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Wang K, Duan F, Sun T, Zhang Y, Lu L. Galactooligosaccharides: Synthesis, metabolism, bioactivities and food applications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024; 64:6160-6176. [PMID: 36632761 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2164244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Prebiotics are non-digestible ingredients that exert significant health-promoting effects on hosts. Galactooligosaccharides (GOS) have remarkable prebiotic effects and structural similarity to human milk oligosaccharides. They generally comprise two to eight sugar units, including galactose and glucose, which are synthesized from substrate lactose by microbial β-galactosidase. Enzyme sources from probiotics have received particular interest because of their safety and potential to synthesize specific structures that are particularly metabolized by intestinal probiotics. Owing to advancements in modern analytical techniques, many GOS structures have been identified, which vary in degree of polymerization, glycosidic linkage, and branch location. After intake, GOS adjust gut microbiota which produce short chain fatty acids, and exhibit excellent biological activities. They selectively stimulate the proliferation of probiotics, inhibit the growth and adhesion of pathogenic bacteria, alleviate gastrointestinal, neurological, metabolic and allergic diseases, modulate metabolites production, and adjust ion storage and absorption. Additionally, GOS are safe and stable, with high solubility and clean taste, and thus are widely used as food additives. GOS can improve the appearance, flavor, taste, texture, viscosity, rheological properties, shelf life, and health benefits of food products. This review systemically covers GOS synthesis, structure identifications, metabolism mechanisms, prebiotic bioactivities and wide applications, focusing on recent advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Feiyu Duan
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tong Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lili Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Kapoor MP, Yamaguchi H, Ishida H, Mizutani Y, Timm D, Abe A. The effects of prebiotic partially hydrolyzed guar gum on skin hydration: A randomized, open-label, parallel, controlled study in healthy humans. J Funct Foods 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2023.105494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023] Open
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3
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Abdugheni R, Wang W, Wang Y, Du M, Liu F, Zhou N, Jiang C, Wang C, Wu L, Ma J, Liu C, Liu S. Metabolite profiling of human-originated Lachnospiraceae at the strain level. IMETA 2022; 1:e58. [PMID: 38867908 PMCID: PMC10989990 DOI: 10.1002/imt2.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal (GI) tract harbors diverse microbes, and the family Lachnospiraceae is one of the most abundant and widely occurring bacterial groups in the human GI tract. Beneficial and adverse effects of the Lachnospiraceae on host health were reported, but the diversities at species/strain levels as well as their metabolites of Lachnospiraceae have been, so far, not well documented. In the present study, we report on the collection of 77 human-originated Lachnospiraceae species (please refer hLchsp, https://hgmb.nmdc.cn/subject/lachnospiraceae) and the in vitro metabolite profiles of 110 Lachnospiraceae strains (https://hgmb.nmdc.cn/subject/lachnospiraceae/metabolites). The Lachnospiraceae strains in hLchsp produced 242 metabolites of 17 categories. The larger categories were alcohols (89), ketones (35), pyrazines (29), short (C2-C5), and long (C > 5) chain acids (31), phenols (14), aldehydes (14), and other 30 compounds. Among them, 22 metabolites were aromatic compounds. The well-known beneficial gut microbial metabolite, butyric acid, was generally produced by many Lachnospiraceae strains, and Agathobacter rectalis strain Lach-101 and Coprococcus comes strain NSJ-173 were the top 2 butyric acid producers, as 331.5 and 310.9 mg/L of butyric acids were produced in vitro, respectively. Further analysis of the publicly available cohort-based volatile-metabolomic data sets of human feces revealed that over 30% of the prevailing volatile metabolites were covered by Lachnospiraceae metabolites identified in this study. This study provides Lachnospiraceae strain resources together with their metabolic profiles for future studies on host-microbe interactions and developments of novel probiotics or biotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashidin Abdugheni
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Environmental Microbiology Research Center (EMRC)Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis EcologyXinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of SciencesUrumqiChina
| | - Wen‐Zhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of MycologyInstitute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yu‐Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Environmental Microbiology Research Center (EMRC)Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Meng‐Xuan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial TechnologyShandong UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Feng‐Lan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Environmental Microbiology Research Center (EMRC)Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- College of Life SciencesHebei UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Nan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Environmental Microbiology Research Center (EMRC)Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Cheng‐Ying Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Environmental Microbiology Research Center (EMRC)Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Chang‐Yu Wang
- Colleg of Life SciencesUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
| | - Linhuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Environmental Microbiology Research Center (EMRC)Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Juncai Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Environmental Microbiology Research Center (EMRC)Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Chang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial TechnologyShandong UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Shuang‐Jiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Environmental Microbiology Research Center (EMRC)Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial TechnologyShandong UniversityQingdaoChina
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4
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Elevated levels of proinflammatory volatile metabolites in feces of high fat diet fed KK-A y mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5681. [PMID: 32231228 PMCID: PMC7105489 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62541-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
When the microfloral composition deteriorates, it triggers low-level chronic inflammation associated with several lifestyle-related diseases including obesity and diabetic mellitus. Fecal volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been found to differ in gastrointestinal diseases as well as intestinal infection. In this study, to evaluate a potential association between the pathogenesis of lifestyle-related diseases and VOCs in the intestinal tract, fecal VOCs from obese/diabetic KK-Ay mice (KK) or controls (C57BL/6J mice; BL) fed a normal or high fat diet (NFD or HFD) were investigated using headspace sampler-GC-EI-MS. Principal component analysis (PCA) of fecal VOC profiles clearly separated the experimental groups depending on the mouse lineage (KK vs BL) and the diet type (NFD vs HFD). 16 s rRNA sequencing revealed that the PCA distribution of VOCs was in parallel with the microfloral composition. We identified that some volatile metabolites including n-alkanals (nonanal and octanal), acetone and phenol were significantly increased in the HFD and/or KK groups. Additionally, these volatile metabolites induced proinflammatory activity in the RAW264 murine macrophage cell line indicating these bioactive metabolites might trigger low-level chronic inflammation. These results suggest that proinflammatory VOCs detected in HFD-fed and/or diabetic model mice might be novel noninvasive diagnosis biomarkers for diabetes.
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Saito Y, Sato T, Nomoto K, Tsuji H. Identification of phenol- and p-cresol-producing intestinal bacteria by using media supplemented with tyrosine and its metabolites. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2019; 94:5042942. [PMID: 29982420 PMCID: PMC6424909 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiy125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify intestinal bacteria that produce phenols (phenol and p-cresol), we screened 153 strains within 152 species in 44 genera by culture-based assay using broth media supplemented with 200 µM each of tyrosine and its predicted microbial metabolic intermediates (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, DL-4-hydroxyphenyllactate, 3-(p-hydroxyphenyl)propionate, 4-hydroxyphenylacetate and 4-hydroxybenzoate). Phenol-producing activity was found in 36 strains and p-cresol-producing activity in 55 strains. Fourteen strains had both types of activity. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences of strains that produced 100 µM or more of phenols revealed that 16 phenol producers belonged to the Coriobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Fusobacteriaceae and Clostridium clusters I and XIVa; four p-cresol-producing bacteria belonged to the Coriobacteriaceae and Clostridium clusters XI and XIVa; and one strain producing both belonged to the Coriobacteriaceae. A genomic search for protein homologs of enzymes involved in the metabolism of tyrosine to phenols in 10 phenol producers and four p-cresol producers, the draft genomes of which were available in public databases, predicted that phenol producers harbored tyrosine phenol-lyase or hydroxyarylic acid decarboxylase, or both, and p-cresol producers harbored p-hydroxyphenylacetate decarboxylase or tyrosine lyase, or both. These results provide important information about the bacterial strains that contribute to production of phenols in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Saito
- Yakult Central Institute, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
- Corresponding author: Yakult Central Institute, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan. Tel: +81-42-577-8960; Fax: +81-42-577-3020; E-mail:
| | - Tadashi Sato
- Yakult Central Institute, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - Koji Nomoto
- Yakult Central Institute, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
- Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tsuji
- Yakult Central Institute, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
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6
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Spiro A, Lockyer S. Nutraceuticals and skin appearance: Is there any evidence to support this growing trend? NUTR BULL 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Spiro
- British Nutrition Foundation; London UK
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7
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Mori N, Kano M, Masuoka N, Konno T, Suzuki Y, Miyazaki K, Ueki Y. Effect of probiotic and prebiotic fermented milk on skin and intestinal conditions in healthy young female students. BIOSCIENCE OF MICROBIOTA FOOD AND HEALTH 2016; 35:105-12. [PMID: 27508111 PMCID: PMC4965514 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.2015-022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Although persistent constipation is considered to be associated with skin problems, the supporting evidence is limited. Hence, this study investigated the effects of probiotic and prebiotic fermented milk on skin and intestinal conditions in an open-label trial. Among the 101 Japanese healthy young female students that participated, the 81 subjects in the intake group consumed a bottle of probiotic and prebiotic fermented milk containing Bifidobacterium breve strain Yakult and galactooligosaccharides daily for 4 weeks after a pre-intake period of 4 weeks, while the 20 subjects in the non-intake group did not consume the test beverage. Defecation patterns, skin conditions including hydration levels in the stratum corneum, and urinary phenol and p-cresol levels were evaluated before (baseline) and after intake. All subjects completed the study. No differences in dietary intake and body mass index were observed between both groups during the trial. In the intake group, hydration levels of the stratum corneum, defecation frequency, and feces quantity significantly increased, and urinary phenol and p-cresol levels significantly decreased after intake compared with the corresponding baseline values. However, they did not significantly change in the non-intake group. A significant difference was observed between the intake group and non-intake group in regard to clearness of the skin as assessed by visual analogue scale. Therefore, consecutive intake of probiotic and prebiotic fermented milk might have beneficial effects on the skin that prevent dryness and beneficial effects on the intestinal conditions that stimulate defecation and decrease phenol production by gut bacteria in healthy young women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Mori
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Human Nutrition, Seitoku University, 550 Iwase, Matsudo, Chiba 271-8555, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Kano
- Yakult Central Institute, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - Norie Masuoka
- Yakult Central Institute, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - Tomoe Konno
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Human Nutrition, Seitoku University, 550 Iwase, Matsudo, Chiba 271-8555, Japan
| | - Yumiko Suzuki
- Chibaken Yakult Sales Corporation, 63 Kasoricho, Wakaba-ku, Chiba, Chiba 264-0017, Japan
| | - Kouji Miyazaki
- Yakult Central Institute, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - Yukihide Ueki
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Human Nutrition, Seitoku University, 550 Iwase, Matsudo, Chiba 271-8555, Japan
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Miyazaki K, Masuoka N, Kano M, Iizuka R. Bifidobacterium fermented milk and galacto-oligosaccharides lead to improved skin health by decreasing phenols production by gut microbiota. Benef Microbes 2014; 5:121-8. [PMID: 23685373 DOI: 10.3920/bm2012.0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A questionnaire survey found that women suffering from abnormal bowel movements have many skin problems such as a high frequency of dry skin. Although there are similarities between the structure and barrier function mechanism of the gut and skin, experimental data are insufficient to show an association between the intestinal environment and skin conditions. Phenols, for example phenol and p-cresol, as metabolites of aromatic amino acids produced by gut bacteria, are regarded as bioactive toxins and serum biomarkers of a disturbed gut environment. Recent studies have demonstrated that phenols disturb the differentiation of monolayer-cultured keratinocytes in vitro, and that phenols produced by gut bacteria accumulate in the skin via the circulation and disrupt keratinocyte differentiation in hairless mice. Human studies have demonstrated that restriction of probiotics elevated serum free p-cresol levels and harmed skin conditions (reduced skin hydration, disrupted keratinisation). In contrast, daily intake of the prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) restored serum free p-cresol levels and skin conditions in adult women. Moreover, a double-blind placebo-controlled trial demonstrated that the daily intake of fermented milk containing the probiotic Bifidobacterium breve strain Yakult and prebiotic GOS reduced serum total phenol levels and prevented skin dryness and disruption of keratinisation in healthy adult women. It is concluded that phenols produced by gut bacteria are one of the causes of skin problems. Probiotics and/or prebiotics, such as B. breve strain Yakult and/or GOS, are expected to help maintain a healthy skin by decreasing phenols production by gut microbiota. These findings support the hypothesis that probiotics and prebiotics provide health benefits to the skin as well as the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Miyazaki
- Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research, 1796 Yaho, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - N Masuoka
- Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research, 1796 Yaho, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - M Kano
- Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research, 1796 Yaho, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - R Iizuka
- Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research, 1796 Yaho, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
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Ishii Y, Sugimoto S, Izawa N, Sone T, Chiba K, Miyazaki K. Oral administration of Bifidobacterium breve attenuates UV-induced barrier perturbation and oxidative stress in hairless mice skin. Arch Dermatol Res 2014; 306:467-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-014-1441-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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10
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Kano M, Masuoka N, Kaga C, Sugimoto S, Iizuka R, Manabe K, Sone T, Oeda K, Nonaka C, Miyazaki K, Ishikawa F. Consecutive Intake of Fermented Milk Containing Bifidobacterium breve Strain Yakult and Galacto-oligosaccharides Benefits Skin Condition in Healthy Adult Women. BIOSCIENCE OF MICROBIOTA FOOD AND HEALTH 2013; 32:33-9. [PMID: 24936360 PMCID: PMC4034291 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.32.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial was conducted to investigate the
beneficial effect of probiotic and prebiotic fermented milk on the skin of healthy adult
women. Forty healthy Japanese adult female volunteers with healthy skin randomly received
either a bottle of probiotic and prebiotic fermented milk containing
Bifidobacterium breve strain Yakult and galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS)
(active group) or a non-fermented placebo milk containing neither probiotics nor GOS
(placebo group) daily for 4 weeks. Before and after intake, hydration levels and cathepsin
L-like activity in the stratum corneum and phenol levels in the serum and urine were
determined. After intake, the hydration level of the stratum corneum decreased
significantly in only the placebo group and was significantly lower than in the active
group (p=0.031). Cathepsin L-like activity, an indicator of keratinocyte differentiation,
was significantly increased in the active group (p=0.027). Serum and urine phenol levels
decreased significantly in the active group (p=0.014, p=0.002, respectively), and serum
phenol levels were significantly lower in the active group compared with the placebo group
(p=0.006). The consecutive intake of probiotic and prebiotic fermented milk can benefit
skin condition without dryness and decrease the levels of phenol production by gut
bacteria in healthy adult women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuyoshi Kano
- Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research, Kunitachi 186-8650, Japan
| | - Norie Masuoka
- Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research, Kunitachi 186-8650, Japan
| | - Chiaki Kaga
- Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research, Kunitachi 186-8650, Japan
| | - Saho Sugimoto
- Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research, Kunitachi 186-8650, Japan
| | - Ryoko Iizuka
- Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research, Kunitachi 186-8650, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Manabe
- Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research, Kunitachi 186-8650, Japan
| | - Toshiro Sone
- Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research, Kunitachi 186-8650, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Oeda
- Faculty of Research and Development, Yakult Honsha, Shimbashi, Tokyo 105-8660, Japan
| | - Chiaki Nonaka
- Faculty of Research and Development, Yakult Honsha, Shimbashi, Tokyo 105-8660, Japan
| | - Kouji Miyazaki
- Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research, Kunitachi 186-8650, Japan
| | - Fumiyasu Ishikawa
- Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research, Kunitachi 186-8650, Japan
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Sugimoto S, Ishii Y, Izawa N, Masuoka N, Kano M, Sone T, Chiba K, Miyazaki K, Ishikawa F. Photoprotective effects ofBifidobacterium brevesupplementation against skin damage induced by ultraviolet irradiation in hairless mice. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2012; 28:312-9. [DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saho Sugimoto
- Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Research Department; Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Yuki Ishii
- Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Research Department; Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Naoki Izawa
- Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Research Department; Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Norie Masuoka
- Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Research Department; Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Kano
- Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Research Department; Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Toshiro Sone
- Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Research Department; Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Katsuyoshi Chiba
- Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Research Department; Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Kouji Miyazaki
- Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Research Department; Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Fumiyasu Ishikawa
- Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Research Department; Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research; Tokyo; Japan
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Iizuka R, Kawakami K, Chiba K. Gut bacteria producing phenols disturb keratinocyte differentiation in human skin. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/08910600903429060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryoko Iizuka
- Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Kawakami
- Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuyoshi Chiba
- Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo, Japan
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