered from pulmonary mycosis, which had to be resected eventually. Histological work-up revealed invasive mucor mycosis. Patient 2 presented with elevated serum aspergillus antigen and radiographic pulmonary lesions, indicative of pulmonary mycosis. In both patients, chemotherapy had to be interrupted and could not be resumed. Both patients recovered under broad antimicrobial, antifungal and prophylactic antiviral therapy and achieved molecular complete remission. At data cut-off remissions had been on-going for 34 months (pt. 1) and 8 years (pt. 2). Short-term, reduced intensity induction chemotherapy accompanied by severe fungal infections was followed by long-lasting continuous complete remissions in ALL. Thus, we hypothesize that infection-associated immunogenic responses may not only prevent early relapse of ALL but could also eradicate minimal residual disease. The effects of combined cytotoxic therapy and severe infection may also be mimicked by biomodulatory treatment strategies aiming at reorganizing pathologically altered cellular signaling networks. This could reduce toxicity and comorbidity in adult patients requiring leukemia treatment. Therefore, these two cases should encourage systematic studies on how leukemia stroma interaction can be harnessed to achieve long lasting control of ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Lüke
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Dennis C Harrer
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Joachim Hahn
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Grube
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Pukrop
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Herr
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Albrecht Reichle
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Heudobler
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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12
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Pahlavanneshan S, Sayadmanesh A, Ebrahimiyan H, Basiri M. Toll-Like Receptor-Based Strategies for Cancer Immunotherapy. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:9912188. [PMID: 34124272 PMCID: PMC8166496 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9912188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are expressed and play multiple functional roles in a variety of immune cell types involved in tumor immunity. There are plenty of data on the pharmacological targeting of TLR signaling using agonist molecules that boost the antitumor immune response. A recent body of research has also demonstrated promising strategies for improving the cell-based immunotherapy methods by inducing TLR signaling. These strategies include systemic administration of TLR antagonist along with immune cell transfer and also genetic engineering of the immune cells using TLR signaling components to improve the function of genetically engineered immune cells such as chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells. Here, we explore the current status of the cancer immunotherapy approaches based on manipulation of TLR signaling to provide a perspective of the underlying rationales and potential clinical applications. Altogether, reviewed publications suggest that TLRs make a potential target for the immunotherapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saghar Pahlavanneshan
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Sayadmanesh
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Ebrahimiyan
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Basiri
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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Liu H, Meng S, Yang N, Chen J, Yao H, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Lei B, Wang X, Chen S, Wang T, Wang Y, Wang J, Zhang W. Identification and functional study of novel oligonucleotides: CpG Seq 13 and CpG Seq 19. Immunotherapy 2021; 13:571-585. [PMID: 33781095 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2019-0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study explored new immunoadjuvants with stronger immune activity to enhance therapeutic effects against leukemia. Materials & methods: Whole blood and bone marrow of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients and healthy volunteers were collected. Isolated mononuclear cells were treated with two newly designed CpG oligodeoxynucleotides, CpG sequence 13 and 19, and known CpG oligodeoxynucleotides and analyzed via flow cytometry. Results: CpG Seq 13 and 19 possess strong immune activation and enhance the proliferation, degranulation and cytotoxicity of T cells. They also inhibit AML cell proliferation. When CpG Seq 13/19 are combined with anti-OX40 antibodies, the cytotoxicity of T cells on AML cells are further enhanced. Conclusion: CpG Seq 13 and 19 are strong immune adjuvant candidates for AML treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailing Liu
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Shan Meng
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Nan Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Jinqiu Chen
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Huan Yao
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Bo Lei
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Xugeng Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Sheping Chen
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Yueli Wang
- Department of Hematology, South Hospital, Tongchuan People's Hospital, Tongchuan, 727000, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Wanggang Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
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