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Su B, Kong D, Yang X, Zhang T, Kuang YQ. Mucosal-associated invariant T cells: a cryptic coordinator in HIV-infected immune reconstitution. J Med Virol 2022; 94:3043-3053. [PMID: 35243649 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection causes considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) has largely transformed HIV infection from a fatal disease to a chronic condition, approximately 10%~40% of HIV-infected individuals who receive effective ART and sustain long-term viral suppression still cannot achieve optimal immune reconstitution. These patients are called immunological non-responders, a state associated with poor clinical prognosis. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are an evolutionarily conserved unconventional T cell subset defined by expression of semi-invariant αβ T cell receptor (TCR), which recognizes metabolites derived from the riboflavin biosynthetic pathway presented on major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-related protein-1 (MR1). MAIT cells, which are considered to act as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity, produce a wide range of cytokines and cytotoxic molecules upon activation through TCR-dependent and TCR-independent mechanisms, which is of major importance in defense against a variety of pathogens. In addition, MAIT cells are involved in autoimmune and immune-mediated diseases. The number of MAIT cells is dramatically and irreversibly decreased in the early stage of HIV infection and is not fully restored even after long-term suppressive ART. In light of the important role of MAIT cells in mucosal immunity and because microbial translocation is inversely associated with CD4+ T cell counts, we propose that MAIT cells participate in the maintenance of intestinal barrier integrity and microbial homeostasis, thus further affecting immune reconstitution in HIV-infected individuals. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Su
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.,Sino-French Joint Laboratory for Research on Humoral Immune Response to HIV Infection, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Deshenyue Kong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China.,Scientific Research Laboratory Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.,Sino-French Joint Laboratory for Research on Humoral Immune Response to HIV Infection, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.,Sino-French Joint Laboratory for Research on Humoral Immune Response to HIV Infection, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yi-Qun Kuang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China.,Scientific Research Laboratory Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
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Center SA, Randolph JF, Warner KL, McDonough SP, Lucy JM, Sapa KC. Bacterial culture and immunohistochemical detection of bacteria and endotoxin in cats with suppurative cholangitis-cholangiohepatitis syndrome. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 260:194-211. [PMID: 34936576 DOI: 10.2460/javma.20.10.0552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the frequency and type of bacterial infection by culture- and immunohistochemical (IHC)-based methods and determine the impact of infection on clinical features and survival time in cats with suppurative cholangitis-cholangiohepatitis syndrome (S-CCHS). ANIMALS 168 client-owned cats with S-CCHS (cases). PROCEDURES Clinical features, bacterial culture results, culture-inoculate sources, and survival details were recorded. Cases were subcategorized by comorbidity (extrahepatic bile duct obstruction, cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, ductal plate malformation, biopsy-confirmed inflammatory bowel disease, and biopsy-confirmed pancreatitis) or treatment by cholecystectomy or cholecystoenterostomy. Culture results, bacterial isolates, Gram-stain characteristics, and IHC staining were compared among comorbidities. Lipoteichoic acid IHC staining detected gram-positive bacterial cell wall components, and toll-like receptor expression IHC reflected pathologic endotoxin (gram-negative bacteria) exposure. RESULTS Clinical features were similar among cases except for more frequent abdominal pain and lethargy in cats with positive culture results and pyrexia, abdominal pain, and hepatomegaly for cats with polymicrobial infections. Bacteria were cultured in 93 of 135 (69%) cats, with common isolates including Enterococcus spp and Escherichia coli. IHC staining was positive in 142 of 151 (94%) cats (lipoteichoic acid, 107/142 [75%]; toll-like receptor 4, 99/142 [70%]). With in-parallel interpretation of culture and IHC-based bacterial detection, 154 of 166 (93%) cats had bacterial infections (gram-positive, 118/154 [77%]; gram-negative, 111/154 [72%]; polymicrobial, 79/154 [51%]). Greater frequency of bacterial isolation occurred with combined tissue, bile, and crushed cholelith inoculates. Infection and gram-positive bacterial isolates were associated with significantly shorter long-term survival times. CLINICAL RELEVANCE S-CCHS was associated with bacterial infection, pathologic endotoxin exposure, and frequent polymicrobial infection in cats. Combined tissue inoculates improved culture detection of associated bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon A Center
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - John F Randolph
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Karen L Warner
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Sean P McDonough
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | | | - Kirk C Sapa
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
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Sandler NG, Douek DC. Microbial translocation in HIV infection: causes, consequences and treatment opportunities. Nat Rev Microbiol 2012; 10:655-66. [PMID: 22886237 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro2848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Systemic immune activation is increased in HIV-infected individuals, even in the setting of virus suppression with antiretroviral therapy. Although numerous factors may contribute, microbial products have recently emerged as potential drivers of this immune activation. In this Review, we describe the intestinal damage that occurs in HIV infection, the evidence for translocation of microbial products into the systemic circulation and the pathways by which these products activate the immune system. We also discuss novel therapies that disrupt the translocation of microbial products and the downstream effects of microbial translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Netanya G Sandler
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Yanagisawa N, Haruta I, Kikuchi K, Shibata N, Yagi J. Are dysregulated inflammatory responses to commensal bacteria involved in the pathogenesis of hepatobiliary-pancreatic autoimmune disease? An analysis using mice models of primary biliary cirrhosis and autoimmune pancreatitis. ISRN GASTROENTEROLOGY 2011; 2011:513514. [PMID: 21991516 PMCID: PMC3168461 DOI: 10.5402/2011/513514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The etiopathogenesis of many autoimmune disorders has not been identified. The aim of this paper is to focus on the involvement of bacterial exposure in the pathogenesis of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP), both of which are broadly categorized as autoimmune disorders involving hepatobiliary-pancreatic lesions. Avirulent and/or commensal bacteria, which may have important role(s) as initiating factors in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders such as PBC and AIP, will be emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Yanagisawa
- Departments of Infection Control Science and Bacteriology, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Tada F, Abe M, Nunoi H, Azemoto N, Mashiba T, Furukawa S, Kumagi T, Murakami H, Ikeda Y, Matsuura B, Hiasa Y, Onji M. Ulcerative colitis complicated with primary biliary cirrhosis. Intern Med 2011; 50:2323-7. [PMID: 22001458 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.50.5919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a patient who developed ulcerative colitis during the course of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). PBC was diagnosed by liver histology when the patient was 31 years old, at which time no symptoms were observed. At 45 years of age, the patient complained of bloody diarrhea and abdominal pain, and she was diagnosed with ulcerative colitis by colonoscopy and histological examination. The patient had HLA-DRB1(*)1502 and (*)0802, which are associated with both diseases. Ulcerative colitis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of bowel disease in patients with PBC. The possible genetic associations between 2 diseases are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujimasa Tada
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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Warren A, Center S, McDonough S, Chiotti R, Goldstein R, Meseck E, Jacobsen M, Rowland P, Simpson K. Histopathologic Features, Immunophenotyping, Clonality, and Eubacterial Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization in Cats With Lymphocytic Cholangitis/Cholangiohepatitis. Vet Pathol 2010; 48:627-41. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985810384409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Feline lymphocytic cholangitis is a poorly characterized disease complex with respect to histologic lesions, immunophenotype, and etiopathogenesis. Seventy-eight cases of feline lymphocytic cholangitis ( n = 51) and feline hepatic lymphoma ( n = 27) were reviewed using standardized histopathology, immunophenotyping (B cell and T cell), polymerase chain reaction for T-cell receptor (TCR) gene rearrangement, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for eubacteria. Five histopathologic features in cases of lymphocytic cholangitis assisted in its differentiation from hepatic lymphoma: bile duct targeting ( n = 32, 62.7%), ductopenia ( n = 9, 17.6%), peribiliary fibrosis ( n = 37, 72.5%), portal B-cell aggregates ( n = 36, 70.6%), and portal lipogranulomas ( n = 38, 74.5%). The majority of lymphocytic cholangitis cases ( n = 35, 68.6%) were T cell predominant; 15 (29.4%) had an equal mix of B cells and T cells, and 1 (1.9%) had a B cell–predominant infiltrate; 66.6% of hepatic lymphoma cases were T-cell lymphomas. TCR clonality results were unexpected, with 17.1% of cases of lymphocytic cholangitis having clonal or oligoclonal populations and with T-cell lymphomas having variable TCR clonality (63.6% clonal or oligoclonal, 36.3% polyclonal). The majority of lymphocytic cholangitis ( n = 32 of 36, 88.8%) and all hepatic lymphoma cases had no detectable eubacteria using FISH. As demonstrated here, bile duct targeting, ductopenia, peribiliary fibrosis, portal B-cell aggregates, and portal lipogranulomas are lymphocytic cholangitis features that, along with polyclonal TCR (83%), help differentiate it from hepatic lymphoma. No strong evidence was found implicating in situ bacterial colonization as an etiopathogenesis of lymphocytic cholangitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Warren
- University of Calgary, Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - S. Center
- Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - S. McDonough
- Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - R. Chiotti
- Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - R. Goldstein
- Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | | | | | - P. Rowland
- Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - K. Simpson
- Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
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Haruta I, Kikuchi K, Hashimoto E, Kato H, Hirota K, Kobayashi M, Miyake Y, Uchiyama T, Yagi J, Shiratori K. A possible role of histone-like DNA-binding protein of Streptococcus intermedius in the pathogenesis of bile duct damage in primary biliary cirrhosis. Clin Immunol 2008; 127:245-51. [PMID: 18337173 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2008.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2007] [Revised: 12/10/2007] [Accepted: 01/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial infection has become a focus of attention in the pathogenesis of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). It was reported that anti-histone autoantibody was detected in PBC, suggesting that bacterial histone-like DNA-binding protein (HLP) may be involved in the pathogenesis of PBC. To identify bacterial species in PBC to confirm this possibility, serum reactivity to bacterial cells was studied by ELISA. The IgM class Streptococcus intermedius titers were significantly higher in PBC than chronic hepatitis due to hepatitis C virus (CH-C) and healthy subjects. Among the streptococci, S. intermedius was selected for further study. The antigenic peptide of S. intermedius of HLP was synthesized to examine the serum reactivity to Si-HLP. IgM class anti-Si-HLP peptide titers were significantly higher in PBC. Immunoreactivity to anti-Si-HLP was detected in the cytoplasm of biliary epithelial cells and inflammatory cells in the portal area in PBC patients' livers. Streptococci, especially S. intermedius, might play a key role in the pathogenesis of PBC, possibly involving HLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuko Haruta
- Department of Medicine and Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan.
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Haruta I, Shibata N, Kato Y, Tanaka M, Kobayashi M, Oguma H, Shiratori K. Apoptosis Inhibitor Expressed by Macrophages Tempers Autoimmune Colitis and the Risk of Colitis-Based Carcinogenesis in TCRα−/− Mice. J Clin Immunol 2007; 27:549-56. [PMID: 17619226 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-007-9110-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2007] [Accepted: 06/06/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis (UC) are the two main entities involved in human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, their precise etiologies remain unclear. To study the development of mucosal inflammation, and chronic inflammation-based dysplasia and carcinoma formation, we examined possible roles of the apoptosis inhibitor expressed by macrophages (AIM) in an experimental IBD model. METHODS In this study, we used T cell receptor alpha deficient (TCRalpha(-/-)) mice, a known UC-like colitis model. We generated TCRalpha(-/-) x AIM(-/-) double knockout mice by crossbreeding TCRalpha(-/-) with AIM(-/-) mice. At 24 weeks of age, mice were killed to obtain colon tissues for pathological examinations. TCRalpha(-/-) x AIM(+/-) mice, heterozygous littermates of TCRalpha(-/-) x AIM(-/-) mice, were used as controls. RESULTS Severe colitis was observed in TCRalpha(-/-) x AIM(-/-) mice, when compared with TCRalpha(-/-) x AIM(+/-) mice. Dysplasia was detected in TCRalpha(-/-) x AIM(-/-) mice, but not in TCRalpha(-/-) x AIM(+/-) mice. Adenocarcinoma formation was observed from dysplasia only in TCRalpha(-/-) x AIM(-/-) mice. CONCLUSION Not only a high incidence of severe colitis but also dysplasia and adenocarcinoma formation were observed in TCRalpha(-/-) x AIM(-/-) mice only. AIM have some regulatory roles in inflammation and progression of dysplasia to carcinoma in TCRalpha(-/-) mice.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoimmune Diseases/metabolism
- Autoimmune Diseases/pathology
- CHO Cells
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Colitis, Ulcerative/immunology
- Colitis, Ulcerative/metabolism
- Colitis, Ulcerative/pathology
- Cricetinae
- Cricetulus
- Female
- Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins/deficiency
- Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins/genetics
- Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins/physiology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Risk Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuko Haruta
- Department of Medicine and Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
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