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Li H, Tang Y, Ren J, Bai R, Hu L, Jia W, Cao Y, Hong L, Xu M, Gao S, Shi Y, Pan S, Wang L, Zheng K, Zhao S, Wang H. Identification of novel B-1 transitional progenitors by B-1 lymphocyte fate-mapping transgenic mouse model Bhlhe41dTomato-Cre. Front Immunol 2022; 13:946202. [PMID: 36189231 PMCID: PMC9520467 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.946202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
B-1 lymphocytes exhibit specialized roles in host defense against multiple pathogens. Despite the fact that CD19+CD93+B220lo/- B cells have been identified as B-1 progenitors, the definition for B-1 progenitors remains to be elucidated as CD19+CD93+B220+ B cells are capable to give rise to B-1 cells. Given that transcription factor Bhlhe41 is highly and preferentially expressed in B-1 cells and regulates B-1a cell development, we generated a transgenic mouse model, Bhlhe41dTomato-Cre, for fate mapping and functional analysis of B-1 cells. Bhlhe41dTomato-Cre mice efficiently traced Bhlhe41 expression, which was mainly restricted to B-1 cells in B-cell lineage. We showed an efficient and specific Cre-mediated DNA recombination in adult B-1 cells and neonatal B-1 progenitors rather than B-2 cells by flow cytometric analysis of Bhlhe41dTomato-Cre/+Rosa26EYFP mice. Treatment of Bhlhe41dTomato-Cre/+Rosa26iDTR mice with diphtheria toxin revealed a robust efficacy of B-1 cell depletion. Interestingly, using Bhlhe41dTomato-Cre mice, we demonstrated that neonatal B-1 progenitors (CD19+CD93+B220lo/-) expressed Bhlhe41 and were identical to well-defined transitional B-1a progenitors (CD19+CD93+B220lo/-CD5+), which only gave rise to peritoneal B-1a cells. Moreover, we identified a novel population of neonatal splenic CD19hidTomato+B220hiCD43loCD5lo B cells, which differentiated to peritoneal B-1a and B-1b cells. Bhlhe41 deficiency impaired the balance between CD19hidTomato+B220lo/-CD5hi and CD19hidTomato+B220hiCD5lo cells. Hence, we identified neonatal CD19hidTomato+B220hiCD43loCD5lo B cells as novel transitional B-1 progenitors. Bhlhe41dTomato-Cre/+ mouse can be used for fate mapping and functional studies of B-1 cells in host-immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yangyang Tang
- Department of Nursing, Jiangsu Provincial Xuzhou Pharmaceutical Vocational College, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jinfeng Ren
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Ruixue Bai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Lang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Wenyu Jia
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yiwei Cao
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Li Hong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Meizhen Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Sijia Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yanbiao Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Shuai Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of The Second Affiliated Hospital, National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kuiyang Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hui Wang, ; Shuli Zhao, ; Kuiyang Zheng,
| | - Shuli Zhao
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Hui Wang, ; Shuli Zhao, ; Kuiyang Zheng,
| | - Hui Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hui Wang, ; Shuli Zhao, ; Kuiyang Zheng,
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O'Connell P, Blake MK, Godbehere S, Aldhamen YA, Amalfitano A. Absence of ERAP1 in B Cells Increases Susceptibility to Central Nervous System Autoimmunity, Alters B Cell Biology, and Mechanistically Explains Genetic Associations between ERAP1 and Multiple Sclerosis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2021; 207:2952-2965. [PMID: 34810226 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hundreds of genes have been linked to multiple sclerosis (MS); yet, the underlying mechanisms behind these associations have only been investigated in a fraction of cases. Endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 (ERAP1) is an endoplasmic reticulum-localized aminopeptidase with important roles in trimming peptides destined for MHC class I and regulation of innate immune responses. As such, genetic polymorphisms in ERAP1 have been linked to multiple autoimmune diseases. In this study, we present, to our knowledge, the first mechanistic studies performed to uncover why polymorphisms in ERAP1 are associated with increased susceptibility to MS. Combining multiple mouse models of CNS autoimmunity with high-dimensional single-cell spectral cytometry, adoptive transfer studies, and integrative analysis of human single-cell RNA-sequencing datasets, we identify an intrinsic defect in B cells as being primarily responsible. Not only are mice lacking ERAP1 more susceptible to CNS autoimmunity, but adoptive transfer of B cells lacking ERAP1 into B cell-deficient mice recapitulates this susceptibility. We found B cells lacking ERAP1 display decreased proliferation in vivo and express higher levels of activation/costimulatory markers. Integrative analysis of single-cell RNA sequencing of B cells from 36 individuals revealed subset-conserved differences in gene expression and pathway activation in individuals harboring the MS-linked K528R ERAP1 single-nucleotide polymorphism. Finally, our studies also led us to create, to our knowledge, the first murine protein-level map of the CNS IL-10+ immune compartment at steady state and during neuroinflammation. These studies identify a role for ERAP1 in the modulation of B cells and highlight this as one reason why polymorphisms in this gene are linked to MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick O'Connell
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; and
| | - Maja K Blake
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; and
| | - Sarah Godbehere
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; and
| | - Yasser A Aldhamen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; and
| | - Andrea Amalfitano
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; and .,Department of Pediatrics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
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3
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Ma Q, Didonna A. The novel multiple sclerosis susceptibility gene ATXN1 regulates B cell receptor signaling in B-1a cells. Mol Brain 2021; 14:19. [PMID: 33478569 PMCID: PMC7819313 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-020-00715-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by complex gene-environment interactions. ATXN1 maps to 6p22.3, within the 233 loci associated with an increased risk of developing MS. Toxic gain-of-function mutations in ATXN1 cause the neurodegenerative disorder spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1). Conversely, ATXN1 loss-of-function is involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and tumorigenesis. We have recently shown that ATXN1 exerts a protective immunomodulatory activity in the MS model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Specifically, we demonstrated that mice lacking Atxn1 experience aggravated EAE due to aberrant B cell functions. Atxn1-null mice exhibit increased B cell proliferation with the concomitant expansion of specific B cell subsets including B-1a cells. This population of B cells is responsible for the production of natural immunoglobulins and has been associated with the etiology of multiple autoimmune diseases. To understand the role played by Atxn1 in these cells, we performed comprehensive transcriptomic profiling of Atxn1-null B-1a cells before and after stimulation with an encephalitogenic antigen. Importantly, we show that in this sub-population Atxn1 regulates immunoglobulin gene transcription and signaling through the B cell receptor (BCR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Ma
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Alessandro Didonna
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
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Cossu D, Yokoyama K, Sakanishi T, Kuwahara-Arai K, Momotani E, Hattori N. A mucosal immune response induced by oral administration of heat-killed Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis exacerbates EAE. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 352:577477. [PMID: 33454553 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Findings in humans and animals have demonstrated a potential role for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) antigenic components in encephalitogenic T cell activation. Here we reported that oral administration of MAP activates the mucosal immunity and exacerbates active experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in C57BL/6J mice, modulating the immune cell traffic from secondary lymphoid organs to central nervous system. The detection of antigenic mycobacterial components by intestinal antigen-presenting cells may modulate the immune system and the subsequent inflammatory status through various signaling mechanisms, including the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines involved in EAE pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Cossu
- Juntendo University, Department of Neurology, Tokyo 113-8431, Japan; Juntendo University, Advanced Research Institute for Health Science, Tokyo 113-8431, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Yokoyama
- Juntendo University, Department of Neurology, Tokyo 113-8431, Japan.
| | - Tamami Sakanishi
- Juntendo University, Division of Cell Biology, Tokyo 113-8431, Japan
| | | | - Eiichi Momotani
- Comparative Medical Research Institute, Tsukuba 305-0856, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Juntendo University, Department of Neurology, Tokyo 113-8431, Japan
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5
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Ataxin-1 regulates B cell function and the severity of autoimmune experimental encephalomyelitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:23742-23750. [PMID: 32878998 PMCID: PMC7519225 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2003798117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ataxin-1 (ATXN1) is a ubiquitous polyglutamine protein expressed primarily in the nucleus where it binds chromatin and functions as a transcriptional repressor. Mutant forms of ataxin-1 containing expanded glutamine stretches cause the movement disorder spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) through a toxic gain-of-function mechanism in the cerebellum. Conversely, ATXN1 loss-of-function is implicated in cancer development and Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. ATXN1 was recently nominated as a susceptibility locus for multiple sclerosis (MS). Here, we show that Atxn1-null mice develop a more severe experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) course compared to wildtype mice. The aggravated phenotype is mediated by increased T helper type 1 (Th1) cell polarization, which in turn results from the dysregulation of B cell activity. Ataxin-1 ablation in B cells leads to aberrant expression of key costimulatory molecules involved in proinflammatory T cell differentiation, including cluster of differentiation (CD)44 and CD80. In addition, comprehensive phosphoflow cytometry and transcriptional profiling link the exaggerated proliferation of ataxin-1 deficient B cells to the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathways. Lastly, selective deletion of the physiological binding partner capicua (CIC) demonstrates the importance of ATXN1 native interactions for correct B cell functioning. Altogether, we report a immunomodulatory role for ataxin-1 and provide a functional description of the ATXN1 locus genetic association with MS risk.
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Laule CF, Odean EJ, Wing CR, Root KM, Towner KJ, Hamm CM, Gilbert JS, Fleming SD, Regal JF. Role of B1 and B2 lymphocytes in placental ischemia-induced hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 317:H732-H742. [PMID: 31397167 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00132.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a prevalent pregnancy complication characterized by new-onset maternal hypertension and inflammation, with placental ischemia as the initiating event. Studies of others have provided evidence for the importance of lymphocytes in placental ischemia-induced hypertension; however, the contributions of B1 versus B2 lymphocytes are unknown. We hypothesized that peritoneal B1 lymphocytes are important for placental ischemia-induced hypertension. As an initial test of this hypothesis, the effect of anti-CD20 depletion on both B-cell populations was determined in a reduced utero-placental perfusion pressure (RUPP) model of preeclampsia. Anti-murine CD20 monoclonal antibody (5 mg/kg, Clone 5D2) or corresponding mu IgG2a isotype control was administered intraperitoneally to timed pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats on gestation day (GD)10 and 13. RUPP or sham control surgeries were performed on GD14, and mean arterial pressure (MAP) was measured on GD19 from a carotid catheter. As anticipated, RUPP surgery increased MAP and heart rate and decreased mean fetal and placental weight. However, anti-CD20 treatment did not affect these responses. On GD19, B-cell populations were enumerated in the blood, peritoneal cavity, spleen, and placenta with flow cytometry. B1 and B2 cells were not significantly increased following RUPP. Anti-CD20 depleted B1 and B2 cells in peritoneum and circulation but depleted only B2 lymphocytes in spleen and placenta, with no effect on circulating or peritoneal IgM. Overall, these data do not exclude a role for antibodies produced by B cells before depletion but indicate the presence of B lymphocytes in the last trimester of pregnancy is not critical for placental ischemia-induced hypertension.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The adaptive and innate immune systems are implicated in hypertension, including the pregnancy-specific hypertensive condition preeclampsia. However, the mechanism of immune system dysfunction leading to pregnancy-induced hypertension is unresolved. In contrast to previous reports, this study reveals that the presence of classic B2 lymphocytes and peritoneal and circulating B1 lymphocytes is not required for development of hypertension following third trimester placental ischemia in a rat model of pregnancy-induced hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor F Laule
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minnesota
| | - Evan J Odean
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minnesota
| | - Cameron R Wing
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minnesota
| | - Kate M Root
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minnesota
| | - Kendra J Towner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minnesota
| | - Cassandra M Hamm
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minnesota
| | - Jeffrey S Gilbert
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minnesota
| | | | - Jean F Regal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minnesota
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Fehres CM, van Uden NO, Yeremenko NG, Fernandez L, Franco Salinas G, van Duivenvoorde LM, Huard B, Morel J, Spits H, Hahne M, Baeten DLP. APRIL Induces a Novel Subset of IgA + Regulatory B Cells That Suppress Inflammation via Expression of IL-10 and PD-L1. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1368. [PMID: 31258536 PMCID: PMC6587076 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory B cells (Bregs) are immunosuppressive cells that modulate immune responses through multiple mechanisms. The signals required for the differentiation and activation of these cells remain still poorly understood. We have already shown that overexpression of A PRoliferation-Inducing Ligand (APRIL) reduces the incidence and severity of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in mice. Furthermore, we have described that APRIL, but not BAFF, promoted IL-10 production and regulatory functions in human B cells. Therefore, we hypothesized that APRIL, but not BAFF, may be involved in the induction and/or activation of IL-10 producing Bregs that suppress inflammatory responses in vitro and in vivo. Here, we describe that APRIL promotes the differentiation of naïve human B cells to IL-10-producing IgA+ B cells. These APRIL-induced IgA+ B cells display a Breg phenotype and inhibit T cell and macrophage responses through IL-10 and PD-L1. Moreover, APRIL-induced IL-10 producing Bregs suppress inflammation in vivo in experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) and contact hypersensitivity (CHS) models. Finally, we showed a strong correlation between APRIL and IL-10 in the inflamed synovial tissue of inflammatory arthritis patients. Collectively, these observations indicate the potential relevance of this novel APRIL-induced IgA+ Breg population for immune homeostasis and immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M Fehres
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Centre, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nathalie O van Uden
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Centre, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nataliya G Yeremenko
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Centre, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Leticia Fernandez
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Universite de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Gabriela Franco Salinas
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Centre, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Leonie M van Duivenvoorde
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Centre, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bertrand Huard
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Jacques Morel
- Department of Rheumatology, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Hergen Spits
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, and AIMM Therapeutics, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Michael Hahne
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Universite de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Dominique L P Baeten
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Centre, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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8
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Van Kaer L, Postoak JL, Wang C, Yang G, Wu L. Innate, innate-like and adaptive lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of MS and EAE. Cell Mol Immunol 2019; 16:531-539. [PMID: 30874627 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0221-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) in which the immune system damages the protective insulation surrounding the nerve fibers that project from neurons. A hallmark of MS and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), is autoimmunity against proteins of the myelin sheath. Most studies in this field have focused on the roles of CD4+ T lymphocytes, which form part of the adaptive immune system as both mediators and regulators in disease pathogenesis. Consequently, the treatments for MS often target the inflammatory CD4+ T-cell responses. However, many other lymphocyte subsets contribute to the pathophysiology of MS and EAE, and these subsets include CD8+ T cells and B cells of the adaptive immune system, lymphocytes of the innate immune system such as natural killer cells, and subsets of innate-like T and B lymphocytes such as γδ T cells, natural killer T cells, and mucosal-associated invariant T cells. Several of these lymphocyte subsets can act as mediators of CNS inflammation, whereas others exhibit immunoregulatory functions in disease. Importantly, the efficacy of some MS treatments might be mediated in part by effects on lymphocytes other than CD4+ T cells. Here we review the contributions of distinct subsets of lymphocytes on the pathogenesis of MS and EAE, with an emphasis on lymphocytes other than CD4+ T cells. A better understanding of the distinct lymphocyte subsets that contribute to the pathophysiology of MS and its experimental models will inform the development of novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
| | - Joshua L Postoak
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Chuan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Guan Yang
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Lan Wu
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
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9
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CD3+ B-1a Cells as a Mediator of Disease Progression in Autoimmune-Prone Mice. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:9289417. [PMID: 30670930 PMCID: PMC6323491 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9289417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
B-1a cells are distinguishable from conventional B cells, which are designated B-2 cells, on the basis of their developmental origin, surface marker expression, and functions. In addition to the unique expression of the CD5 antigen, B-1a cells are characterized by the expression level of CD23. Although B-1a cells are considered to be independent of T cells and produce natural autoantibodies that induce the clinical manifestations of autoimmune diseases, there is much debate on the role of B-1a cells in the development of autoimmune diseases. We examined the involvement of B-1a cells in autoimmune-prone mice with the lpr gene. MRL/lpr and B6/lpr mice exhibited lupus and lymphoproliferative syndromes because of the massive accumulation of CD3+CD4-CD8-B220+ T cells. Interestingly, the B220+CD23-CD5+ (B-1a) cell population in the peripheral blood and peritoneal cavity increased with age and disease progression. Ninety percent of B-1a cells were CD3 positive (CD3+ B-1a cells) and did not produce tumor necrosis factor alpha, interferon gamma, or interleukin-10. To test the possible involvement of CD3+ B-1a cells in autoimmune disease, we tried to eliminate the peripheral cells by hypotonic shock through repeated intraperitoneal injections of distilled water. The fraction of peritoneal CD3+ B-1a cells decreased, and symptoms of the autoimmune disease were much milder in the distilled water-treated MRL/lpr mice. These results suggest that CD3+ B-1a cells could be mediators of disease progression in autoimmune-prone mice.
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Narang A, Qiao F, Atkinson C, Zhu H, Yang X, Kulik L, Holers VM, Tomlinson S. Natural IgM antibodies that bind neoepitopes exposed as a result of spinal cord injury , drive secondary injury by activating complement. J Neuroinflammation 2017. [PMID: 28629465 PMCID: PMC5477255 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0894-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Natural IgM antibodies (Abs) function as innate immune sensors of injury via recognition of neoepitopes expressed on damaged cells, although how this recognition systems function following spinal cord injury (SCI) exposes various neoepitopes and their precise nature remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated the role of two natural IgM monoclonal Abs (mAbs), B4 and C2, that recognize post-ischemic neoepitopes following ischemia and reperfusion in other tissues. Methods Identification of post-SCI expressed neoepitopes was examined using previously characterized monoclonal Abs (B4 and C2 mAbs). The role of post-SCI neoepitopes and their recognition by natural IgM Abs in propagating secondary injury was examined in Ab-deficient Rag1−/− or wild type C57BL/6 mice using Ab reconstitution experiments and neoepitope-targeted therapeutic studies, respectively. Results Administration of B4 or C2 mAb following murine SCI increased lesion size and worsened functional outcome in otherwise protected Ab-deficient Rag1−/− mice. Injury correlated with colocalized deposition of IgM and C3d in injured spinal cords from both mAb reconstituted Rag1−/− mice and untreated wild-type mice. Depletion of peritoneal B1 B cells, a source of natural Abs, reduced circulating levels of IgM with B4 (annexin-IV) and C2 (subset of phospholipids) reactivity, reduced IgM and complement deposition in the spinal cord, and protected against SCI. We therefore investigated whether the B4 neoepitope represents a therapeutic target for complement inhibition. B4-Crry, a fusion protein consisting of a single-chain Ab derived from B4 mAb, linked to the complement inhibitor Crry, significantly protected against SCI. B4-Crry exhibited a dual function in that it inhibited both the binding of pathogenic IgM and blocked complement activation in the spinal cord. Conclusions This study identifies important neoepitopes expressed within the spinal cord after injury. These neoepitopes are recognized by clonally specific natural IgM Abs that activate complement and drive pathology. We demonstrate that these neoepitopes represent novel targets for the therapeutic delivery of a complement inhibitor, and possibly other payload, to the injured spinal cord. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-017-0894-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Narang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave, CRI 213, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Fei Qiao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave, CRI 213, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Carl Atkinson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave, CRI 213, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave, CRI 213, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave, CRI 213, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Liudmila Kulik
- Departments of Medicine and Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA
| | - V Michael Holers
- Departments of Medicine and Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Stephen Tomlinson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave, CRI 213, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA. .,Ralph H Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA.
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11
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Zhu LY, Shao T, Nie L, Zhu LY, Xiang LX, Shao JZ. Evolutionary implication of B-1 lineage cells from innate to adaptive immunity. Mol Immunol 2015; 69:123-30. [PMID: 26573260 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The paradigm that B cells mainly play a central role in adaptive immunity may have to be reevaluated because B-1 lineage cells have been found to exhibit innate-like functions, such as phagocytic and bactericidal activities. Therefore, the evolutionary connection of B-1 lineage cells between innate and adaptive immunities have received much attention. In this review, we summarized various innate-like characteristics of B-1 lineage cells, such as natural antibody production, antigen-presenting function in primary adaptive immunity, and T cell-independent immune responses. These characteristics seem highly conserved between fish B cells and mammalian B-1 cells during vertebrate evolution. We proposed an evolutionary outline of B cells by comparing biological features, including morphology, phenotype, ontogeny, and functional activity between B-1 lineage cells and macrophages or B-2 cells. The B-1 lineage may be a transitional cell type between phagocytic cells (e.g., macrophages) and B-2 cells that functionally connects innate and adaptive immunities. Our discussion would contribute to the understanding on the origination of B cells specialized in adaptive immunity from innate immunity. The results might provide further insight into the evolution of the immune system as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lv-yun Zhu
- College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, People's Republic of China; College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Shao
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Nie
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-yun Zhu
- College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-xin Xiang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian-zhong Shao
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Regulation of an autoimmune model for multiple sclerosis in Th2-biased GATA3 transgenic mice. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:1700-18. [PMID: 24463292 PMCID: PMC3958817 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15021700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
T helper (Th)2 cells have been proposed to play a neuroprotective role in multiple sclerosis (MS). This is mainly based on “loss-of-function” studies in an animal model for MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), using blocking antibodies against Th2 related cytokines, and knockout mice lacking Th2-related molecules. We tested whether an increase of Th2 responses (“gain-of-function” approach) could alter EAE, the approach of novel GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3)-transgenic (tg) mice that overexpress GATA3, a transcription factor required for Th2 differentiation. In EAE induced with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35–55 peptide, GATA3-tg mice had a significantly delayed onset of disease and a less severe maximum clinical score, compared with wild-type C57BL/6 mice. Histologically, GATA3-tg mice had decreased levels of meningitis and demyelination in the spinal cord, and anti-inflammatory cytokine profiles immunologically, however both groups developed similar levels of MOG-specific lymphoproliferative responses. During the early stage, we detected higher levels of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10, with MOG and mitogen stimulation of regional lymph node cells in GATA3-tg mice. During the late stage, only mitogen stimulation induced higher IL-4 and lower interferon-γ and IL-17 production in GATA3-tg mice. These results suggest that a preexisting bias toward a Th2 immune response may reduce the severity of inflammatory demyelinating diseases, including MS.
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13
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Strassheim D, Renner B, Panzer S, Fuquay R, Kulik L, Ljubanović D, Holers VM, Thurman JM. IgM contributes to glomerular injury in FSGS. J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 24:393-406. [PMID: 23393315 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2012020187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Glomerular IgM and C3 deposits frequently accompany idiopathic FSGS and secondary glomerulosclerosis, but it is unknown whether IgM activates complement, possibly contributing to the pathogenesis of these diseases. We hypothesized that IgM natural antibody binds to neoepitopes exposed in the glomerulus after nonimmune insults, triggering activation of the complement system and further injury. We examined the effects of depleting B cells, using three different strategies, on adriamycin-induced glomerulosclerosis. First, we treated wild-type mice with an anti-murine CD20 antibody, which depletes B cells, before disease induction. Second, we evaluated adriamycin-induced glomerulosclerosis in Jh mice, a strain that lacks mature B cells. Third, we locally depleted peritoneal B cells via hypotonic shock before disease induction. All three strategies reduced deposition of IgM in the glomerulus after administration of adriamycin and attenuated the development of albuminuria. Furthermore, we found that glomerular IgM and C3 were detectable in a subset of patients with FSGS; C3 was present as an activation fragment and colocalized with glomerular IgM, suggesting that glomerular IgM may have bound a cognate ligand. Taken together, these results suggest that IgM activates the complement system within the glomerulus in an animal model of glomerulosclerosis. Strategies that reduce IgM natural antibody or that prevent complement activation may slow the progression of glomerulosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Strassheim
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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14
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Rohatgi S, Pirofski LA. Molecular characterization of the early B cell response to pulmonary Cryptococcus neoformans infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:5820-30. [PMID: 23175699 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The role of B cells in host defense against fungi has been difficult to establish. We quantified and determined the molecular derivation of B-1a, B-1b, and B-2 B cell populations in C57BL/6 mice after pulmonary infection with Cryptococcus neoformans. Total B-1 and B-2 cell numbers increased in lungs and peritoneal cavity as early as day 1 postinfection, but lacked signs of clonal expansion. Labeled capsular (24067) and acapsular (Cap67) C. neoformans strains were used to identify C. neoformans-binding B cell subsets by flow cytometry. Peritoneal cavity B-1a B cells exhibited the most acapsular and capsular C. neoformans binding in C. neoformans-infected mice, and C. neoformans-selected B-1 B cells secreted laminarin- and C. neoformans-binding IgM. Single-cell PCR-based sequence analysis of B-1a, B-1b, and B-2 cell IgH V region H chain (V(H)) genes revealed increased usage of V(H)11 and V(H)12, respectively, in acapsular and capsular C. neoformans-selected B-1a cells. Germline V(H) segments were used, with capsular C. neoformans-selected cells having less junctional diversity than acapsular C. neoformans-selected cells. Further studies in B-1 B cell-depleted mice showed that these mice had higher brain and lung fungal burdens and less alveolar macrophage phagocytosis of C. neoformans than did control and B-1a B cell-reconstituted mice. Taken together, these results establish a mechanistic role for B-1 B cells in the innate B cell response to pulmonary infection with C. neoformans and reveal that IgM-producing B-1a cells, which express germline V(H) genes, bind C. neoformans and contribute to early fungal clearance. Thus, B-1a B cells provide a first line of defense during pulmonary C. neoformans infection in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma Rohatgi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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15
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Griffin DO, Rothstein TL. Human b1 cell frequency: isolation and analysis of human b1 cells. Front Immunol 2012; 3:122. [PMID: 22654880 PMCID: PMC3360193 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Controversy over the frequency of human B1 cells in normal individuals has arisen as different labs have begun to employ non-uniform techniques to study this population. The phenotypic profile and relative paucity of circulating human B1 cells place constraints on methodology to identify and isolate this population. Multiple steps must be optimized to insure accurate enumeration and optimal purification. In the course of working with human B1 cells we have developed a successful strategy that provides consistent analysis of B1 cells for frequency determination and efficient isolation of B1 cells for functional studies. Here we discuss issues attendant to identifying human B1 cells and outline a carefully optimized approach that leads to uniform and reproducible data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel O Griffin
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research Manhasset, NY, USA
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16
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Polese L, Boetto R, De Franchis G, Angriman I, Porzionato A, Norberto L, Sturniolo GC, Macchi V, De Caro R, Merigliano S. B1a lymphocytes in the rectal mucosa of ulcerative colitis patients. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:144-9. [PMID: 22253520 PMCID: PMC3257441 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i2.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 06/12/2011] [Accepted: 06/19/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To assess B1a cell expression in the rectal mucosa of ulcerative colitis (UC) patients in comparison with healthy controls.
METHODS: Rectal mucosa biopsies were collected from 15 UC patients and 17 healthy controls. CD5+ B cells were analysed by three colour flow cytometry from rectal mucosal samples after mechanical disaggregation by Medimachine®. Immunohistochemical analysis of B and T lymphocytes was also performed. Correlations between, on the one hand, rectal B1a cell concentrations and, on the other, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein levels and clinical, endoscopic and histological disease activity indices were evaluated.
RESULTS: Rectal B-lymphocyte (CD19+/CD45+) rate and concentration were higher in UC patients compared with those in healthy controls (47.85% ± 3.12% vs 26.10% ± 3.40%, P = 0.001 and 501 ± 91 cells/mm2vs 117 ± 18 cells/mm2, P < 0.001); Rectal B1a cell density (CD5+CD19+) was higher in UC patients than in healthy controls (85 ± 15 cells/mm2vs 31 ± 6.7 cells/mm2, P = 0.009). Rectal B1a cell (CD5/CD19+) rate correlated inversely with endoscopic classification (Rs = -0.637, P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: B1a lymphocytes seem to be involved in the pathogenesis of UC, however, the role they play in its early phases and in disease activity, have yet to be defined.
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Lee-Chang C, Lefranc D, Salleron J, Faveeuw C, Allet C, Vermersch P, Oxombre B, Prin L. Susceptibility to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is associated with altered B-cell subsets distribution and decreased serum BAFF levels. Immunol Lett 2010; 135:108-17. [PMID: 20946917 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2010.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Revised: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
B cells possess the ability to regulate either pathogenic or protective events in several autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and its experimental model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Given the extensive use of B-cell-targeting treatments, it appears crucial to more precisely define the dual role of B cells in the progression of the disease. In the present study, we explored the impact of EAE induction on the distribution of potential regulatory B-cell subsets (CD5(+) B1a, marginal zone and transitional 2 B cells) over critical time points in the relapsing-remitting EAE model, SJL/J (H2s). The same approach was carried out in B10.S mice that are resistant to EAE induction, (H2s). The comparative data obtained from these experiments showed that the homeostasis of the regulatory B-cell subsets is altered during the EAE preclinical and acute phases. These observations were associated with a distortion of the BAFF response. All these data suggest the existence of a close relationship between B-cell homeostasis, BAFF response and the susceptibility to develop EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Lee-Chang
- Pôle d'Immunologie EA2686, CHRU de Lille, Université de Lille Nord de France, France
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18
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Renner B, Strassheim D, Amura CR, Kulik L, Ljubanovic D, Glogowska MJ, Takahashi K, Carroll MC, Holers VM, Thurman JM. B cell subsets contribute to renal injury and renal protection after ischemia/reperfusion. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:4393-400. [PMID: 20810984 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) triggers a robust inflammatory response within the kidney. Numerous components of the immune system contribute to the resultant renal injury, including the complement system. We sought to identify whether natural Abs bind to the postischemic kidney and contribute to complement activation after I/R. We depleted peritoneal B cells in mice by hypotonic shock. Depletion of the peritoneal B cells prevented the deposition of IgM within the glomeruli after renal I/R and attenuated renal injury after I/R. We found that glomerular IgM activates the classical pathway of complement, but it does not cause substantial deposition of C3 within the kidney. Furthermore, mice deficient in classical pathway proteins were not protected from injury, indicating that glomerular IgM does not cause injury through activation of the classical pathway. We also subjected mice deficient in all mature B cells (μMT mice) to renal I/R and found that they sustained worse renal injury than wild-type controls. Serum IL-10 levels were lower in the μMT mice. Taken together, these results indicate that natural Ab produced by peritoneal B cells binds within the glomerulus after renal I/R and contributes to functional renal injury. However, nonperitoneal B cells attenuate renal injury after I/R, possibly through the production of IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Renner
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80045, USA
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Nakashima H, Hamaguchi Y, Watanabe R, Ishiura N, Kuwano Y, Okochi H, Takahashi Y, Tamaki K, Sato S, Tedder TF, Fujimoto M. CD22 expression mediates the regulatory functions of peritoneal B-1a cells during the remission phase of contact hypersensitivity reactions. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:4637-45. [PMID: 20335532 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although contact hypersensitivity (CHS) has been considered a prototype of T cell-mediated immune reactions, recently a significant contribution of regulatory B cell subsets in the suppression of CHS has been demonstrated. CD22, one of the sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins, is a B cell-specific molecule that negatively regulates BCR signaling. To clarify the roles of B cells in CHS, CHS in CD22(-/-) mice was investigated. CD22(-/-) mice showed delayed recovery from CHS reactions compared with that of wild-type mice. Transfer of wild-type peritoneal B-1a cells reversed the prolonged CHS reaction seen in CD22(-/-) mice, and this was blocked by the simultaneous injection with IL-10 receptor Ab. Although CD22(-/-) peritoneal B-1a cells were capable of producing IL-10 at wild-type levels, i.p. injection of differentially labeled wild-type/CD22(-/-) B cells demonstrated that a smaller number of CD22(-/-) B cells resided in lymphoid organs 5 d after CHS elicitation, suggesting a defect in survival or retention in activated CD22(-/-) peritoneal B-1 cells. Thus, our study reveals a regulatory role for peritoneal B-1a cells in CHS. Two distinct regulatory B cell subsets cooperatively inhibit CHS responses. Although splenic CD1d(hi)CD5(+) B cells have a crucial role in suppressing the acute exacerbating phase of CHS, peritoneal B-1a cells are likely to suppress the late remission phase as "regulatory B cells." CD22 deficiency results in disturbed CHS remission by impaired retention or survival of peritoneal B-1a cells that migrate into lymphoid organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Nakashima
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan
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Kala M, Rhodes SN, Piao WH, Shi FD, Campagnolo DI, Vollmer TL. B cells from glatiramer acetate-treated mice suppress experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Exp Neurol 2009; 221:136-45. [PMID: 19879259 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Revised: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) thought to be primarily mediated by T cells. However, emerging evidence supports an important role for B cells in the pathogenesis and inhibition of MS. Glatiramer acetate (GA), a Food and Drug Administration-approved drug for the treatment of MS, has a good safety profile. But GA's mechanism of action in MS is still elusive. In this study, we showed that B cells from GA-treated mice increased production of IL-10 and reduced expression of co-stimulatory molecules viz.: CD80 and CD86. B cells from GA-treated mice also diminished proliferation of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG(35-55)) specific T cells. Purified B cells transferred from GA-treated mice suppressed experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in recipient mice compared with B cells transferred from mice treated with PBS or ovalbumin. The treatment effect of GA in EAE was abrogated in B cell-deficient mice. Transfer of B cells from GA-treated mice inhibited the proliferation of autoreactive T cells as well as the development of Th1 and Th17 cells but promoted IL-10 production in recipient mice. The number of peripheral CD11b(+) macrophages in recipient mice also decreased after transfer of B cells from GA-treated mice; however, the number of dendritic cells and regulatory T cells remained unaltered. These results suggest that B cells are important to the protective effects of GA in EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrinalini Kala
- Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA.
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