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VISTA: A Mediator of Quiescence and a Promising Target in Cancer Immunotherapy. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:209-227. [PMID: 33495077 PMCID: PMC8088836 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA) is a B7 family member that maintains T cell and myeloid quiescence and is a promising target for combination cancer immunotherapy. During inflammatory challenges, VISTA activity reprograms macrophages towards reduced production of proinflammatory cytokines and increased production of interleukin (IL)-10 and other anti-inflammatory mediators. The interaction of VISTA with its ligands is regulated by pH, and the acidic pH ~6.0 in the tumor microenvironment (TME) facilitates VISTA binding to P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL-1). Targeting intratumoral pH might be a way to reduce the immunoinhibitory activity of the VISTA pathway and enhance antitumor immune responses. We review differences among VISTA therapeutics under development as candidate immunotherapies, focusing on VISTA binding partners and the unique structural features of this interaction.
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Salonius E, Muhonen V, Lehto K, Järvinen E, Pyhältö T, Hannula M, Aula AS, Uppstu P, Haaparanta A, Rosling A, Kellomäki M, Kiviranta I. Gas‐foamed poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) and poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) with bioactive glass fibres demonstrate insufficient bone repair in lapine osteochondral defects. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 13:406-415. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eve Salonius
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Clinicum, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Virpi Muhonen
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Clinicum, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Kalle Lehto
- Department of Electronics and Communications EngineeringTampere University of Technology, BioMediTech, Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology Tampere Finland
| | - Elina Järvinen
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Clinicum, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Tuomo Pyhältö
- Department of Orthopaedics and TraumatologyHelsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland
| | - Markus Hannula
- Department of Electronics and Communications EngineeringTampere University of Technology, BioMediTech, Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology Tampere Finland
| | - Antti S. Aula
- Department of Electronics and Communications EngineeringTampere University of Technology, BioMediTech, Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology Tampere Finland
- Department of Medical Physics, Imaging CentreTampere University Hospital Tampere Finland
| | - Peter Uppstu
- Laboratory of Polymer Technology, Centre of Excellence in Functional Materials at Biological InterfacesÅbo Akademi University Turku Finland
| | - Anne‐Marie Haaparanta
- Department of Electronics and Communications EngineeringTampere University of Technology, BioMediTech, Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology Tampere Finland
| | - Ari Rosling
- Laboratory of Polymer Technology, Centre of Excellence in Functional Materials at Biological InterfacesÅbo Akademi University Turku Finland
| | - Minna Kellomäki
- Department of Electronics and Communications EngineeringTampere University of Technology, BioMediTech, Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology Tampere Finland
| | - Ilkka Kiviranta
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Clinicum, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
- Department of Orthopaedics and TraumatologyHelsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland
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Acidic pH environment induces autophagy in osteoblasts. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46161. [PMID: 28382973 PMCID: PMC5382697 DOI: 10.1038/srep46161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoblasts (OBs) play an important role in bone fracture healing, yet the extreme adverse microenvironment in fracture sites has a negative impact on the survival of OBs. Therefore, it is important to study how OBs behave in the complex fracture microenvironment. Studies have shown that autophagy plays a pivotal role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and defending the cell against adverse microenvironments. In this study we found the induction of autophagy in OBs at femoral bone fracture sites, which may be a result of ischemia, oxidative stress and hypoxia within the local area. At fracture sites a low pH environment also developed. Until now it has been unclear whether the induction of autophagy in osteoblasts is triggered by the acidic pH environment. Therefore, we cultured OBs in vitro in media of different pH values, and found both autophagy and apoptosis increased in OBs in acidic conditions. However, when autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ) was used, apoptosis increased significantly compared with that without CQ. Thus indicating that inhibition of autophagy may promote apoptosis in OBs in an acidic environment, which may provide a new therapeutic strategy to decrease cell apoptosis in OBs through the use of drugs that modulate the autophagic state.
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Fliefel R, Popov C, Tröltzsch M, Kühnisch J, Ehrenfeld M, Otto S. Mesenchymal stem cell proliferation and mineralization but not osteogenic differentiation are strongly affected by extracellular pH. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2016; 44:715-24. [PMID: 27085985 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Osteomyelitis is a serious complication in oral and maxillofacial surgery affecting bone healing. Bone remodeling is not only controlled by cellular components but also by ionic and molecular composition of the extracellular fluids in which calcium phosphate salts are precipitated in a pH dependent manner. OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of pH on self-renewal, osteogenic differentiation and matrix mineralization of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). METHODS We selected three different pH values; acidic (6.3, 6.7), physiological (7.0-8.0) and severe alkaline (8.5). MSCs were cultured at different pH ranges, cell viability measured by WST-1, apoptosis detected by JC-1, senescence was analyzed by β-galactosidase whereas mineralization was detected by Alizarin Red and osteogenic differentiation analyzed by Real-time PCR. RESULTS Self-renewal was affected by pH as well as matrix mineralization in which pH other than physiologic inhibited the deposition of extracellular matrix but did not affect MSCs differentiation as osteoblast markers were upregulated. The expression of osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase activity was upregulated whereas osteopontin was downregulated under acidic pH. CONCLUSION pH affected MSCs self-renewal and mineralization without influencing osteogenic differentiation. Thus, future therapies, based on shifting acid-base balance toward the alkaline direction might be beneficial for prevention or treatment of osteomyelitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riham Fliefel
- Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Alexandria-University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Cvetan Popov
- Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Tröltzsch
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Jan Kühnisch
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Ehrenfeld
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Sven Otto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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Uppstu P, Paakki C, Rosling A. In vitro hydrolysis and magnesium release of poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide)-based composites containing bioresorbable glasses and magnesium hydroxide. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Uppstu
- Laboratory of Polymer Technology; Centre of Excellence in Functional Materials at Biological Interfaces; Åbo Akademi University; Biskopsgatan 8 FI-20500 Åbo Finland
| | - Charlotta Paakki
- Laboratory of Polymer Technology; Centre of Excellence in Functional Materials at Biological Interfaces; Åbo Akademi University; Biskopsgatan 8 FI-20500 Åbo Finland
| | - Ari Rosling
- Laboratory of Polymer Technology; Centre of Excellence in Functional Materials at Biological Interfaces; Åbo Akademi University; Biskopsgatan 8 FI-20500 Åbo Finland
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Liu M, Goss PE, Ingle JN, Kubo M, Furukawa Y, Batzler A, Jenkins GD, Carlson EE, Nakamura Y, Schaid DJ, Chapman JAW, Shepherd LE, Ellis MJ, Khosla S, Wang L, Weinshilboum RM. Aromatase inhibitor-associated bone fractures: a case-cohort GWAS and functional genomics. Mol Endocrinol 2014; 28:1740-51. [PMID: 25148458 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone fractures are a major consequence of osteoporosis. There is a direct relationship between serum estrogen concentrations and osteoporosis risk. Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) greatly decrease serum estrogen levels in postmenopausal women, and increased incidence of fractures is a side effect of AI therapy. We performed a discovery case-cohort genome-wide association study (GWAS) using samples from 1071 patients, 231 cases and 840 controls, enrolled in the MA.27 breast cancer AI trial to identify genetic factors involved in AI-related fractures, followed by functional genomic validation. Association analyses identified 20 GWAS single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) signals with P < 5E-06. After removal of signals in gene deserts and those composed entirely of imputed SNPs, we applied a functional validation "decision cascade" that resulted in validation of the CTSZ-SLMO2-ATP5E, TRAM2-TMEM14A, and MAP4K4 genes. These genes all displayed estradiol (E2)-dependent induction in human fetal osteoblasts transfected with estrogen receptor-α, and their knockdown altered the expression of known osteoporosis-related genes. These same genes also displayed SNP-dependent variation in E2 induction that paralleled the SNP-dependent induction of known osteoporosis genes, such as osteoprotegerin. In summary, our case-cohort GWAS identified SNPs in or near CTSZ-SLMO2-ATP5E, TRAM2-TMEM14A, and MAP4K4 that were associated with risk for bone fracture in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer patients treated with AIs. These genes displayed E2-dependent induction, their knockdown altered the expression of genes related to osteoporosis, and they displayed SNP genotype-dependent variation in E2 induction. These observations may lead to the identification of novel mechanisms associated with fracture risk in postmenopausal women treated with AIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Liu
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology (M.L., L.W., R.M.W.), Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics; Departments of Oncology (J.N.I.) and Health Sciences Research (A.B., G.D.J., E.E.C., D.J.S.); and Division of Endocrinology (S.K.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905; Massachusetts General Hospital (P.E.G.), Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02114; Rikagaku Kenkyūsho Center for Integrative Medical Science (M.K., Y.F.), Yokohama, Japan 230-0045; School of Medicine (Y.N.), Chicago University, Chicago, Illinois 60637; National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group (J.-A.W.C., L.E.S.), Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6; and Division of Oncology (M.J.E.), Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110
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LIANG C, LI H, TAO Y, SHEN C, LI F, SHI Z, HAN B, CHEN Q. New hypothesis of chronic back pain: low pH promotes nerve ingrowth into damaged intervertebral disks. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2013; 57:271-7. [PMID: 22404297 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2012.02670.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of low back pain is still elusive. Here, we proposed a new hypothesis that low pH is a possible cause of the development and progression of low back pain. We propose that low pH promotes the production of the inflammatory mediators and the depletion of proteoglycan in the damaged intervertebral disk. The inflammation response, evoked by the dorsal root ganglia, changes the delicate nutrient balance in the nucleus, resulting in a vicious cycle and leading to choronic back pain. Our hypothesis may explain many of the available clinical and experimental data on low back pain, thus it may help elucidate the pathogenesis of low back pain and improve clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. LIANG
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery; 2nd Affiliated Hospital; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou; China
| | - H. LI
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery; 2nd Affiliated Hospital; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou; China
| | - Y. TAO
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery; 2nd Affiliated Hospital; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou; China
| | - C. SHEN
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery; 2nd Affiliated Hospital; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou; China
| | - F. LI
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery; 2nd Affiliated Hospital; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou; China
| | - Z. SHI
- Institute of Orthopedic Research; 2nd Affiliated Hospital; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou; China
| | - B. HAN
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery; 2nd Affiliated Hospital; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou; China
| | - Q. CHEN
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery; 2nd Affiliated Hospital; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou; China
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Brown JL, Kumbar SG, Laurencin CT. Bone Tissue Engineering. Biomater Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-087780-8.00113-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Lee GH, Hwang JD, Choi JY, Park HJ, Cho JY, Kim KW, Chae HJ, Kim HR. An acidic pH environment increases cell death and pro-inflammatory cytokine release in osteoblasts: The involvement of BAX Inhibitor-1. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 43:1305-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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