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Rosario-Rodríguez LJ, Cantres-Rosario YM, Carrasquillo-Carrión K, Rodríguez-De Jesús AE, Cartagena-Isern LJ, García-Requena LA, Roche-Lima A, Meléndez LM. Quantitative Proteomics Reveal That CB2R Agonist JWH-133 Downregulates NF-κB Activation, Oxidative Stress, and Lysosomal Exocytosis from HIV-Infected Macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3246. [PMID: 38542221 PMCID: PMC10970132 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25063246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) affect 15-55% of HIV-positive patients and effective therapies are unavailable. HIV-infected monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) invade the brain of these individuals, promoting neurotoxicity. We demonstrated an increased expression of cathepsin B (CATB), a lysosomal protease, in monocytes and post-mortem brain tissues of women with HAND. Increased CATB release from HIV-infected MDM leads to neurotoxicity, and their secretion is associated with NF-κB activation, oxidative stress, and lysosomal exocytosis. Cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2R) agonist, JWH-133, decreases HIV-1 replication, CATB secretion, and neurotoxicity from HIV-infected MDM, but the mechanisms are not entirely understood. We hypothesized that HIV-1 infection upregulates the expression of proteins associated with oxidative stress and that a CB2R agonist could reverse these effects. MDM were isolated from healthy women donors (n = 3), infected with HIV-1ADA, and treated with JWH-133. After 13 days post-infection, cell lysates were labeled by Tandem Mass Tag (TMT) and analyzed by LC/MS/MS quantitative proteomics bioinformatics. While HIV-1 infection upregulated CATB, NF-κB signaling, Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress response, and lysosomal exocytosis, JWH-133 treatment downregulated the expression of the proteins involved in these pathways. Our results suggest that JWH-133 is a potential alternative therapy against HIV-induced neurotoxicity and warrant in vivo studies to test its potential against HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lester J. Rosario-Rodríguez
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan 00935, Puerto Rico;
| | - Yadira M. Cantres-Rosario
- Translational Proteomics Center, Center for Collaborative Research in Health Disparities, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan 00935, Puerto Rico; (Y.M.C.-R.); (A.E.R.-D.J.)
| | - Kelvin Carrasquillo-Carrión
- Integrated Informatics Core, Center for Collaborative Research in Health Disparities, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan 00935, Puerto Rico; (K.C.-C.); (A.R.-L.)
| | - Ana E. Rodríguez-De Jesús
- Translational Proteomics Center, Center for Collaborative Research in Health Disparities, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan 00935, Puerto Rico; (Y.M.C.-R.); (A.E.R.-D.J.)
| | - Luz J. Cartagena-Isern
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras Campus, San Juan 00925, Puerto Rico; (L.J.C.-I.); (L.A.G.-R.)
| | - Luis A. García-Requena
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras Campus, San Juan 00925, Puerto Rico; (L.J.C.-I.); (L.A.G.-R.)
| | - Abiel Roche-Lima
- Integrated Informatics Core, Center for Collaborative Research in Health Disparities, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan 00935, Puerto Rico; (K.C.-C.); (A.R.-L.)
| | - Loyda M. Meléndez
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan 00935, Puerto Rico;
- Translational Proteomics Center, Center for Collaborative Research in Health Disparities, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan 00935, Puerto Rico; (Y.M.C.-R.); (A.E.R.-D.J.)
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Ibrahim SA, El-Ghonaimy EA, Hassan H, Mahana N, Mahmoud MA, El-Mamlouk T, El-Shinawi M, Mohamed MM. Hormonal-receptor positive breast cancer: IL-6 augments invasion and lymph node metastasis via stimulating cathepsin B expression. J Adv Res 2016; 7:661-70. [PMID: 27482469 PMCID: PMC4957008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Hormonal-receptor positive (HRP) breast cancer patients with positive metastatic axillary lymph nodes are characterized by poor prognosis and increased mortality rate. The mechanisms by which cancer cells invade lymph nodes have not yet been fully explored. Several studies have shown that expression of IL-6 and the proteolytic enzyme cathepsin B (CTSB) was associated with breast cancer poor prognosis. In the present study, the effect of different concentrations of recombinant human IL-6 on the invasiveness capacity of HRP breast cancer cell line MCF-7 was tested using an in vitro invasion chamber assay. The impact of IL-6 on expression and activity of CTSB was also investigated. IL-6 treatment promoted the invasiveness potential of MCF-7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, MCF-7 cells displayed elevated CTSB expression and activity associated with loss of E-cadherin and upregulation of vimentin protein levels upon IL-6 stimulation. To validate these results in vivo, the level of expression of IL-6 and CTSB in the carcinoma tissues of HRP-breast cancer patients with positive and negative axillary metastatic lymph nodes (pLNs and nLNs) was assessed. Western blot and immunohistochemical staining data showed that expression of IL-6 and CTSB was higher in carcinoma tissues in HRP-breast cancer with pLNs than those with nLNs patients. ELISA results showed carcinoma tissues of HRP-breast cancer with pLNs exhibited significantly elevated IL-6 protein levels by approximately 2.8-fold compared with those with nLNs patients (P < 0.05). Interestingly, a significantly positive correlation between IL-6 and CTSB expression was detected in clinical samples of HRP-breast cancer patients with pLNs (r = 0.78, P < 0.01). Collectively, this study suggests that IL-6-induced CTSB may play a role in lymph node metastasis, and that may possess future therapeutic implications for HRP-breast cancer patients with pLNs. Further studies are necessary to fully identify IL-6/CTSB axis in different molecular subtypes of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif A Ibrahim
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Eslam A El-Ghonaimy
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Hebatallah Hassan
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Noha Mahana
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | | | - Tahani El-Mamlouk
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-Shinawi
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Mona M Mohamed
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
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Wendling D, Abbas W, Godfrin-Valnet M, Kumar A, Guillot X, Khan KA, Vidon C, Coquard L, Toussirot E, Prati C, Herbein G. Dysregulated serum IL-23 and SIRT1 activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119981. [PMID: 25799392 PMCID: PMC4370395 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin 1 (Sirt1) is a class III histone deacetylase (HDAC) that modulates gene expression and is involved in the regulation of proinflammatory cytokines. Interleukin-23 (IL-23) is produced by activated macrophages and dendritic cells and could fuel the progression of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The goal of our study was to evaluate serum IL-23 levels and both Sirt1 activity and expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in patients with RA compared to healthy controls (HC) and to determine the relationship between Sirt1 activity/expression and IL-23 levels. We assessed apoptosis in PBMCs of RA patients and its association with Sirt1 expression and serum IL-23. Serum IL-23 levels were increased in RA patients in comparison with controls. We found a positive correlation between the levels of serum IL-23 and serum IL-6 in RA patients. Decreased cytoplasmic Sirt1 activity was observed in RA patients with severe disease compared to HC. The expression of Sirt1 protein was significantly decreased in PBMCs of RA patients compared to HC using western blotting. Serum IL-23 levels correlated positively with the cytoplasmic Sirt1 activity in RA patients. Apoptosis rate of PBMCs isolated from RA patients was increased compared to HC and correlated negatively with the expression of Sirt1 protein and serum IL-23 levels. Levels of serum IL-23 and Sirt1 activity and expression were disturbed in RA parallel to increased PBMC apoptosis. Our findings might provide the rationale for the development of new therapeutic approaches in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Wendling
- Department of Rheumatology, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Besançon, France
- Pathogens & Inflammation Laboratory, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Wasim Abbas
- Pathogens & Inflammation Laboratory, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Marie Godfrin-Valnet
- Department of Rheumatology, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Besançon, France
| | - Amit Kumar
- Pathogens & Inflammation Laboratory, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Xavier Guillot
- Department of Rheumatology, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Besançon, France
| | - Kashif Aziz Khan
- Pathogens & Inflammation Laboratory, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Claire Vidon
- Department of Rheumatology, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Besançon, France
| | - Laurie Coquard
- Pathogens & Inflammation Laboratory, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Eric Toussirot
- Pathogens & Inflammation Laboratory, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- Clinical Investigation Biotherapy Center506, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Besançon, France
- Department of Therapeutics, University of Franche Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Clément Prati
- Department of Rheumatology, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Besançon, France
| | - Georges Herbein
- Pathogens & Inflammation Laboratory, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- Department of Virology, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Besançon, France
- Structure Fédérative de Recherche 4234, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- * E-mail:
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Park SY, Bae JH, Cho YS. Cortisone induces insulin resistance in C2C12 myotubes through activation of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 and autocrinal regulation. Cell Biochem Funct 2013; 32:249-57. [DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ji Hyun Bae
- College of Pharmacy; Keimyung University; Daegu South Korea
| | - Young Sik Cho
- College of Pharmacy; Keimyung University; Daegu South Korea
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Wendling D, Abbas W, Godfrin-Valnet M, Guillot X, Khan KA, Cedoz JP, Baud L, Prati C, Herbein G. Resveratrol, a sirtuin 1 activator, increases IL-6 production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with knee osteoarthritis. Clin Epigenetics 2013; 5:10. [PMID: 23844973 PMCID: PMC3716931 DOI: 10.1186/1868-7083-5-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sirtuin 1 (Sirt1) is a nuclear enzyme from the class III histone deacetylases that modulates gene expression and is involved in bone and cartilage remodeling. The goal of our study was to evaluate Sirt1 activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with osteoarthritis in comparison with control patients, and to determine the relationship between Sirt1 activity and production of TNFα, IL-6 and IL-8 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells after ex vivo treatment with resveratrol, a Sirt1 activator. RESULTS A prospective study was performed to compare the activity of Sirt1 in patients with primary osteoarthritis of the knee (American College of Rheumatology criteria) with its activity in controls. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from peripheral blood, and Sirt1 activity evaluated from cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments using a fluorometric assay. Culture supernatant levels of TNFα, IL-6, and IL-8 were quantified before and after resveratrol ex vivo treatment. Nineteen patients with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis (age 64 ±9 years) and 18 controls (age 54 ±13 years) were included. No differences were found in cytoplasmic or nuclear Sirt1 activity between patients and controls. After resveratrol treatment, no changes in TNFα or IL-8 levels were found, but a significant dose-dependent increase in IL-6 levels was demonstrated in patients with osteoarthritis, but not controls. Sirt1 activity did not correlate with clinical activity (Lequesne's index) or inflammation (erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein). CONCLUSION Sirt1 activity (cytoplasmic and nuclear) from peripheral blood mononuclear cells did not differ between patients with osteoarthritis and controls. Ex vivo treatment of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with resveratrol was associated with a dose-dependent increase in IL-6 levels only in patients with osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Wendling
- Department of Rheumatology, CHRU de Besançon, Boulevard Fleming, F-25030 Besançon, France.
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Dvir-Ginzberg M, Gagarina V, Lee EJ, Booth R, Gabay O, Hall DJ. Tumor necrosis factor α-mediated cleavage and inactivation of SirT1 in human osteoarthritic chondrocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:2363-73. [PMID: 21305533 DOI: 10.1002/art.30279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The protein deacetylase SirT1 positively regulates cartilage-specific gene expression, while the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) negatively regulates these same genes. This study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that SirT1 is adversely affected by TNFα, resulting in altered gene expression. METHODS Cartilage-specific gene expression, SirT1 activity, and results of chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis at the α2(I) collagen enhancer site were determined in RNA, protein extracts, and nuclei of human osteoarthritic chondrocytes left untreated or treated with TNFα. Protein extracts from human chondrocytes transfected with epitope-tagged SirT1 that had been left untreated or had been treated with TNFα were analyzed by immunoblotting with SirT1 and epitope-specific antibodies. The 75-kd SirT1-reactive protein present in TNFα-treated extracts was identified by mass spectroscopy, and its amino-terminal cleavage site was identified via Edman sequencing. SirT1 activity was assayed following an in vitro cathepsin B cleavage reaction. Cathepsin B small interfering RNA (siRNA) was transfected into chondrocytes left untreated or treated with TNFα. RESULTS TNFα-treated chondrocytes had impaired SirT1 enzymatic activity and displayed 2 forms of the enzyme: a full-length 110-kd protein and a smaller 75-kd fragment. The 75-kd SirT1 fragment was found to lack the carboxy-terminus. Cathepsin B was identified as the TNFα-responsive protease that cleaves SirT1 at residue 533. Reducing cathepsin B levels via siRNA following TNFα exposure blocked the generation of the 75-kd SirT1 fragment. CONCLUSION These data indicate that TNFα, a cytokine that mediates joint inflammation in arthritis, induces cathepsin B-mediated cleavage of SirT1, resulting in reduced SirT1 activity. This reduced SirT1 activity correlates with the reduced cartilage-specific gene expression evident in these TNFα-treated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Dvir-Ginzberg
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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Wallace A, Cooney TE, Englund R, Lubahn JD. Effects of interleukin-6 ablation on fracture healing in mice. J Orthop Res 2011; 29:1437-42. [PMID: 21445992 DOI: 10.1002/jor.21367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the impact of an interleukin-6 (IL-6) knockout on fracture healing in terms of histological and biomechanical responses. Following IACUC approval, tibial fractures were produced in 4- to 6-week-old IL-6 knockouts (n = 35) and wild-type mice (n = 36) and harvested along with contralateral limbs at 2 and 6 weeks postsurgery. Histology quantified stage of healing, lymphocyte infiltration, TRAP+ cells, and osteocalcin deposition. Bend testing established maximum load and stiffness. Based on normality assessments, Mann-Whitney U or independent t-tests were used for data analysis using a p-value threshold of 0.05. Stage of healing, lymphocyte infiltration, and osteocalcin deposition were similar for all time points (p ≥ 0.243). TRAP+ cell counts were reduced approximately 10-fold in the knockout at 2 weeks (p = 0.015) but were similar at 6 weeks (p = 0.689). Force-to-failure in knockouts was approximately 40% that of wild-type mice at 2 weeks (p = 0.040) but similar at 6 weeks (p = 0.735). Knockout bone was about 25% less stiff at 2 weeks but approximately 60% stiffer at 6 weeks (p ≥ 0.110). The absence of IL-6 during early fracture healing significantly reduced osteoclastogenesis and impaired callus strength. By 6 weeks, most histological and biomechanical parameters were similar to fractures in wild-type bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Wallace
- Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
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Creasy BM, McCoy KL. Cytokines regulate cysteine cathepsins during TLR responses. Cell Immunol 2010; 267:56-66. [PMID: 21145045 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Revised: 10/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
TLR activation is an important component of innate immunity but also contributes to the severity of inflammatory diseases. Cysteine cathepsins (Cat) B, L and S, which are endosomal and lysosomal proteases, participate in numerous physiological systems and are upregulated during various inflammatory disorders and cancers. Macrophages have the highest cathepsin expression and are major contributors to inflammation and tissue damage during chronic inflammatory diseases. We investigated the impact of TLR activation on macrophage Cat B, L and S activities using live-cell enzymatic assays. TLR2, TLR3 and TLR4 ligands increased intracellular activities of these cathepsins in a differential manner. TLR4-induced cytokines increased proteolytic activities without changing mRNA expression of cathepsins or their endogenous inhibitors. Neutralizing antibodies recognizing TNF-α, IL-1β and IFN-β differentially eliminated cathepsin upregulation. These findings indicate cytokines induced by MyD88-dependent and -independent signaling cascades regulate cathepsin activities during macrophage responses to TLR stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaine M Creasy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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Lee KM, Jeon SM, Cho HJ. Interleukin-6 induces microglial CX3CR1 expression in the spinal cord after peripheral nerve injury through the activation of p38 MAPK. Eur J Pain 2009; 14:682.e1-12. [PMID: 19959384 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2009.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2009] [Revised: 09/26/2009] [Accepted: 10/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury leading to neuropathic pain induces the upregulation of interleukin (IL)-6 and microglial CX3CR1 expression, and activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in the spinal cord. Here, we investigated whether IL-6 regulates CX3CR1 expression through p38 MAPK activation in the spinal cord in rats with chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve. Similar temporal changes in the expression of IL-6, phosphorylated p38 MAPK and CX3CR1 were observed following CCI. The increases in CX3CR1 expression, p38 MAPK activation and pain behavior after CCI were suppressed by blocking IL-6 action with a neutralizing antibody, while they were enhanced by supplying exogenous recombinant rat IL-6 (rrIL-6). rrIL-6 also induced increases in spinal CX3CR1 expression, p38 MAPK activation and pain behavior in naive rats without nerve injury. Furthermore, treatment with the p38 MAPK-specific inhibitor, SB203580, suppressed the increase in CX3CR1 expression induced by CCI or rrIL-6 treatment. Finally, blocking CX3CR1 or p38 MAPK activation prevented the development of mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia induced by CCI or rrIL-6 treatment. These results suggest a new mechanism of neuropathic pain, in which IL-6 induces microglial CX3CR1 expression in the spinal cord through p38 MAPK activation, enhancing the responsiveness of microglia to fractalkine in the spinal cord, thus playing an important role in neuropathic pain after peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Min Lee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 2-101 Dongin-Dong, Daegu 700-422, South Korea
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Abstract
Recent advances in understanding the mechanism(s) of how IL-6 trans-signaling regulates immune cell function and promotes inflammation in autoimmune arthritis are critically reviewed. Serum and/or synovial fluid (SF) IL-6 is markedly elevated in adult and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and osteoarthritis (OA). IL-6, in concert with IL-17, determines the fate of CD4+ lymphocytes and therefore TH17 cell differentiation. IL-6 also plays a critical role in modulating B-lymphocyte activity. The recognition that IL-6 trans-signaling regulates inflammation resulted in the development of tocilizumab, a fully humanized monoclonal antibody that neutralizes the biological activity of the IL-6-receptor (IL-6R). Significant clinical benefit was demonstrated as well as reduced serum IL-6 levels with suppression of X-ray progression of disease in several clinical trials in which juvenile or adult RA patients were treated with tocilizumab monotherapy or tocilizumab plus methotrexate. However, levels of serum and/or SF IL-6 cytokine protein superfamily members, adiponectin, oncostatin M, pre-B-cell colony enhancing factor/visfatin and leukemia inhibitory factor are also elevated in RA. Additional studies will be required to determine if anti-IL-6 trans-signaling inhibition strategies with tocilizumab or recombinant soluble IL-6R reduce the level of these cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Malemud
- Division of Rheumatic Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Han SH, Chae SW, Choi JY, Kim EC, Chae HJ, Kim HR. Acidic pH environments increase the expression of cathepsin B in osteoblasts: The significance of ER stress in bone physiology. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2009; 31:428-31. [DOI: 10.1080/08923970902751651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Zhou H, Wu X, Lu X, Chen G, Ye X, Huang J. Evaluation of plasma urokinase-type plasminogen activator and urokinase-type plasminogen-activator receptor in patients with acute and chronic hepatitis B. Thromb Res 2008; 123:537-42. [PMID: 18691743 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2008.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2007] [Revised: 05/16/2008] [Accepted: 06/18/2008] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) are known to be important factors in the pathogenesis of tumors and certain non-viral inflammatory diseases. However, their role in infectious virus diseases such as hepatitis B has been less well studied. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that the abnormalities of fibrinolysis and degradation of extracellular matrix mediated by uPA and uPAR are directly related to the inflammatory damage to liver cells caused by the hepatitis B virus. We therefore analyzed their role and clinicopathological significance in patients with acute or chronic hepatitis B. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighty patients with acute or chronic hepatitis B, together with 30 healthy controls, were enrolled. uPA and uPAR in plasma were detected by commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. RESULTS The levels of uPA and uPAR in patients with acute or chronic hepatitis B significantly exceeded those in healthy controls (p<0.05). Patients with severe chronic hepatitis B had significantly higher levels of uPA and uPAR than those with moderate and mild chronic disease (p<0.05) and those with acute hepatitis B (p<0.05). Moreover, the plasma uPA and uPAR markedly increased in the acute stage (p<0.05) and dramatically decreased in the remission stage (p<0.05), but in all stages levels exceeded those in healthy subjects (p<0.05). In addition, the concentration of plasma uPAR was positively correlated with prothrombin (PT) (r=0.605, p<0.01) and total bilirubin (TBIL) (r=0.649, p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS It is suggested that the plasma levels of uPA and uPAR are closely related to the degree and period of inflammation in patients with acute or chronic hepatitis B, and that uPA and uPAR might be important indicators for disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanqin Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou 310013, China
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