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Chancharoenthana W, Kamolratanakul S, Yiengwattananon P, Phuengmaung P, Udompornpitak K, Saisorn W, Hiengrach P, Visitchanakun P, Schultz MJ, Leelahavanichkul A. Enhanced lupus progression in alcohol-administered Fc gamma receptor-IIb-deficiency lupus mice, partly through leaky gut-induced inflammation. Immunol Cell Biol 2023; 101:746-765. [PMID: 37575046 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol can induce a leaky gut, with translocation of microbial molecules from the gut into the blood circulation. Although the contribution of inflammation to organ-mediated damage in lupus has been previously demonstrated, the mechanistic roles of alcohol consumption in lupus activation are not known. Herein, we tested the effects of 10-week lasting alcohol administration on organ damages and immune responses in 8-week-old lupus-prone Fc gamma receptor IIb-deficient (FcγRIIb-/- ) mice. Our study endpoints were evaluation of systemic inflammation and assessment of fecal dysbiosis along with endotoxemia. In comparison with alcohol-administered wild-type mice, FcγRIIb-/- mice demonstrated more prominent liver damage (enzyme, histological score, apoptosis, malondialdehyde oxidant) and serum interleukin(IL)-6 levels, despite a similarity in leaky gut (fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran assay, endotoxemia and gut occludin-1 immunofluorescence), fecal dysbiosis (microbiome analysis) and endotoxemia. All alcohol-administered FcγRIIb-/- mice developed lupus-like characteristics (serum anti-dsDNA, proteinuria, serum creatinine and kidney injury score) with spleen apoptosis, whereas control FcγRIIb-/- mice showed only a subtle anti-dsDNA. Both alcohol and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) similarly impaired enterocyte integrity (transepithelial electrical resistance), and only LPS, but not alcohol, upregulated the IL-8 gene in Caco-2 cells. In macrophages, alcohol mildly activated supernatant cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α and IL-6), but not M1 polarization-associated genes (IL-1β and iNOS), whereas LPS prominently induced both parameters (more prominent in FcγRIIb-/- macrophages than wild type). There was no synergy in LPS plus alcohol compared with LPS alone in both enterocytes and macrophages. In conclusion, alcohol might exacerbate lupus-like activity partly through a profound inflammation from the leaky gut in FcγRIIb-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiwat Chancharoenthana
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Tropical Immunology and Translational Research Unit (TITRU), Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supitcha Kamolratanakul
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Tropical Immunology and Translational Research Unit (TITRU), Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Pornpimol Phuengmaung
- Center of Excellence on Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology (CETRII), Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kanyarat Udompornpitak
- Center of Excellence on Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology (CETRII), Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wilasinee Saisorn
- Center of Excellence on Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology (CETRII), Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pratsanee Hiengrach
- Center of Excellence on Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology (CETRII), Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Peerapat Visitchanakun
- Center of Excellence on Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology (CETRII), Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Marcus J Schultz
- Department of Intensive Care & Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology (LEICA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Asada Leelahavanichkul
- Center of Excellence on Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology (CETRII), Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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2
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Khiewkamrop P, Kaewraemruaen C, Manipuntee C, Saengruengrit C, Insin N, Leelahavanichkul A, Kaewduangduen W, Sonpoung O, Ariya-Anandech K, Hirankarn N, Ritprajak P. Immunosuppressive Polymeric Nanoparticles Targeting Dendritic Cells Alleviate Lupus Disease in Fcgr2b-/- Mice by Mediating Antigen-Specific Immune Tolerance. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098313. [PMID: 37176021 PMCID: PMC10179670 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen-presenting cells that have multifaceted functions in the control of immune activation and tolerance. Hyperresponsiveness and altered tolerogenicity of DCs contribute to the development and pathogenesis of system lupus erythematosus (SLE); therefore, DC-targeted therapies aimed at inducing specific immune tolerance have become of great importance for the treatment of SLE. This study developed a new nanoparticle (NP) containing a biodegradable PDMAEMA-PLGA copolymer for target-oriented delivery to DCs in situ. PDMAEMA-PLGA NPs provided sustained drug release and exhibited immunosuppressive activity in FLT3L and GM-CSF-derived bone marrow in conventional DCs (BM-cDCs). PDMAEMA-PLGA NPs improved dexamethasone capability to convert wild-type and Fcgr2b-/- BM-cDCs from an immunogenic to tolerogenic state, and BM-cDCs treated with dexamethasone-incorporated PDMAEMA-PLGA NPs (Dex-NPs) efficiently mediated regulatory T cell (Treg) expansion in vitro. Dex-NP therapy potentially alleviated lupus disease in Fcgr2b-/- mice by mediating Foxp3+ Treg expansion in an antigen-specific manner. Our findings substantiate the superior efficacy of DC-targeted therapy using the PDMAEMA-PLGA NP delivery system and provide further support for clinical development as a potential therapy for SLE. Furthermore, PDMAEMA-PLGA NP may be a versatile platform for DC-targeted therapy to induce antigen-specific immune tolerance to unwanted immune responses that occur in autoimmune disease, allergy, and transplant rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuriwat Khiewkamrop
- Research Unit in Integrative Immuno-Microbial Biochemistry and Bioresponsive Nanomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Graduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Chamraj Kaewraemruaen
- Department of Science and Bioinnovation, Faculty of Liberal Arts and Science, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73104, Thailand
| | - Chonnavee Manipuntee
- Research Unit in Integrative Immuno-Microbial Biochemistry and Bioresponsive Nanomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Chalathan Saengruengrit
- Bureau of Quality and Safety of Food, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand
| | - Numpon Insin
- Research Unit in Integrative Immuno-Microbial Biochemistry and Bioresponsive Nanomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Asada Leelahavanichkul
- Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology Research Unit (TRIRU), Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Warerat Kaewduangduen
- Research Unit in Integrative Immuno-Microbial Biochemistry and Bioresponsive Nanomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Opor Sonpoung
- Oral Biology Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Kasirapat Ariya-Anandech
- Research Unit in Integrative Immuno-Microbial Biochemistry and Bioresponsive Nanomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Nattiya Hirankarn
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Immunology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Patcharee Ritprajak
- Research Unit in Integrative Immuno-Microbial Biochemistry and Bioresponsive Nanomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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3
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Yu X, Zizzo Z, Kennedy PG. An appraisal of antigen identification and IgG effector functions driving host immune responses in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2021; 56:103328. [PMID: 34666240 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.103328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Increased immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies and oligoclonal bands (OCB) are the most characteristic features of multiple sclerosis (MS), a neuroinflammatory demyelinating disease with neurodegeneration at chronic stages. OCB are shown to be associated with disease activity and brain atrophy. Despite intensive research over the last several decades, the antigen specificities of the IgG in MS have remained elusive. We present evidence which supports that intrathecal IgG is not driven by antigen-stimulation, therefore provide reasoning for failed MS antigen identification. Further, the presence of co-deposition of IgG and activated complement products in MS lesions suggest that the IgG effector functions may play a critical role in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States of America.
| | - Zoe Zizzo
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Peter Ge Kennedy
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Leaky-gut enhanced lupus progression in the Fc gamma receptor-IIb deficient and pristane-induced mouse models of lupus. Sci Rep 2020; 10:777. [PMID: 31964918 PMCID: PMC6972921 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57275-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of gut-leakage or gut-microbiota upon lupus progression was explored in 2 lupus mouse models. Pristane, administered in 4-wk-old wild-type (WT) female mice, induced lupus characteristics at 24-wk-old similar to the lupus-onset in FcGRIIb−/− mice. Gut-microbiota alteration was induced by co-housing together with the gavage of feces from 40-wk-old FcGRIIb−/− mice (symptomatic lupus). On the other hand, gut-leakage was induced by dextran sulfate solution (DSS). DSS and gut-microbiota alteration induced high serum anti-dsDNA immunoglobulin (Ig) as early as 30 days post-DSS only in FcGRIIb−/− mice. DSS, but not gut-microbiota alteration, enhanced lupus characteristics (serum creatinine and proteinuria) in both lupus models (but not in WT) at 60 days post-DSS. Indeed, DSS induced the translocation of molecular components of gut-pathogens as determined by bacterial burdens in mesenteric lymph node (MLN), endotoxemia (gut-bacterial molecule) and serum (1→3)-β-D-glucan (BG) (gut-fungal molecule) as early as 15 days post-DSS together with enhanced MLN apoptosis in both WT and lupus mice. However, DSS induced spleen apoptosis in FcGRIIb−/− and WT mice at 30 and 60 days post-DSS, respectively, suggesting the higher impact of gut-leakage against spleen of lupus mice. In addition, macrophages preconditioning with LPS plus BG were susceptible to starvation-induced apoptosis, predominantly in FcGRIIb−/− cell, implying the influence of gut-leakage upon cell stress. In summary, gut-leakage induced gut-translocation of organismal-molecules then enhanced the susceptibility of stress-induced apoptosis, predominantly in lupus. Subsequently, the higher burdens of apoptosis in lupus mice increased anti-dsDNA Ig and worsen lupus severity through immune complex deposition. Hence, therapeutic strategies addressing gut-leakage in lupus are interesting.
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Surawut S, Panpetch W, Makjaroen J, Tangtanatakul P, Thim-Uam A, Wongphoom J, Tumwasorn S, Leelahavanichkul A. Helicobacter pylori Infection Increased Anti-dsDNA and Enhanced Lupus Severity in Symptomatic FcγRIIb-Deficient Lupus Mice. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1488. [PMID: 30034379 PMCID: PMC6043646 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The defect on Fc gamma receptor IIb (FcγRIIb), the only inhibitory FcγR, has been identified as one of the genetic factors increasing susceptibility to lupus. The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (HP) and FcγRIIb dysfunction-polymorphisms are high among Asians, and their co-existence is possible. Unfortunately, the influence of HP against lupus progression in patients with lupus is still controversial. In this study, the interactions between these conditions were tested with HP infection in 24-week-old FcγRIIb-/- mice (symptomatic lupus). HP induced failure to thrive, increased stomach bacterial burdens and stomach injury (histology and cytokines) in both wild-type and FcγRIIb-/- mice. While the severity of HP infection, as determined by these parameters, was not different between both strains, antibodies production (anti-HP, anti-dsDNA and serum gammaglobulin) were higher in FcγRIIb-/- mice compared to wild-type. Accordingly, HP infection also accelerated the severity of lupus as determined by proteinuria, serum creatinine, serum cytokines, renal histology, and renal immune complex deposition. Although HP increased serum cytokines in both wild-type and FcγRIIb-/- mice, the levels were higher in FcγRIIb-/- mice. As such, HP also increased spleen weight and induced several splenic immune cells responsible for antibody productions (activated B cell, plasma cell and follicular helper T cell) in FcγRIIb-/- mice, but not in wild-type. These data describe the different systemic responses against localized HP infection from diverse host genetic background. In conclusion, the mutual interactions between HP and lupus manifestations of FcγRIIb-/-mice were demonstrated in this study. With the prominent immune responses from the loss of inhibitory signaling in FcγRIIb-/- mice, HP infection in these mice induced intense chronic inflammation, increased antibody production, and enhanced lupus severity. Thus, the increased systemic inflammatory responses due to localized HP inducing gastritis in some patients with lupus may enhance lupus progression. More studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saowapha Surawut
- Medical Microbiology Interdisciplinary Program, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wimonrat Panpetch
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jiradej Makjaroen
- Medical Microbiology Interdisciplinary Program, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pattarin Tangtanatakul
- Medical Microbiology Interdisciplinary Program, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Arthid Thim-Uam
- Inter-Department Program of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Graduate, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jutamas Wongphoom
- Division of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Somying Tumwasorn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Asada Leelahavanichkul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-mediated Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Issara-Amphorn J, Surawut S, Worasilchai N, Thim-Uam A, Finkelman M, Chindamporn A, Palaga T, Hirankarn N, Pisitkun P, Leelahavanichkul A. The Synergy of Endotoxin and (1→3)-β-D-Glucan, from Gut Translocation, Worsens Sepsis Severity in a Lupus Model of Fc Gamma Receptor IIb-Deficient Mice. J Innate Immun 2018; 10:189-201. [PMID: 29393221 DOI: 10.1159/000486321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the influence of spontaneous gut leakage upon polymicrobial sepsis in a lupus model with Fc gamma receptor IIb-deficient (FcGRIIb-/-) mice aged 8 and 40 weeks, as representing asymptomatic and symptomatic lupus, respectively. Spontaneous gut leakage, determined by (i) the presence of FITC-dextran, (ii) elevated serum endotoxin, and (iii) elevated serum (1→3)-β-D-glucan (BG), was demonstrated in symptomatic lupus but not in the asymptomatic group. In parallel, spontaneous gut leakage, detected by elevated serum BG without fungal infection, was demonstrated in patients with active lupus nephritis. Gut leakage induced by dextran sulfate solution (DSS) or endotoxin administration together with BG or endotoxin alone, but not BG alone, enhanced the severity of cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) sepsis more prominently in 8-week-old FcGRIIb-/- mice. Additionally, the bone marrow-derived macrophages of FcGRIIb-/- mice produced higher cytokine levels when coexposed to endotoxin and BG, when compared to wild-type mice. In summary, spontaneous gut leakage was demonstrated in symptomatic FcGRIIb-/- mice and the induction of gut permeability worsened sepsis severity. Gut translocation of endotoxin and BG had a minor effect on wild-type mice, but the synergistic effect of BG and endotoxin was prominent in FcGRIIb-/- mice. The data suggest that therapeutic strategies addressing gut leakage may be of interest in sepsis conditions in patients with lupus.
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Surawut S, Ondee T, Taratummarat S, Palaga T, Pisitkun P, Chindamporn A, Leelahavanichkul A. The role of macrophages in the susceptibility of Fc gamma receptor IIb deficient mice to Cryptococcus neoformans. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40006. [PMID: 28074867 PMCID: PMC5225418 DOI: 10.1038/srep40006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunctional polymorphisms of FcγRIIb, an inhibitory receptor, are associated with Systemic Lupus Erythaematosus (SLE). Cryptococcosis is an invasive fungal infection in SLE, perhaps due to the de novo immune defect. We investigated cryptococcosis in the FcγRIIb-/- mouse-lupus-model. Mortality, after intravenous C. neoformans-induced cryptococcosis, in young (8-week-old) and older (24-week-old) FcγRIIb-/- mice, was higher than in age-matched wild-types. Severe cryptococcosis in the FcγRIIb-/- mice was demonstrated by high fungal burdens in the internal organs with histological cryptococcoma-like lesions and high levels of TNF-α and IL-6, but not IL-10. Interestingly, FcγRIIb-/- macrophages demonstrated more prominent phagocytosis but did not differ in killing activity in vitro and the striking TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10 levels, compared to wild-type cells. Indeed, in vivo macrophage depletion with liposomal clodronate attenuated the fungal burdens in FcγRIIb-/- mice, but not wild-type mice. When administered to wild-type mice, FcγRIIb-/- macrophages with phagocytosed Cryptococcus resulted in higher fungal burdens than FcγRIIb+/+ macrophages with phagocytosed Cryptococcus. These results support, at least in part, a model whereby, in FcγRIIb-/- mice, enhanced C. neoformans transmigration occurs through infected macrophages. In summary, prominent phagocytosis, with limited effective killing activity, and high pro-inflammatory cytokine production by FcγRIIb-/- macrophages were correlated with more severe cryptococcosis in FcγRIIb-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saowapha Surawut
- Medical Microbiology, Interdisciplinary Program, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thunnicha Ondee
- Medical Sciences Program, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sujittra Taratummarat
- Medical Microbiology, Interdisciplinary Program, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tanapat Palaga
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Prapaporn Pisitkun
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ariya Chindamporn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Asada Leelahavanichkul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-mediated Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand
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Perazzio SF, Granados Á, Salomão R, Silva NP, Carneiro-Sampaio M, Andrade LEC. High frequency of immunodeficiency-like states in systemic lupus erythematosus: a cross-sectional study in 300 consecutive patients. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2016; 55:1647-55. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kew227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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KIMBERLY ROBERTP. Prospecting for Precision: Promises for Personalized Medicine. J Rheumatol 2016; 43:999-1000. [DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.160424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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10
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Senger K, Hackney J, Payandeh J, Zarrin AA. Antibody Isotype Switching in Vertebrates. Results Probl Cell Differ 2015; 57:295-324. [PMID: 26537387 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-20819-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The humoral or antibody-mediated immune response in vertebrates has evolved to respond to diverse antigenic challenges in various anatomical locations. Diversification of the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) constant region via isotype switching allows for remarkable plasticity in the immune response, including versatile tissue distribution, Fc receptor binding, and complement fixation. This enables antibody molecules to exert various biological functions while maintaining antigen-binding specificity. Different immunoglobulin (Ig) classes include IgM, IgD, IgG, IgE, and IgA, which exist as surface-bound and secreted forms. High-affinity autoantibodies are associated with various autoimmune diseases such as lupus and arthritis, while defects in components of isotype switching are associated with infections. A major route of infection used by a large number of pathogens is invasion of mucosal surfaces within the respiratory, digestive, or urinary tract. Most infections of this nature are initially limited by effector mechanisms such as secretory IgA antibodies. Mucosal surfaces have been proposed as a major site for the genesis of adaptive immune responses, not just in fighting infections but also in tolerating commensals and constant dietary antigens. We will discuss the evolution of isotype switching in various species and provide an overview of the function of various isotypes with a focus on IgA, which is universally important in gut homeostasis as well as pathogen clearance. Finally, we will discuss the utility of antibodies as therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Senger
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Jason Hackney
- Department of Bioinformatics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Jian Payandeh
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Ali A Zarrin
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
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Karsten CM, Köhl J. The immunoglobulin, IgG Fc receptor and complement triangle in autoimmune diseases. Immunobiology 2013; 217:1067-79. [PMID: 22964232 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2012.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G (IgG)-mediated activation of complement and IgG Fc receptors (FcγRs) are important defense mechanisms of the innate immune system to ward off infections. However, the same mechanisms can drive severe and harmful inflammation, when IgG antibodies react with self-antigens in solution or tissues, as described for several autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and immune vasculitis. More specifically, IgG immune complexes (ICs) can activate all three pathways of the complement system resulting in the generation of C3 and C5 cleavage products that can activate a panel of different complement receptors on innate and adaptive immune cells. Importantly, complement and FcγRs are often co-expressed on inflammatory immune cells such as neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages or dendritic cells and act in concert to mediate the inflammatory response in autoimmune diseases. In this context, the cross-talk between the receptor for the anaphylatoxin C5a, i.e. C5ar1 (CD88) and FcγRs is of major importance. Recent data suggest a model of bidirectional regulation, in which CD88 acts upstream of FcγRs and sets the threshold for FcγR-dependent effector responses by regulating the ratio between activating and inhibitory FcγRs. Vice versa, FcγR ligation can either amplify or block C5aR-mediated effector functions, depending on whether IgG IC aggregate activating or inhibitory FcγRs. Further, complement and FcγRs cooperate on B cells and on follicular dendritic cells to regulate the development of autoreactive B cells, their differentiation into plasma cells and, eventually, the production of autoantibodies. Here, we will give an update on recent findings regarding this complex regulatory network between complement and FcγRs, which may also regulate the inflammatory response in allergy, cancer and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian M Karsten
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
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Sestak AL, Kelly JA, Harley JB. Genetics of lupus. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-06551-1.00124-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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13
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Yuan H, Ni JD, Pan HF, Li LH, Feng JB, Ye DQ. Lack of association of FcγRIIIb polymorphisms with systemic lupus erythematosus: a meta-analysis. Rheumatol Int 2010; 31:1017-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00296-010-1386-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2009] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Abstract
Jeffrey Ravetch describes how he came to identify the in vivo function of the once mysterious Fc receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Ravetch
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.
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15
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Rubtsov AV, Rubtsova K, Kappler JW, Marrack P. Genetic and hormonal factors in female-biased autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 2010; 9:494-8. [PMID: 20144912 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2010.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmunity is controlled both by the environment and by genetic factors. One of the most well defined genetic factors is polymorphisms, with some alleles of particular genes promoting autoimmune diseases, whereas other alleles either not affecting susceptibility to disease or, in some cases actually inhibiting the appearance of such illnesses. Another genetically controlled factor, gender, also plays a profound role in the incidence of autoimmune diseases. For example, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) occurs much more frequently in females than in males in both mice and man. The genetic differences that make some individuals susceptible to autoimmunity and protect others could act in many ways and affect many tissues. In this review we will discuss how gender may act on the cells of the immune system and thereby influence the predisposition of the host to autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly V Rubtsov
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, 80206, USA.
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Bournazos S, Woof JM, Hart SP, Dransfield I. Functional and clinical consequences of Fc receptor polymorphic and copy number variants. Clin Exp Immunol 2009; 157:244-54. [PMID: 19604264 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.03980.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptors for immunoglobulins (Fc receptors) play a central role during an immune response, as they mediate the specific recognition of antigens of almost infinite diversity by leucocytes, thereby linking the humoral and cellular components of immunity. Indeed, engagement of Fc receptors by immunoglobulins initiates a range of immunoregulatory processes that might also play a role in disease pathogenesis. In the circulation, five main types of immunoglobulins (Ig) exist - namely IgG, IgA, IgE, IgM and IgD and receptors with the ability to recognize and bind to IgG (Fc gamma receptor family), IgE (Fc epsilon RI and CD23), IgA (CD89; Fc alpha/microR) and IgM (Fc alpha/microR) have been identified and characterized. However, it is astonishing that nearly all the known human Fc receptors display extensive genetic variation with clear implications for their function, thus representing a substantial genetic risk factor for the pathogenesis of a range of chronic inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bournazos
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Lee YH, Ji JD, Song GG. Fcgamma receptor IIB and IIIB polymorphisms and susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis: a meta-analysis. Lupus 2009; 18:727-34. [PMID: 19502269 DOI: 10.1177/0961203309104020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore whether polymorphisms of the Fcgamma receptors (FcgammaRs) IIB T/I232 and FcgammaRIIIB NA1/NA2, confer susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and lupus nephritis (LN). The authors conducted a meta-analysis on associations between the FcgammaRIIB T/I232 and FcgammaRIIIB NA1/NA2 polymorphisms and SLE and LN susceptibility as determined using 1) allele contrast, 2) recessive, 3) dominant models and 4) contrast of homozygotes. A total of 16 separate comparisons were considered, consisting of 2887 SLE patients and 3105 controls. Meta-analysis of the FcgammaRIIB T/I232 polymorphism showed a significant association between the FcgammaRIIB T allele and the risk of developing SLE compared with the FcgammaRIIB I allele (OR = 1.207, 95% CI = 1.061-1.373, P = 0.004). In subjects of Asian descent, a significant association was observed between the FcgammaRIIB T allele and SLE (OR = 1.332, 95% CI 1.138-1.558, P < 0.001). However, in Europeans no such association was found. In contrast, no association was found between SLE or LN and the FcgammaRIIIB NA1/NA2 polymorphism in all subjects, or in European and Asian populations. This meta-analysis shows that the FcgammaRIIB T/I232 polymorphism confers susceptibility to SLE, especially in Asian-derived populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Napolioni V, Barucca A, Bolli E, Concetti A, Venanzi FM. Unfaithful association of FCGR2B genetic polymorphisms with susceptibility to SLE. Autoimmunity 2009; 42:139-42. [DOI: 10.1080/08916930802438782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
Recent years have witnessed an explosive growth in available biological data pertaining to autoimmunity research. This includes a tremendous quantity of sequence data (biological structures, genetic and physical maps, pathways, etc.) generated by genome and proteome projects plus extensive clinical and epidemiological data. Autoimmunity research stands to greatly benefit from this data so long as appropriate strategies are available to enable full access to and utilization of this data. The quantity and complexity of this biological data necessitates use of advanced bioinformatics strategies for its efficient retrieval, analysis and interpretation. Major progress has been made in development of specialized tools for storage, analysis and modeling of immunological data, and this has led to development of a whole new field know as immunoinformatics. With advances in novel high-throughput immunology technologies immunoinformatics is transforming understanding of how the immune system functions. This paper reviews advances in the field of immunoinformatics pertinent to autoimmunity research including databases, tools in genomics and proteomics, tools for study of B- and T-cell epitopes, integrative approaches, and web servers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Petrovsky
- Flinders Medical Centre/Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA, 5042, Australia
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Lee HM, Mima T, Sugino H, Aoki C, Adachi Y, Yoshio-Hoshino N, Matsubara K, Nishimoto N. Interactions among type I and type II interferon, tumor necrosis factor, and beta-estradiol in the regulation of immune response-related gene expressions in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Res Ther 2009; 11:R1. [PMID: 19121222 PMCID: PMC2688231 DOI: 10.1186/ar2584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2008] [Revised: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 01/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototypical autoimmune disease characterized by various clinical manifestations. Several cytokines interact and play pathological roles in SLE, although the etiopathology is still obscure. In the present study we investigated the network of immune response-related molecules expressed in the peripheral blood of SLE patients, and the effects of cytokine interactions on the regulation of these molecules. METHODS Gene expression profiles of peripheral blood from SLE patients and from healthy women were analyzed using DNA microarray analysis. Differentially expressed genes classified into the immune response category were selected and analyzed using bioinformatics tools. Since interactions among TNF, IFNgamma, beta-estradiol (E2), and IFNalpha may regulate the expression of interferon-inducible (IFI) genes, stimulating and co-stimulating experiments were carried out on peripheral blood mononuclear cells followed by analysis using quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS Thirty-eight downregulated genes and 68 upregulated genes were identified in the functional category of immune response. Overexpressed IFI genes were confirmed in SLE patient peripheral bloods. Using network-based analysis on these genes, several networks including cytokines--such as TNF and IFNgamma--and E2 were constructed. TNF-regulated genes were dominant in these networks, but in vitro TNF stimulation on peripheral blood mononuclear cells showed no differences in the above gene expressions between SLE and healthy individuals. Co-stimulating with IFNalpha and one of TNF, IFNgamma, or E2 revealed that TNF has repressive effects while IFNgamma essentially has synergistic effects on IFI gene expressions in vitro. E2 showed variable effects on IFI gene expressions among three individuals. CONCLUSIONS TNF may repress the abnormal regulation by IFNalpha in SLE while IFNgamma may have a synergistic effect. Interactions between IFNalpha and one of TNF, IFNgamma, or E2 appear to be involved in the pathogenesis of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hooi-Ming Lee
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamada-Oka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toru Mima
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamada-Oka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hidehiko Sugino
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamada-Oka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Chieko Aoki
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamada-Oka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuo Adachi
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamada-Oka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naoko Yoshio-Hoshino
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamada-Oka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kenichi Matsubara
- DNA Chip Research Incorporated, 1-1-43 Suehirocho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Norihiro Nishimoto
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamada-Oka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Tarasenko T, Dean JA, Bolland S. FcgammaRIIB as a modulator of autoimmune disease susceptibility. Autoimmunity 2007; 40:409-17. [PMID: 17729034 DOI: 10.1080/08916930701464665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies are secreted to recognize and in some cases directly neutralize pathogens. Another important means by which they are essential components of the immune system is through binding to Fc receptors. Effector responses triggered by antibody binding of Fc receptors affect a host of important cellular responses such as phagocytosis, inflammatory cytokine release, antigen presentation, and regulation of humoral responses. A crucial check on this antibody-mediated signal is through the inhibitory receptor, FcgammaRIIB. In this review we discuss how dysregulation of FcgammaRIIB can result in a lowered threshold for autoimmunity in mice and humans. We close with a discussion of the potential for applying these findings to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Tarasenko
- Autoimmunity and Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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Association between early onset and organ manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and a down-regulating promoter polymorphism in the MBL2 gene. Clin Immunol 2007; 125:230-6. [PMID: 17942372 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2007.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2007] [Revised: 07/09/2007] [Accepted: 08/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The serum concentration of mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is genetically determined by a series of allelic polymorphisms in the MBL2 gene. Since several polymorphisms of the MBL2 gene have been suggested to be risk locus for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), we investigated MBL2 polymorphisms in 315 SLE patients from Hungary and 182 geographically matched healthy controls. Within the group of patients, we found that homozygotes for an MBL2 down-regulating promoter polymorphism at position -221 (YA to XA) (rs7096206) were significantly (p=0.017) younger at diagnosis than the other patients. The frequency of juvenile-onset SLE (<or=20 years) was particularly high among XA/XA homozygotes (17.4%) as compared to the rest of the patients (5.6%) (p=0.004). XA/XA carriers did have significantly higher risk of development of cutaneous manifestations (p=0.003) and pleuritis/pericarditis (p=0.013) as compared with the rest of the patients. These data indicate that MBL may act as a disease modifier in SLE patients through a mechanism to be identified.
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Kyogoku C, Tsuchiya N. A compass that points to lupus: genetic studies on type I interferon pathway. Genes Immun 2007; 8:445-55. [PMID: 17581625 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
It was more than 20 years ago that patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were first reported to display elevated serum levels of type I interferon (IFN). Since then, extensive studies revealed a crucial role for type I IFN in SLE pathogenesis. The current model proposes that small increase of type I IFN production by plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) is sufficient to induce unabated activation of immature peripheral DCs. IFN-matured DCs select and activate autoreactive T cells and B cells, rather than deleting them, resulting in peripheral tolerance breakdown, a characteristic feature of SLE. Furthermore, immune complexes provide an amplification loop to pDCs for further IFN production. In the past 5 years, high-throughput technologies such as expression profiling and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) typing established the role of altered type I IFN system in SLE, and a detailed picture of its molecular mechanisms is beginning to emerge. In this review, we discuss two major lines of genetics studies on type I IFN pathway related to human SLE: (1) expression profiling of IFN-responsive genes and (2) disease-associated SNPs of IFN-related genes, especially IRF5 (IFN-regulatory factor 5). Lastly, we discuss how such genetic alterations in type I IFN pathway fit in the current model of SLE pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kyogoku
- Department of Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Angyal A, Prechl J, Sármay G. Possible therapeutic applications of single-chain antibodies in systemic autoimmune diseases. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2007; 7:691-704. [PMID: 17477806 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.7.5.691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
B cells participate in the induction and maintenance of systemic autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus, via production of pathogenic autoantibodies, contributing to the formation of immune complexes. Immune complex deposition in the kidney and joints causes inflammation and organ destruction, and chemokine production enhances T cell activation and tissue damage. The development of the disorder depends on several factors, for example, genetic susceptibility, environmental factors or immune dysregulation. Traditional therapies, which aimed at the alleviation of symptoms, are giving way to biological therapies with the potential of disrupting disease progression. This article focuses on antibody therapies, especially on the applications of single-chain antibodies, as new biological agents for the treatment of systemic autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienn Angyal
- Eötvös Loránd University, Department of Immunology, H-1117 Budapest, Pázmány Péter s.1/c, Hungary.
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Xiang Z, Cutler AJ, Brownlie RJ, Fairfax K, Lawlor KE, Severinson E, Walker EU, Manz RA, Tarlinton DM, Smith KGC. FcγRIIb controls bone marrow plasma cell persistence and apoptosis. Nat Immunol 2007; 8:419-29. [PMID: 17322888 DOI: 10.1038/ni1440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2006] [Accepted: 01/11/2007] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The survival of long-lived plasma cells, which produce most serum immunoglobulin, is central to humoral immunity. We found here that the inhibitory Fc receptor FcgammaRIIb was expressed on plasma cells and controlled their persistence in the bone marrow. Crosslinking FcgammaRIIb induced apoptosis of plasma cells, which we propose contributes to the control of their homeostasis and suggests a method for therapeutic deletion. Plasma cells from mice prone to systemic lupus erythematosus did not express FcgammaRIIb and were protected from apoptosis. Human plasmablasts expressed FcgammaRIIb and were killed by crosslinking, as were FcgammaRIIb-expressing myeloma cells. Our results suggest that FcgammaRIIb controls bone marrow plasma cell persistence and that defects in it may contribute to autoantibody production.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibody Formation/immunology
- Apoptosis/immunology
- Bone Marrow Cells/cytology
- Bone Marrow Cells/immunology
- Humans
- Immunization
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred MRL lpr
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Inbred NZB
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Multiple Myeloma/immunology
- Plasma Cells/cytology
- Plasma Cells/immunology
- RNA/chemistry
- RNA/genetics
- Receptors, IgG/biosynthesis
- Receptors, IgG/genetics
- Receptors, IgG/immunology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Transcription, Genetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Zou Xiang
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and the Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2OY, UK
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Nimmerjahn F. Activating and inhibitory FcγRs in autoimmune disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 28:305-19. [PMID: 17115158 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-006-0052-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2006] [Accepted: 09/29/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune disorders are characterized by the destruction of self-tissues by the immune system. Multiple checkpoints are in place to prevent autoreactivity under normal circumstances. Coexpression of activating and inhibitory Fc receptors (FcR) represents such a checkpoint by establishing a threshold for immune cell activation. In many human autoimmune diseases, however, balanced FcR expression is disturbed. Analysis of murine model systems provides strong evidence that aberrant FcR expression can result in uncontrolled immune responses and the initiation of autoimmune disease. This review will summarize this data and explain how this information might be used to better understand human autoimmune diseases and to develop novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk Nimmerjahn
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10021, USA,
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Tsuchiya N, Honda ZI, Tokunaga K. Role of B cell inhibitory receptor polymorphisms in systemic lupus erythematosus: a negative times a negative makes a positive. J Hum Genet 2006; 51:741-750. [PMID: 16946996 DOI: 10.1007/s10038-006-0030-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2006] [Accepted: 06/09/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
B lymphocytes play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Here, we will review our studies on the role of polymorphisms of two genes coding for B cell inhibitory receptors, FCGR2B and CD72. In FCGR2B, a single nucleotide polymorphism leading to a nonsynonymous substitution, Ile232Thr, within the transmembrane domain was identified, and a significant association of the 232Thr/Thr genotype with SLE was observed in Japanese, Thai and Chinese populations, while this allele was found to be rare in Caucasians. On the other hand, the association of FCGR2B promoter polymorphism with SLE in Caucasians has been reported by two independent groups, but this allele was not found to be present in Japanese. These observations demonstrate that the association of FCGR2B polymorphisms with SLE is common to multiple populations, but the alleles associated with SLE depend upon the genetic background of each population. Functional analyses using a human B cell line lacking endogenous FcgammaRIIb revealed that SLE-associated 232Thr allele product was partially excluded from membrane lipid rafts under resting conditions and after coligation with B cell receptor, and was significantly less potent at inhibiting B cell activation. Two haplotypes were identified in CD72, one of which was associated with increased production of an alternative splicing isoform that substantially alters the extracellular region of CD72. Interestingly, the presence of the haplotype significantly decreased the risk of SLE conferred by FCGR2B-232Thr in an epistatic manner. These observations emphasize the need to understand human immune system diversity if we are to improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Tsuchiya
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Zen-Ichiro Honda
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsushi Tokunaga
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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