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Lawrence KG, Niehoff NM, Keil AP, Braxton Jackson W, Christenbury K, Stewart PA, Stenzel MR, Huynh TB, Groth CP, Ramachandran G, Banerjee S, Pratt GC, Curry MD, Engel LS, Sandler DP. Associations between airborne crude oil chemicals and symptom-based asthma. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 167:107433. [PMID: 35921771 PMCID: PMC9378681 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The 2010 Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill response and cleanup (OSRC) workers were exposed to airborne total hydrocarbons (THC), benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-, m-, and p-xylenes and n-hexane (BTEX-H) from crude oil and PM2.5 from burning/flaring oil and natural gas. Little is known about asthma risk among oil spill cleanup workers. OBJECTIVES We assessed the relationship between asthma and several oil spill-related exposures including job classes, THC, individual BTEX-H chemicals, the BTEX-H mixture, and PM2.5 using data from the Gulf Long-Term Follow-up (GuLF) Study, a prospective cohort of 24,937 cleanup workers and 7,671 nonworkers following the DWH disaster. METHODS Our analysis largely focused on the 19,018 workers without asthma before the spill who had complete exposure, outcome, and covariate information. We defined incident asthma 1-3 years following exposure using both self-reported wheeze and self-reported physician diagnosis of asthma. THC and BTEX-H were assigned to participants based on measurement data and work histories, while PM2.5 used modeled estimates. We used modified Poisson regression to estimate risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for associations between spill-related exposures and asthma and a quantile-based g-computation approach to explore the joint effect of the BTEX-H mixture on asthma risk. RESULTS OSRC workers had greater asthma risk than nonworkers (RR: 1.60, 95% CI: 1.38, 1.85). Higher estimated THC exposure levels were associated with increased risk in an exposure-dependent manner (linear trend test p < 0.0001). Asthma risk also increased with increasing exposure to individual BTEX-H chemicals and the chemical mixture: A simultaneous quartile increase in the BTEX-H mixture was associated with an increased asthma risk of 1.45 (95% CI: 1.35,1.55). With fewer cases, associations were less apparent for physician-diagnosed asthma alone. CONCLUSIONS THC and BTEX-H were associated with increased asthma risk defined using wheeze symptoms as well as a physician diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn G Lawrence
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Nicole M Niehoff
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Alexander P Keil
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA; Department of Epidemiology, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - W Braxton Jackson
- Social and Scientific Systems Inc, a DLH Holdings company, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kate Christenbury
- Social and Scientific Systems Inc, a DLH Holdings company, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Mark R Stenzel
- Exposure Assessment Applications, LLC, Arlington, VA, USA
| | - Tran B Huynh
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Caroline P Groth
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Gurumurthy Ramachandran
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sudipto Banerjee
- Department of Biostatistics, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gregory C Pratt
- Division of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Matthew D Curry
- Social and Scientific Systems Inc, a DLH Holdings company, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lawrence S Engel
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA; Department of Epidemiology, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Dale P Sandler
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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Anderson G, Maes M, Markus RP, Rodriguez M. Ebola virus: Melatonin as a readily available treatment option. J Med Virol 2015; 87:537-43. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- George Anderson
- CRC Scotland and London; Eccleston Square; London United Kingdom
| | - Michael Maes
- Impact Strategic Treatment Center; Deakin University; Geelong Australia
- Department of Psychiatry; Faculty of Medicine; Chulalongkorn University; Bangkok Thailand
- Health Sciences Graduate Program; Health Sciences Center; State University of Londrina; Brazil
| | - Regina P. Markus
- Lab Chronopharmacology; Department of Physiology; Institute of Bioscience; University de S; ã; o Paulo; Brazil
| | - Moses Rodriguez
- Department of Immunology; Department of Neurology; Mayo Clinic; Rochester New York
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Chiaretti A, Pulitanò S, Conti G, Barone G, Buonsenso D, Manni L, Capozzi D, Ria F, Riccardi R. Interleukin and neurotrophin up-regulation correlates with severity of H1N1 infection in children: a case-control study. Int J Infect Dis 2013; 17:e1186-93. [PMID: 24094526 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the correlation between cytokine and neurotrophin expression and clinical findings, disease severity, and outcome of children with H1N1 influenza infection. METHODS A prospective observational clinical study was performed on 15 children with H1N1 infection, 15 controls with lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI), and 15 non-infected children. Plasma levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and neurotrophic factor (nerve growth factor (NGF), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and glial derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)) were measured using immunoenzymatic assays. RESULTS Significantly higher levels of IL-1β, IL-6, BDNF, and NGF were detected in patients with H1N1 infection compared to LRTI controls, while there was no significant variation in GDNF in the two groups. IL-1β, IL-6, BDNF, and NGF levels were significantly higher in H1N1 patients with more severe clinical manifestations compared to H1N1 patients with mild clinical manifestations. Of note, IL-6 was significantly correlated with the severity of respiratory compromise and fever, while NGF up-regulation was associated with the duration of cough. No correlation was found between interleukin and neurotrophic factor expression and outcome. CONCLUSIONS H1N1 infection induces an early and significant IL-1β, IL-6, BDNF, and NGF up-regulation. The over-expression of these molecular markers is likely to play a neuroimmunomodulatory role in H1N1 infection and may contribute to airway inflammation and bronchial hyper-reactivity in infected children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Chiaretti
- Department of Pediatrics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, A. Gemelli Hospital, Largo Gemelli, 1, 00168, Rome, Italy.
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IL-1 β and IL-6 upregulation in children with H1N1 influenza virus infection. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:495848. [PMID: 23737648 PMCID: PMC3657430 DOI: 10.1155/2013/495848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of cytokines in relation to clinical manifestations, disease severity, and outcome of children with H1N1 virus infection remains thus far unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate interleukin IL-1β and IL-6 plasma expressions and their association with clinical findings, disease severity, and outcome of children with H1N1 infection. We prospectively evaluated 15 children with H1N1 virus infection and 15 controls with lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI). Interleukin plasma levels were measured using immunoenzymatic assays. Significantly higher levels of IL-1β and IL-6 were detected in all patients with H1N1 virus infection compared to controls. It is noteworthy to mention that in H1N1 patients with more severe clinical manifestations of disease IL-1β and IL-6 expressions were significantly upregulated compared to H1N1 patients with mild clinical manifestations. In particular, IL-6 was significantly correlated with specific clinical findings, such as severity of respiratory compromise and fever. No correlation was found between interleukin expression and final outcome. In conclusion, H1N1 virus infection induces an early and significant upregulation of both interleukins IL1β and IL-6 plasma expressions. The upregulation of these cytokines is likely to play a proinflammatory role in H1N1 virus infection and may contribute to airway inflammation and bronchial hyperreactivity in these patients.
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Takeda S, Yamaai T, Kaneda Y, Mizukawa N, Iida S, Fujimaki H. Toluene Exposure Leads to a Change in Expression Patterns of β Defensins in the Mouse Tracheal Epithelium. J Toxicol Pathol 2013; 26:35-40. [PMID: 23723566 PMCID: PMC3620212 DOI: 10.1293/tox.26.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Defensins are generally implicated in the quick resistance of epithelial surfaces to microbials; however, recent reports have indicated that defensins also have unknown purposes in relation to noninfectious diseases. In this study, the localization patterns of anti-microbial peptides, β defensins (BDs), in the tracheal epithelium of male C3H mice under exposure to toluene were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Mice were exposed one to ten times to toluene for 30 min by nose-only inhalation. Expression of BDs was revealed by immunohistochemistry in serial sections of trachea after the final exposure. Expression of BD-1 was usually observed at almost the same levels in all exposure groups, and expression of BD-2 was observed in the control group; however, the signals for BD-2 decreased gradually with frequency of exposure. In the group exposed ten times, expression of BD-2 decreased to far lower than that of the control group. No expression of BD-3 was detected in any groups. Interestingly, expression of BD-4 increased to the maximum in the group exposed four times and decreased to a level lower than that of the control in the group exposed ten times. The results of the present study indicated that toluene gas might change the expression pattern of BDs in the tracheal epithelial cells. The oscillation of expression of BD-4 was quite characteristic and might contribute to morphological damage in on the epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiko Takeda
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstructive Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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Win-Shwe TT, Fujimaki H. Neurotoxicity of toluene. Toxicol Lett 2010; 198:93-9. [PMID: 20599484 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Revised: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chemical susceptibility is triggered by a large range of chemicals present both indoors and outdoors including pesticides, cleaning products, perfumes, scented products and cigarette smoke. Health risk after chemical exposure depends on age, sex, genetic factors, socioeconomic status, nutritional status, and environmental factors. Toluene is one of volatile organic chemicals that causes different sensitivity in individuals. Although neurotoxic and immunotoxic effects of toluene have been studied extensively, the underlying mechanism remains obscure. This review highlights the possible neuroimmune factors influencing toluene sensitivity and neurotoxicity in a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin-Tin Win-Shwe
- Research Center for Environmental Risk, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
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Fujimaki H, Yamamoto S, Nakajima D, Goto S. The expression of nerve growth factor in mice lung following low-level toluene exposure. Toxicol Lett 2009; 191:240-5. [PMID: 19765639 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2009] [Revised: 09/08/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To clarify the effect of indoor air pollutants on nerve growth factor (NGF) production in lung, male C3H/HeN mice were exposed to filtered air (control) or toluene at levels of 0.9 ppm, 9 ppm, or 90 ppm for 30 min via nose-only inhalation on days 0, 1, 2, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49 and 56. As an allergic mouse model, some mice (n=24) were immunized with ovalbumin. Lungs from each mouse were collected to determine NGF and related receptor expressions using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. NGF and TrkA mRNAs were increased in the lungs of the immunized mice following exposure to 9 ppm toluene (n=6) (P<0.05 ppm vs. 0 ppm). Remarkably increased NGF-positive bronchiolus and alveolar epithelium cells were observed in 9 ppm toluene-exposed, immunized mice. To determine NGF mediating signaling, we also examined mRNA expression of neurotrophin receptor p75 (p75(NTR)) and oxidative stress marker, heme oxygenase (HO)-1 in the lung. There is no difference in the expressions of p75(NTR) and HO-1 between toluene-exposed and control mice. The expression of CCL2 and CCL3 mRNAs was significantly elevated in 9 ppm toluene-exposed, immunized mice. These findings suggest that the exposure with volatile organic compounds enhanced NGF expression and airway inflammation stronger in allergic individuals than in healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekazu Fujimaki
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan.
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