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Lee SH, Park SY, Kim JH, Kim N, Lee J. Ginsenoside Rg2 inhibits osteoclastogenesis by downregulating the NFATc1, c-Fos, and MAPK pathways. BMB Rep 2023; 56:551-556. [PMID: 37605614 PMCID: PMC10618073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginsenosides, among the most active components of ginseng, exhibit several therapeutic effects against cancer, diabetes, and other metabolic diseases. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the anti-osteoporotic activity of ginsenoside Rg2, a major ginsenoside, has not been clearly elucidated. This study aimed to determine the effects of ginsenoside Rg2 on receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast formation. Results indicate that ginsenoside Rg2 inhibits RANKLinduced osteoclast differentiation of bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) without cytotoxicity. Pretreatment with ginsenoside Rg2 significantly reduced the RANKL-induced gene expression of c-fos and nuclear factor of activated T-cells (Nfatc1), as well as osteoclast-specific markers tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP, Acp5) and osteoclast-associated receptor (Oscar). Moreover, RANKL-induced phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) was decreased by ginsenoside Rg2 in BMM. Therefore, we suggest that ginsenoside Rg2 suppresses RANKLinduced osteoclast differentiation through the regulation of MAPK signaling-mediated osteoclast markers and could be developed as a therapeutic drug for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. [BMB Reports 2023; 56(10): 551-556].
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hoon Lee
- Department of Life Science and Genetic Engineering, Graduate School of PaiChai University, Daejeon 35345, Korea
| | - Shin-Young Park
- Division of Software Engineering, PaiChai University, Daejeon 35345, Korea
| | - Jung Ha Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea
| | - Nacksung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea
| | - Junwon Lee
- Department of Life Science and Genetic Engineering, Graduate School of PaiChai University, Daejeon 35345, Korea
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Sharma A, Sharma C, Shah OP, Chigurupati S, Ashokan B, Meerasa SS, Rashid S, Behl T, Bungau SG. Understanding the mechanistic potential of plant based phytochemicals in management of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 163:114850. [PMID: 37172332 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Postmenopausal osteoporosis, an epidemic disorder is defined as a loss in bone mineral density and a greater possibility of fractures in older women. It is a multifactorial disease under the control of various genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors. Insufficiency of estrogen hormone, leads to postmenopausal osteoporosis. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT), despite being the most effective treatment, it is associated with the risk of breast cancer and cardiovascular disorders. This review seeks to compile the most recent information on medicinal plants and natural compounds used to treat and prevent postmenopausal osteoporosis. Furthermore, the origin, chemical constituents and the molecular mechanisms responsible for this therapeutic and preventive effect are also discussed. Literature research was conducted using PubMed, Science direct, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Different plant extracts and pure compounds exerts their antiosteoporotic activity by inhibition of RANKL and upregulation of OPG. RANKL signaling regulates osteoclast formation, characterized by increased bone turnover and osteoprotegrin is a decoy receptor for RANKL thereby preventing bone loss from excessive resorption. In addition, this review also includes the chemical structure of bioactive compounds acting on NFκB, TNF α, RUNX2. In conclusion, we propose that postmenopausal osteoporosis could be prevented or treated with herbal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sceinces, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229, India
| | - Chakshu Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sceinces, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229, India
| | - Om Praksah Shah
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sceinces, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229, India
| | - Sridevi Chigurupati
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 52571, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Saveetha Nagar, Thandalam, Chennai, 602105 India
| | - Bhaskaran Ashokan
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Shaqra 15526, Saudi Arabia
| | - Semmal Syed Meerasa
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Shaqra 15526, Saudi Arabia
| | - Summya Rashid
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, PO Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tapan Behl
- School of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Bidholi, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Simona Gabriela Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea 410028, Romania; Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, Oradea 410028, Romania.
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Kang HJ, Chargo N, Chennupati S, Neugebauer K, Cho JY, Quinn R, McCabe LR, Parameswaran N. Korean Red Ginseng extract treatment prevents post-antibiotic dysbiosis-induced bone loss in mice. J Ginseng Res 2023; 47:265-273. [PMID: 36926616 PMCID: PMC10014174 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The intestinal microbiota is an important regulator of bone health. In previous studies we have shown that intestinal microbiota dysbiosis, induced by treatment with broad spectrum antibiotics (ABX) followed by natural repopulation, results in gut barrier dysfunction and bone loss. We have also shown that treatment with probiotics or a gut barrier enhancer can inhibit dysbiosis-induced bone loss. The overall goal of this project was to test the effect of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) extract on bone and gut health using antibiotics (ABX) dysbiosis-induced bone loss model in mice. Methods Adult male mice (Balb/C, 12-week old) were administered broad spectrum antibiotics (ampicillin and neomycin) for 2 weeks followed by 4 weeks of natural repopulation. During this 4-week period, mice were treated with vehicle (water) or KRG extract. Other controls included mice that did not receive either antibiotics or KRG extract and mice that received only KRG extract. At the end of the experiments, we assessed various parameters to assess bone, microbiota and in vivo intestinal permeability. Results Consistent with our previous results, post-ABX- dysbiosis led to significant bone loss. Importantly, this was associated with a decrease in gut microbiota alpha diversity and an increase in intestinal permeability. All these effects including bone loss were prevented by KRG extract treatment. Furthermore, our studies identified multiple genera including Lactobacillus and rc4-4 as well as Alistipes finegoldii to be potentially linked to the effect of KRG extract on gut-bone axis. Conclusion Together, our results demonstrate that KRG extract regulates the gut-bone axis and is effective at preventing dysbiosis-induced bone loss in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Jun Kang
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Nicholas Chargo
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Soumya Chennupati
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Kerri Neugebauer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Robert Quinn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Laura R McCabe
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.,Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Hyun SH, Han CK, So SH, Park SK, Park CK, In G, Lee JY. Safety of red ginseng and herb extract complex (RHC) in menopausal women: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Ginseng Res 2021; 46:601-608. [PMID: 35818426 PMCID: PMC9270655 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Various treatments are used to relieve menopausal symptoms for women. However, herbal substances are frequently used as complementary and alternative therapies as other treatments can increase ovarian and breast cancer risk. While the herbal substances’ therapeutic effect is essential, the safety of their use is considered more important. This study aims to confirm the safety of red ginseng and herb extract complex (RHC), which are used to relieve menopausal symptoms. Methods This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study recruited and divided 120 women experiencing menopausal symptoms into the RHC and placebo groups (60 women per group). Subjects were administered with 2 g RHC or placebo daily for 12 wk. Adverse reactions, female hormonal changes, and uterine thickness were observed and recorded on wk 0, 6, and 12. Hematologic and blood chemistry tests were also conducted. Results The reactions of the subjects who received RHC or placebo at least once were analyzed. A total of six adverse reactions occurred in the RHC group, while nine occurred in the placebo group; common reactions observed in both groups were genital, subcutaneous tissue, and vascular disorders. However, there was no statistically significant difference between the administration groups (p = 0.5695), and no severe adverse reactions occurred in both groups. Conclusion This study confirms the safety of daily intake of 2 g of RHC for 12 wk by menopausal women.
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Kang IS, Agidigbi TS, Kwon YM, Kim DG, Kim RI, In G, Lee MH, Kim C. Effect of Co-Administration of Panax ginseng and Brassica oleracea on Postmenopausal Osteoporosis in Ovariectomized Mice. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082415. [PMID: 32806557 PMCID: PMC7468818 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a common disorder resulting from increased osteoclastic activity. To determine the effect of Panax ginseng on postmenopausal osteoporosis, ovariectomized (OVX) mice were treated with 500 mg/kg/day P. ginseng extract (Pg) alone or in combination with hot water extract of Brassica oleracea (Bo) daily for 10 weeks, and the effect of the treatments on OVX-induced bone loss was examined. Bone weight, bone mineral density (BMD), osteoclast (OC) formation, OC marker expression, and biochemical parameters in blood were determined. OVX significantly increased body weight and decreased bone weight compared with those in the Sham group (p < 0.01). Pg or Bo alone did not affect OVX-induced bone loss, but a combination of Pg and Bo (Pg:Bo) recovered bone weight. The bones of OVX mice showed lower BMD than that of Sham mice, and the Pg:Bo = 3:1 restored the decreased BMD. Single treatment with Pg or Bo did not alter OC formation; however, the Pg:Bo = 3:1 inhibited OC formation. In addition, Pg and Bo lowered the OVX-induced elevation in blood glucose level. Thus, we suggest that Pg in combination with proper materials, such as Bo, might be a potential candidate treatment with minimal side effects protect against postmenopausal osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Soon Kang
- Laboratory for Leukocyte Signaling Research, Department of Pharmacology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 22212, Korea; (I.S.K.); (T.S.A.); (Y.M.K.); (D.-G.K.); (R.I.K.)
| | - Taiwo Samuel Agidigbi
- Laboratory for Leukocyte Signaling Research, Department of Pharmacology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 22212, Korea; (I.S.K.); (T.S.A.); (Y.M.K.); (D.-G.K.); (R.I.K.)
| | - Young Min Kwon
- Laboratory for Leukocyte Signaling Research, Department of Pharmacology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 22212, Korea; (I.S.K.); (T.S.A.); (Y.M.K.); (D.-G.K.); (R.I.K.)
| | - Dong-Gyu Kim
- Laboratory for Leukocyte Signaling Research, Department of Pharmacology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 22212, Korea; (I.S.K.); (T.S.A.); (Y.M.K.); (D.-G.K.); (R.I.K.)
| | - Rang Ie Kim
- Laboratory for Leukocyte Signaling Research, Department of Pharmacology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 22212, Korea; (I.S.K.); (T.S.A.); (Y.M.K.); (D.-G.K.); (R.I.K.)
| | - Gyo In
- Laboratory of Fundamental Research, Korea Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon 34128, Korea; (G.I.); (M.-H.L.)
| | - Mi-Hyang Lee
- Laboratory of Fundamental Research, Korea Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon 34128, Korea; (G.I.); (M.-H.L.)
| | - Chaekyun Kim
- Laboratory for Leukocyte Signaling Research, Department of Pharmacology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 22212, Korea; (I.S.K.); (T.S.A.); (Y.M.K.); (D.-G.K.); (R.I.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-32-860-9874; Fax: +82-32-885-8302
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Kang MH, Lee SJ, Lee MH. Bone remodeling effects of Korean Red Ginseng extracts for dental implant applications. J Ginseng Res 2020; 44:823-832. [PMID: 33192126 PMCID: PMC7655497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The formation of a nanotube layer on a titanium nanotube (N-Ti) plate facilitates an active reaction between bone cells and the material surface via efficient delivery of the surface materials of the dental implant into the tissues. Studies have reported that Korean Red Ginseng extracts (KRGEs) are involved in a variety of pharmacological activities: we investigated whether implantation with a KRGE-loaded N-Ti miniimplant affects osteogenesis and osseointegration. Methods KRGE-loaded nanotubes were constructed by fabrication on pure Ti via anodization, and MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured on the N-Ti. N-Ti implants were subsequently placed on a rat's edentulous mandibular site. New bone formation and bone mineral density were measured to analyze osteogenesis and osseointegration. Results KRGE-loaded N-Ti significantly increased the proliferation and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells compared with cells on pure Ti without any KRGE loading. After 1-4 weeks, the periimplant tissue in the edentulous mandibular of the healed rat showed a remarkable increase in new bone formation and bone mineral density. In addition, high levels of the bone morphogenesis protein-2 and bone morphogenesis protein-7, besides collagen, were expressed in the periimplant tissues. Conclusion Our findings suggest that KRGE-induced osteogenesis and osseointegration around the miniimplant may facilitate the clinical application of dental implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myong-Hun Kang
- Department of Dental Biomaterials and Institute of Biodegradable Materials, Institute of Oral Bioscience and School of Dentistry (Plus BK21 Program), Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sook-Jeong Lee
- Department of Bioactive Material Science, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ho Lee
- Department of Dental Biomaterials and Institute of Biodegradable Materials, Institute of Oral Bioscience and School of Dentistry (Plus BK21 Program), Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
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Riaz M, Rahman NU, Zia-Ul-Haq M, Jaffar HZ, Manea R. Ginseng: A dietary supplement as immune-modulator in various diseases. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Pal China S, Sanyal S, Chattopadhyay N. Adiponectin signaling and its role in bone metabolism. Cytokine 2018; 112:116-131. [PMID: 29937410 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adiponectin, the most prevalent adipo-cytokine in plasma plays critical metabolic and anti-inflammatory roles is fast emerging as an important molecular target for the treatment of metabolic disorders. Adiponectin action is critical in multiple organs including cardio-vascular system, muscle, liver, adipose tissue, brain and bone. Adiponectin signaling in bone has been a topic of active investigation lately. Human association studies and multiple mice models of gene deletion/modification failed to define a clear cause and effect of adiponectin signaling in bone. The most plausible reason could be the multimeric forms of adiponectin that display differential binding to receptors (adipoR1 and adipoR2) with cell-specific receptor variants in bone. Discovery of small molecule agonist of adipoR1 suggested a salutary role of this receptor in bone metabolism. The downstream signaling of adipoR1 in osteoblasts involves stimulation of oxidative phosphorylation leading to increased differentiation via the likely suppression of wnt inhibitor, sclerostin. On the other hand, the inflammation modulatory effect of adiponectin signaling suppresses the RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor κ-B ligand) - to - OPG (osteprotegerin) ratio in osteoblasts leading to the suppression of osteoclastogenic response. This review will discuss the adiponectin signaling and its role in skeletal homeostasis and critically assess whether adipoR1 could be a therapeutic target for the treatment of metabolic bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyamsundar Pal China
- Division of Endocrinology and CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226 031, India
| | - Sabyasachi Sanyal
- Division of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226 031, India
| | - Naibedya Chattopadhyay
- Division of Endocrinology and CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226 031, India.
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Park CM, Kim HM, Kim DH, Han HJ, Noh H, Jang JH, Park SH, Chae HJ, Chae SW, Ryu EK, Lee S, Liu K, Liu H, Ahn JS, Kim YO, Kim BY, Soung NK. Ginsenoside Re Inhibits Osteoclast Differentiation in Mouse Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages and Zebrafish Scale Model. Mol Cells 2016; 39:855-861. [PMID: 27927007 PMCID: PMC5223102 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2016.0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenosides, which are the active materials of ginseng, have biological functions that include anti-osteoporotic effects. Aqueous ginseng extract inhibits osteoclast differentiation induced by receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL). Aqueous ginseng extract produces chromatography peaks characteristic of ginsenosides. Among these peaks, ginsenoside Re is a major component. However, the preventive effects of ginsenoside Re against osteoclast differentiation are not known. We studied the effect of ginsenoside Re on osteoclast differentiation, RANKL-induced tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity, and formation of multinucleated osteoclasts in vitro. Ginsenoside Re hampered osteoclast differentiation in a dose-dependent manner. In an in vivo zebrafish model, aqueous ginseng extract and ginsenoside Re had anti-osteoclastogenesis effects. These findings suggest that both aqueous ginseng extract and ginsenoside Re prevent bone resorption by inhibiting osteoclast differentiation. Ginsenoside Re could be important for promoting bone health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Mi Park
- World Class Institute (WCI), and Chemical biology Research Center, Korean Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116,
Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Nature science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134,
Korea
| | - Hye-Min Kim
- World Class Institute (WCI), and Chemical biology Research Center, Korean Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116,
Korea
- Biomolecular Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113,
Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- World Class Institute (WCI), and Chemical biology Research Center, Korean Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116,
Korea
- Biomolecular Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113,
Korea
| | - Ho-Jin Han
- World Class Institute (WCI), and Chemical biology Research Center, Korean Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116,
Korea
- Biomolecular Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113,
Korea
| | - Haneul Noh
- World Class Institute (WCI), and Chemical biology Research Center, Korean Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116,
Korea
| | - Jae-Hyuk Jang
- World Class Institute (WCI), and Chemical biology Research Center, Korean Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116,
Korea
- Biomolecular Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113,
Korea
| | - Soo-Hyun Park
- Clinical Trial Center for Functional Foods (CTCF2), Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907,
Korea
| | - Han-Jung Chae
- Clinical Trial Center for Functional Foods (CTCF2), Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907,
Korea
| | - Soo-Wan Chae
- Clinical Trial Center for Functional Foods (CTCF2), Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907,
Korea
| | - Eun Kyoung Ryu
- Center of Magnetic Resonance Research, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119,
Korea
| | - Sangku Lee
- World Class Institute (WCI), and Chemical biology Research Center, Korean Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116,
Korea
| | - Kangdong Liu
- World Class Institute (WCI), and Chemical biology Research Center, Korean Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116,
Korea
| | - Haidan Liu
- World Class Institute (WCI), and Chemical biology Research Center, Korean Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116,
Korea
| | - Jong-Seog Ahn
- World Class Institute (WCI), and Chemical biology Research Center, Korean Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116,
Korea
- Biomolecular Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113,
Korea
| | - Young Ock Kim
- Department of Medicinal Crop Research Institute, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong 27709,
Korea
| | - Bo-Yeon Kim
- World Class Institute (WCI), and Chemical biology Research Center, Korean Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116,
Korea
- Biomolecular Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113,
Korea
| | - Nak-Kyun Soung
- World Class Institute (WCI), and Chemical biology Research Center, Korean Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116,
Korea
- Biomolecular Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113,
Korea
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Panax notoginseng saponins mitigate ovariectomy-induced bone loss and inhibit marrow adiposity in rats. Menopause 2016; 22:1343-50. [PMID: 26035148 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000000471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous data have suggested that Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) can prevent estrogen deficiency-induced bone loss by dual action: stimulation of new bone formation and inhibition of bone resorption. Marrow adipogenesis has been identified as a negative indicator of skeletal strength and integrity. This study assessed the effects of early PNS supplementation on bone microarchitecture preservation and marrow fat content in an ovariectomized rat model. METHODS Forty adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to four equal groups for 12 weeks of treatment: (1) sham operation (SHAM) + vehicle; (2) ovariectomy (OVX) + vehicle; (3) OVX + 17β-estradiol (25 μg/kg); (4) OVX + PNS (300 mg/kg/d, PO). Marrow fat content of the femur was determined, using fat/water magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), at baseline and 6 and 12 weeks after operation. At the end of the experiment, bone turnover, trabecular microarchitecture, and marrow adipocytes were assessed by serum biomarkers, micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), and histopathology, respectively. The effects of PNS on adipocytic differentiation were reflected by expression levels of the adipogenic genes PPARγ2 and C/EBPα, as determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Ovariectomized rats experienced remarkable increases in marrow fat content across time points, which were accompanied by elevated rate of bone turnover, global volumetric bone density, and trabecular microarchitecture deterioration. These OVX-induced pathological changes are reversible in that most of them could be mostly corrected upon 17β-estradiol treatment. PNS treatment significantly reduced marrow adipogenesis (adipocyte density, -27.2%; size, -22.7%; adipocyte volume-to-tissue volume ratio, -53.3%; all P < 0.01) and adipocyte marker gene expression, and prevented bone mass loss and microarchitecture deterioration. Moreover, PNS enhanced osteoblast activity but suppressed osteoclast turnover, as evidenced by decreased levels of serum C-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen and elevated levels of alkaline phosphatase. CONCLUSIONS PNS mitigates estrogen deficiency-induced deterioration of trabecular microarchitecture and suppresses marrow adipogenesis.
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Lee HY, Park SH, Chae SW, Soung NK, Oh MJ, Kim JS, Kim YO, Chae HJ. Aqueous ginseng extract has a preventive role in RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation and estrogen deficiency-induced osteoporosis. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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Siddiqi MH, Siddiqi MZ, Ahn S, Kang S, Kim YJ, Sathishkumar N, Yang DU, Yang DC. Ginseng saponins and the treatment of osteoporosis: mini literature review. J Ginseng Res 2014; 37:261-8. [PMID: 24198650 PMCID: PMC3818951 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2013.37.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ginseng plant (Panax ginseng Meyer) has a large number of active ingredients including steroidal saponins with a dammarane skeleton as well as protopanaxadiol and protopanaxatriol, commonly known as ginsenosides, which have antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-adipocyte, and sexual enhancing effects. Though several discoveries have demonstrated that ginseng saponins (ginsenosides) as the most important therapeutic agent for the treatment of osteoporosis, yet the molecular mechanism of its active metabolites is unknown. In this review, we summarize the evidence supporting the therapeutic properties of ginsenosides both in vivo and in vitro, with an emphasis on the different molecular agents comprising receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B, and matrix metallopeptidase-9, as well as the bone morphogenetic protein-2 and Smad signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Hanif Siddiqi
- Korean Ginseng Center & Ginseng Genetic Resource Bank, Kyung Hee University, Suwon 449-701, Korea
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Chung HJ, Cho L, Shin JS, Lee J, Ha IH, Park HJ, Lee SK. Effects of JSOG-6 on protection against bone loss in ovariectomized mice through regulation of osteoblast differentiation and osteoclast formation. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 14:184. [PMID: 24903150 PMCID: PMC4066836 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Background JSOG-6 is used as a traditional medicine to relieve the symptoms associated with inflammation, rheumatism, and osteoporosis in Korea. In the present study, we investigated the effects of JSOG-6 on bone loss prevention both in in vitro and in vivo as well as its underlying mechanism of action. Methods Protection against bone loss was assessed in an ovariectomized (OVX) mouse model. Bone microarchitecture was measured using a micro-computed tomography to detect the parameters of three-dimensional structure of a trabecular bone. Serum biomarkers were also evaluated in an OVX-induced model. Osteoclasts derived from mouse bone marrow cells (BMCs) and osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells were also employed to investigate the mechanism of action. Results Oral administration of JSOG-6 significantly increased the bone mineral density (BMD) of the femur in OVX mice in vivo. Especially, the reduced Tb.No (trabecular bone number) in the OVX group was significantly recovered by JSOG-6 treatment. The serum levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin, C-terminal telopeptide, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, biomarkers of bone resorption, were significantly elevated in OVX mice, but JSOG-6 effectively inhibited the increase in OVX mice. JSOG-6 was also found to enhance the osteoblastic differentiation and maturation with the increase of the density and ALP activity, a marker of osteoblastic differentiation, as well as calcium deposition, a marker of osteoblastic maturation in MC3T3-E1 cells. The effects of JSOG-6 on osteoblastic differentiation were also associated in part with the increase of ALP and OPN mRNA expressions and the decrease of RANKL mRNA expression in MC3T3-E1 cells. Conclusions The findings demonstrate that JSOG-6 induced protection against bone loss in OVX mice, and its anti-osteoporotic property might be, in part, a function of the stimulation of osteoblast differentiation and the inhibition of osteoclast formation. These findings suggest that JSOG-6 might be an applicable therapeutic traditional medicine for the regulation of the osteoporotic response.
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Yang M, Jang H, Lee HJ, Moon C, Kim JC, Jang JS, Jung U, Jo SK, Kim SH. Evaluation of effect of red ginseng on ovariectomy-induced bone loss in C3H/HeN mice. J Biomed Res 2014. [DOI: 10.12729/jbr.2014.15.1.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Lee BA, Lee HS, Jung YS, Kim SW, Lee YW, Chang SH, Chung HJ, Kim OS, Kim YJ. The effects of a novel botanical agent on lipopolysaccharide-induced alveolar bone loss in rats. J Periodontol 2012; 84:1221-9. [PMID: 23106504 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2012.120460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of host-modulatory agents with low risk of adverse effects has been needed to treat periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease. A botanical mixture of extracts from two natural substances, Panax notoginseng and Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch, was developed as a novel botanical agent synthesized with anti-inflammatory effect. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of the botanical mixture on the release of inflammatory cytokines and its inhibitory effect on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced alveolar bone loss (ABL) in a rat model. METHODS Cytotoxicity was assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-5(3-carboxymethoxyphenol)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium assay using human gingival fibroblast (hGF) and human periodontal ligament (hPDL) cells. Human acute monocytic leukemia cell line and hGF cells were cultured to assay tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6, respectively. Microcomputed tomography analysis and immunofluoresence analysis were performed to evaluate the efficacy of the botanical mixture to inhibit the destruction of alveolar bone and connective tissue in a rat model. RESULTS The botanical mixture is cytotoxic at concentrations exceeding 2.5 mg/mL (P <0.05). Based on the results from cytotoxicity assay, it can be determined that the pharmacologic ranges of the botanical mixture to be used in all subsequent in vitro and in vivo experiments. The botanical mixture reduced the release of TNF-α and IL-6 from human monocytic cells and hGF cells in a dose-dependent manner (P <0.05). The administration of the botanical mixture significantly reduced the alveolar bone loss in a rat model (P <0.05). In groups treated with the botanical mixture, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 was detected along the alveolar bone crest (ABC), but not around the gingival connective tissue, while in the group with LPS-induced ABL, pronounced expression of MMP-9 around the ABC, periodontal ligament, and gingival connective tissue was found. CONCLUSIONS The botanical mixture showed a potential adjunctive effect in the treatment of periodontitis. However, the present findings are obtained in vitro and in a rat model, so further clinical study is needed for its clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Ah Lee
- Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, 2nd Stage of Brain Korea 21 Project for School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Kim DY, Jung MS, Park YG, Yuan HD, Quan HY, Chung SH. Ginsenoside Rh2(S) induces the differentiation and mineralization of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells through activation of PKD and p38 MAPK pathways. BMB Rep 2012; 44:659-64. [PMID: 22026999 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2011.44.10.659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of the search for biologically active anti-osteoporotic agents that enhance differentiation and mineralization of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells, we identified the ginsenoside Rh2(S), which is an active component in ginseng. Rh2(S) stimulates osteoblastic differentiation and mineralization, as manifested by the up-regulation of differentiation markers (alkaline phosphatase and osteogenic genes) and Alizarin Red staining, respectively. Rh2(S) activates p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in time- and concentration-dependent manners, and Rh2(S)-induced differentiation and mineralization of osteoblastic cells were totally inhibited in the presence of the p38 MAPK inhibitor, SB203580. In addition, pretreatment with Go6976, a protein kinase D (PKD) inhibitor, significantly reversed the Rh2(S)-induced p38 MAPK activation, indicating that PKD might be an upstream kinase for p38 MAPK in MC3T3-E1 cells. Taken together, these results suggest that Rh2(S) induces the differentiation and mineralization of MC3T3-E1 cells through activation of PKD/p38 MAPK signaling pathways, and these findings provide a molecular basis for the osteogenic effect of Rh2(S).
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Yeon Kim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Graduate School of Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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Ginsenoside Rd stimulates the differentiation and mineralization of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells by activating AMP-activated protein kinase via the BMP-2 signaling pathway. Fitoterapia 2012; 83:215-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2011.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Liu J, Shiono J, Shimizu K, Yu H, Zhang C, Jin F, Kondo R. 20(R)-Ginsenoside Rh2, not 20(S), is a selective osteoclastgenesis inhibitor without any cytotoxicity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:3320-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Revised: 04/03/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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