1
|
Gómez-Rodríguez G, Amador-Licona N, Daza-Benítez L, Barbosa-Sabanero G, Carballo-Magdaleno D, Aguilar-Padilla R, González-Ramirez E. Single strain versus multispecies probiotic on necrotizing enterocolitis and faecal IgA levels in very low birth weight preterm neonates: A randomized clinical trial. Pediatr Neonatol 2019; 60:564-569. [PMID: 30898471 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to the literature, probiotics are an attractive alternative to prevent necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). However, due to differences in probiotic composition, randomized controlled trials are necessary to compare different probiotic mixtures. The objective of this study was to compare single strain (Lactobacillus acidophilus boucardii) versus multispecies probiotics on NEC incidence and faecal secretory Immunoglobulin A (sIgA) levels in very low preterm newborns. METHODS We performed a double-blind randomized trial in 90 newborns. L. acidophilus boucardii strain or multispecies probiotics were randomly assigned to preterm newborns. As the primary outcome, we evaluated NEC incidence on the total length of neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) stay. As the secondary outcome, we measured the change in faecal sIgA levels from baseline to 3 weeks following the use of probiotics. RESULTS NEC incidence was similar between groups (0% vs. 2.2% for the single strain and multispecies probiotic, respectively). Faecal sIgA levels increased significantly (p < 0.001) within groups (31% for single strain and 47% for multispecies probiotic), but this increase was not different between groups. Neonates with a faecal sIgA level increment >0.45 mg/dl showed higher gestational age, birth weight, and weight at the second and third weeks of follow up than neonates with a faecal sIgA level increment ≤0.45 mg/dl. No adverse effects were found after probiotics use. CONCLUSIONS No difference between strains of probiotics used was found on NEC incidence or in the increase of faecal sIgA levels. Faecal sIgA levels were positively related to gestational age and body weight in very low preterm infants. ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT02245815.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leonel Daza-Benítez
- Neonatology Department, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social-UMAE HGOP No. 48, Leon, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Multifaceted toxin profile of Bacillus probiotic in newly isolated Bacillus spp. from soil rhizosphere. Biologia (Bratisl) 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-019-00357-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
3
|
Wang Y, Li A, Jiang X, Zhang H, Mehmood K, Zhang L, Jiang J, Waqas M, Iqbal M, Li J. Probiotic Potential of Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides and Lactobacillus Strains Isolated From Yaks. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2987. [PMID: 30564222 PMCID: PMC6289064 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity and safety of bacterias with probiotic potential isolated from free-ranging Tibetan yaks in high altitude regions of Tibet. For this purpose, one Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides strain (named P1) and two Lactobacillus johnsonii and Lactobacillus mucosae strains (named LY1 and LY2), respectively, were isolated from fecal samples of Tibetan yaks. The antibacterial activity of the isolates was studied using Escherichia coli (E. coli ATCC 25922), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus ATCC 26112), and Salmonella enteritidis (S. enteritidis NCTC 13349) as indicator pathogens. The results showed that LY1 had high antibacterial efficacy against E. coli and S. enteritidis, while P1 had the most powerful bacteriostatic ability against S. aureus. PCR amplification showed that all the isolated strains were positive for Ent P2 (enterocin P-like bacteriocin) and exhibited a high tolerance to bile and low pH. Moreover, the safety of P1, LY1, and LY2 was determined through antibiotic resistance experiments, resistance gene testing, and hemolytic analysis while the antibacterial activity was assessed by in vitro and in vivo experiments. The LY2 strain was abandoned as a potential probiotic due to the detection of the vanA gene. The mice were fed from days 1 to 30 in six groups, the P1-1 (gavaged with P1 1 × 108 CFU/day), P1-2 (gavaged with P1 1 × 109 CFU/day), LY1-1 (gavaged with LY1 1 × 108 CFU/day), LY1-2 (gavaged with LY1 1 × 109 CFU/day), control (gavaged with an equal volume of vehicle), and blank control (gavaged with an equal volume of vehicle) groups. After 30 days, mice in the P1-1, P1-2, LY1-1, LY1-2, and control groups were intraperitoneal challenged with 1 × 108 CFU of E. coli (n = 10) in the abdomen. After 2 days of infection, the mice in the control group showed more severe damage in the liver, spleen and intestine than the mice in the P1-2 and LY1-2 groups. The mice in the P1-2 and LY1-2 groups had lower rates of diarrhea and mortality than other groups. In conclusion, bacteria with probiotic potential isolated from yaks may possibly be effective and safe antibacterial substances, providing a new treatment method to reduce the incidence of diarrhea associated with bacterial diseases in yaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Aoyun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiong Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Three Gorges Polytechnic, Yichang, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Khalid Mehmood
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- University College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur Pakistan, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Lihong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinhuan Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Muhammad Waqas
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mujahid Iqbal
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiakui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Animals Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Markowicz C, Kubiak P, Grajek W, Schmidt MT. Inactivation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG by fixation modifies its probiotic properties. Can J Microbiol 2015; 62:72-82. [PMID: 26634746 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2015-0249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics are microorganisms that have beneficial effects on the host and are safe for oral intake in a suitable dose. However, there are situations in which the administration of living microorganisms poses a risk for immunocompromised host. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of several fixation methods on selected biological properties of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG that are relevant to its probiotic action. Fixation of the bacterial cells with ethanol, 2-propanol, glutaraldehyde, paraformaldehyde, and heat treatment resulted in a significant decrease of alkaline phosphatase, peroxidase, and β-galactosidase activities. Most of the fixation procedures reduced bacterial cell hydrophobicity and increased adhesion capacity. The fixation procedures resulted in a different perception of the bacterial cells by enterocytes, which was shown as changes in gene expression in enterocytes. The results show that some procedures of inactivation allow a fraction of the enzymatic activity to be maintained. The adhesion properties of the bacterial cells were enhanced, but the response of enterocytes to fixed cells was different than to live bacteria. Inactivation allows maintenance and modification of some of the properties of the bacterial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Markowicz
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 48 60-627 Poznan, Poland.,Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 48 60-627 Poznan, Poland
| | - P Kubiak
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 48 60-627 Poznan, Poland.,Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 48 60-627 Poznan, Poland
| | - W Grajek
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 48 60-627 Poznan, Poland.,Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 48 60-627 Poznan, Poland
| | - M T Schmidt
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 48 60-627 Poznan, Poland.,Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 48 60-627 Poznan, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bansal S, Mangal M, Sharma SK, Gupta RK. Non-dairy Based Probiotics: A Healthy Treat for Intestine. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 56:1856-67. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2013.790780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
6
|
Fijan S. Microorganisms with claimed probiotic properties: an overview of recent literature. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:4745-67. [PMID: 24859749 PMCID: PMC4053917 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110504745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 475] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms, which when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host. Health benefits have mainly been demonstrated for specific probiotic strains of the following genera: Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Saccharomyces, Enterococcus, Streptococcus, Pediococcus, Leuconostoc, Bacillus, Escherichia coli. The human microbiota is getting a lot of attention today and research has already demonstrated that alteration of this microbiota may have far-reaching consequences. One of the possible routes for correcting dysbiosis is by consuming probiotics. The credibility of specific health claims of probiotics and their safety must be established through science-based clinical studies. This overview summarizes the most commonly used probiotic microorganisms and their demonstrated health claims. As probiotic properties have been shown to be strain specific, accurate identification of particular strains is also very important. On the other hand, it is also demonstrated that the use of various probiotics for immunocompromised patients or patients with a leaky gut has also yielded infections, sepsis, fungemia, bacteraemia. Although the vast majority of probiotics that are used today are generally regarded as safe and beneficial for healthy individuals, caution in selecting and monitoring of probiotics for patients is needed and complete consideration of risk-benefit ratio before prescribing is recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Fijan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Maribor, Žitna ulica 15, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Amuguni H, Tzipori S. Bacillus subtilis: a temperature resistant and needle free delivery system of immunogens. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2012; 8:979-86. [PMID: 22699442 DOI: 10.4161/hv.20694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Most pathogens enter the body through mucosal surfaces. Mucosal immunization, a non-invasive needle-free route, often stimulates a mucosal immune response that is both effective against mucosal and systemic pathogens. The development of mucosally administered heat-stable vaccines with long shelf life would therefore significantly enhance immunization programs in developing countries by avoiding the need for a cold chain or systemic injections. Currently, recombinant vaccine carriers are being used for antigen delivery. Engineering Bacillus subtilis for use as a non-invasive and heat stable antigen delivery system has proven successful. Bacterial spores protected by multiple layers of protein are known to be robust and resistant to desiccation. Stable constructs have been created by integration into the bacterial chromosome of immunogens. The spore coat has been used as a vehicle for heterologous antigen presentation and protective immunization. Sublingual (SL) and intranasal (IN) routes have recently received attention as delivery routes for therapeutic drugs and vaccines and recent attempts by several investigators, including our group, to develop vaccines that can be delivered intranasally and sublingually have met with a lot of success. As discussed in this review, the use of Bacillus subtilis to express antigens that can be administered either intranasally or sublingually is providing new insights in the area of mucosal vaccines. In our work, we evaluated the efficacy of SL and IN immunizations with B. subtilis engineered to express tetanus toxin fragment C (TTFC) in mice and piglets. These bacteria engineered to express heterologous antigen either on the spore surface or within the vegetative cell have been used for oral, IN and SL delivery of antigens. A Bacillus subtilis spore coat protein, CotC was used as a fusion partner to express the tetanus fragment C. B. subtilis spores known to be highly stable and safe are also easy to purify making this spore-based display system a potentially powerful approach for surface expression of antigens. These advances will help to accelerate the development and testing of new mucosal vaccines against many human and animal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hellen Amuguni
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Matarese LE, Kandil HM. Preventing Bacteria-Induced Disease With Bacteria. Nutr Clin Pract 2012; 27:242-6. [DOI: 10.1177/0884533612440250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
|
9
|
Abstract
Species of Bacillus and related genera have long been troublesome to food producers on account of their resistant endospores. These organisms have undergone huge taxonomic changes in the last 30 years, with numbers of genera and species now standing at 56 and over 545, respectively. Despite this expansion, relatively few new species have been isolated from infections, few are associated with food and no important new agents of foodborne illness have been reported. What has changed is our knowledge of the established agents. Bacillus cereus is well known as a cause of food poisoning, and much more is now understood about its toxins and their involvement in infections and intoxications. Also, although B. licheniformis, B. subtilis and B. pumilus have occasionally been isolated from cases of food-associated illness, their roles were usually uncertain. Much more is now known about the toxins that strains of these species may produce, so that their significances in such episodes are clearer; however, it is still unclear why such cases are so rarely reported. Another important development is the use of aerobic endosporeformers as probiotics, as the potentials of such organisms to cause illness or to be sources of antibiotic resistance need to be borne in mind.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N A Logan
- Department of Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
We present what we believe is the first case of Brevibacillus (Bacillus) brevis peritonitis in a patient with hepatocellular carcinoma, possibly caused by the ingestion of fermented foods containing B. brevis spores. This case also demonstrates a pattern of antibiotic susceptibility with differing in vitro and in vivo bactericidal efficacy.
Collapse
|
11
|
Tompkins TA, Hagen KE, Wallace TD, Fillion-Forté V. Safety evaluation of two bacterial strains used in asian probiotic products. Can J Microbiol 2008; 54:391-400. [DOI: 10.1139/w08-022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics, known for their prophylactic and therapeutic properties, are routinely used by the medical community in various regions of the world. In some Asian countries, these products are controlled as pharmaceutical substances and must adhere to strict regulatory guidelines. However, outside of Europe where the European Food Safety Authority has recently adopted a Qualified Presumption of Safety approach for probiotics used in food and feed, current safety requirements do not necessitate screening for the presence of virulence and other risk factors, which may result in the inadvertent use of probiotic strains harboring harmful genes. A safety evaluation was conducted on Enterococcus faecium R0026 and Bacillus subtilis R0179 used in several commercial probiotic products marketed in Asia. Molecular techniques were used to verify the identity of each strain and antibiotic resistance profiles were determined towards clinically relevant antibiotics. Strains were subsequently screened for the presence of enterotoxins and virulence factors and were subjected to 28 days of repeated high-dose oral toxicity testing in rats. No risk factors or aberrant activities were identified using such a detailed approach. Thus, both microbes were deemed to pose low risk to the consumer and, therefore, safe for use as probiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Tompkins
- Department of Research and Development, Institut Rosell Inc., 6100 Avenue Royalmount, Montréal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Karen E. Hagen
- Department of Research and Development, Institut Rosell Inc., 6100 Avenue Royalmount, Montréal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Timothy D. Wallace
- Department of Research and Development, Institut Rosell Inc., 6100 Avenue Royalmount, Montréal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Valerie Fillion-Forté
- Department of Research and Development, Institut Rosell Inc., 6100 Avenue Royalmount, Montréal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Snydman D. The Safety of Probiotics. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 46 Suppl 2:S104-11; discussion S144-51. [DOI: 10.1086/523331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
|
13
|
Boyle RJ, Robins-Browne RM, Tang MLK. Probiotic use in clinical practice: what are the risks? Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 83:1256-64; quiz 1446-7. [PMID: 16762934 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/83.6.1256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics have been advocated for the prevention and treatment of a wide range of diseases, and there is strong evidence for their efficacy in some clinical scenarios. Probiotics are now widely used in many countries by consumers and in clinical practice. Given the increasingly widespread use of probiotics, a thorough understanding of their risks and benefits is imperative. In this article we review the safety of probiotics and discuss areas of uncertainty regarding their use. Although probiotics have an excellent overall safety record, they should be used with caution in certain patient groups-particularly neonates born prematurely or with immune deficiency. Because of the paucity of information regarding the mechanisms through which probiotics act, appropriate administrative regimens, and probiotic interactions, further investigation is needed in these areas. Finally, note that the properties of different probiotic species vary and can be strain-specific. Therefore, the effects of one probiotic strain should not be generalized to others without confirmation in separate studies. Careful consideration should be given to these issues before patients are advised to use probiotic supplements in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Boyle
- Asthma, Allergy and Immune Disorders Group, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Victoria, Australia, and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
This review examines current knowledge regarding the safety of probiotic bacteria in man. Tighter and more comprehensive standards and regulations will be developed as probiotic therapy moves from a limited number of products used in the food industry, into more defined therapeutic categories and more complex organisms. A new framework considering probiotics as nonspecific promoters of mucosal immunity, defines probiotic characteristics and the clinical circumstances in which it is used. For example, those with immune deficiency taking a high dose of viable bacteria may have an increased risk. A wider range of bacteria is now being used, sometimes in territories other than the gut mucosa. The question of competition with multiple isolates must be addressed, as does the use of nonselected faecal isolates. Transfer of antibiotic resistance with probiotics acting as a 'shuttle' needs clarification. These issues are addressed and reviewed as probiotics evolve into a new therapeutic arena.
Collapse
|
15
|
Ciabattini A, Parigi R, Isticato R, Oggioni MR, Pozzi G. Oral priming of mice by recombinant spores of Bacillus subtilis. Vaccine 2004; 22:4139-43. [PMID: 15474704 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2003] [Accepted: 05/04/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant Bacillus subtilis spores were employed as a vaccine delivery system in a heterologous mucosal priming-parenteral boosting vaccination strategy in the mouse model. BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice were orally immunised with recombinant spores expressing tetanus toxin fragment C (TTFC) fused to the spore outer coat protein CotB, and then subcutaneously boosted with soluble TTFC (without adjuvant). Two weeks after boosting, a significantly higher serum TTFC-specific IgG response was stimulated in mice primed with recombinant spores (antibody concentration of 2600 +/- 915 in C57BL/6 and 1200 +/- 370 ng/ml in BALB/c) compared to mice inoculated with wild type spores (650 +/- 250 and 250 +/- 130 ng/ml, respectively). IgG subclass analysis showed a prevalence of IgG1 and IgG2b, indicative of a Th2 type of immune response. Oral administration of recombinant spores stimulated also a significant local TTFC-specific IgA response. These data show that recombinant spores of B. subtilis are able to prime the immune system by the oral route, and that a combined mucosal/parenteral strategy can stimulate both local and systemic antigen-specific immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Ciabattini
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Molecolare e Biotecnologia (LAMMB), Dipartimento di Biologia Molecolare, Università di Siena, Policlinico Le Scotte V lotto, piano 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Endres W. Probiotics in the prevention of intestinal diseases in infancy. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/s00112-003-0785-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
17
|
Sanders M, Morelli L, Tompkins T. Sporeformers as Human Probiotics: Bacillus, Sporolactobacillus, and Brevibacillus. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2003; 2:101-110. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2003.tb00017.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|