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Wu X, Zhang T, Jia J, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Fang Z, Zhang C, Bai Y, Li Z, Li Y. Perspective insights into versatile hydrogels for stroke: From molecular mechanisms to functional applications. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 173:116309. [PMID: 38479180 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
As the leading killer of life and health, stroke leads to limb paralysis, speech disorder, dysphagia, cognitive impairment, mental depression and other symptoms, which entail a significant financial burden to society and families. At present, physiology, clinical medicine, engineering, and materials science, advanced biomaterials standing on the foothold of these interdisciplinary disciplines provide new opportunities and possibilities for the cure of stroke. Among them, hydrogels have been endowed with more possibilities. It is well-known that hydrogels can be employed as potential biosensors, medication delivery vectors, and cell transporters or matrices in tissue engineering in tissue engineering, and outperform many traditional therapeutic drugs, surgery, and materials. Therefore, hydrogels become a popular scaffolding treatment option for stroke. Diverse synthetic hydrogels were designed according to different pathophysiological mechanisms from the recently reported literature will be thoroughly explored. The biological uses of several types of hydrogels will be highlighted, including pro-angiogenesis, pro-neurogenesis, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation and anti-apoptosis. Finally, considerations and challenges of using hydrogels in the treatment of stroke are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghan Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Tiejun Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jing Jia
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Yining Chen
- Key laboratory for Leather Chemistry and Engineering of the Education Ministry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Zhenwei Fang
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Chenyu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yang Bai
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Zhengjun Li
- Department of Dermatology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yuwen Li
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
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Tao D, Xia X, Zhang X, Yang R, Yang Y, Zhang L, Shi Y, Lv D, Chen P, He B, Shen Z. Integrated network pharmacology, molecular docking and pharmacodynamic study reveals protective effects and mechanisms of corilagin against cerebral ischemia-induced injury. Exp Neurol 2024; 374:114697. [PMID: 38266765 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and long-term disability worldwide. Previous studies have found that corilagin has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-atherosclerotic and other pharmacological activities and has a protective effect against cardiac and cerebrovascular injury. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of corilagin against ischemic stroke and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms using network pharmacology, molecular docking, and animal and cell experiments. METHODS We investigated the potential of corilagin to ameliorate cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury using in vivo rat middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) and in vitro oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) models. RESULTS Our results suggest that corilagin may exert its anti-ischemic stroke effect by interacting with 92 key targets, including apoptosis-associated proteins (Bcl-2, Bax, caspase-3) and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway-related proteins. In vivo and in vitro experiments showed that corilagin treatment improved neurological deficits, attenuated cerebral infarct volume, and mitigated neuronal damage in MCAO/R rats. Corilagin treatment also enhanced the survival of PC12 cells exposed to OGD/R, reduced the rate of LDH leakage, inhibited cell apoptosis, and activated the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Importantly, the effects of corilagin on the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and apoptosis-associated proteins were reversed by the PI3K-specific inhibitor LY294002. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that the molecular mechanism of the anti-ischemic effect of corilagin involves inhibiting neuronal apoptosis and activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. These findings provide a theoretical and experimental basis for the further development and application of corilagin as a potential anti-ischemic stroke agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiju Tao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, PR China; College of Modern biomedical industry, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Xin Xia
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, PR China; People's Hospital of Yilong County, Sichuan Province 637600, PR China
| | - Xiaochao Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, PR China; College of Modern biomedical industry, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Renhua Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, PR China; College of Modern biomedical industry, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Yuan Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, PR China; College of Modern biomedical industry, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, PR China; College of Modern biomedical industry, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Yunke Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, PR China; College of Modern biomedical industry, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Di Lv
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, PR China; College of Modern biomedical industry, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Peng Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, PR China; College of Modern biomedical industry, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, PR China.
| | - Bo He
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, PR China; College of Modern biomedical industry, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, PR China.
| | - Zhiqiang Shen
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, PR China; College of Modern biomedical industry, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, PR China.
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Ha NM, Son NT. Health benefits of fraxetin: From chemistry to medicine. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024:e2400092. [PMID: 38501886 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202400092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Fraxetin is a bioactive molecule present in various natural plants, especially Cortex Fraxini. Evidenced outcomes in phytochemical and biological analyses for this agent are now available in the literature, but an insightful review is yet unknown. The goal of the current research is to offer a panoramic illustration of natural observation, biosynthesis, synthesis, pharmacology, and pharmacokinetics for fraxetin. Esculetin and ferulic acid acted as precursors in the enzymatic biosynthetic route, whereas fraxetin could be easily synthesized from simple phenols. A great deal of interest was obtained in using this molecule for pharmacological targets. Herein, its pharmacological value included anticancer, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antiobesity, and antimicrobial activities, as well as the protection of the liver, neurons, heart, bone, lung, kidney, and others. Anticancer activity may involve the inhibition of proliferation, invasion, and migration, together with apoptotic induction. Health benefits from this molecule were deduced from its ability to suppress cytokines and protect the immune syndrome. Various signaling pathways, such as Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)/NLRP3, Akt/AMPK, have been proposed for in vitro and in vivo mechanisms of action. Fraxetin is highly distributed to rat plasma and several organs. However, more pharmacokinetic studies to improve its bioavailability are needed since its solubility in water is still limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Manh Ha
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Hanoi University of Industry, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ninh The Son
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi, Vietnam
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate University of Science and Technology, VAST, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Qi L, Wang F, Sun X, Li H, Zhang K, Li J. Recent advances in tissue repair of the blood-brain barrier after stroke. J Tissue Eng 2024; 15:20417314241226551. [PMID: 38304736 PMCID: PMC10832427 DOI: 10.1177/20417314241226551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The selective permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) enables the necessary exchange of substances between the brain parenchyma and circulating blood and is important for the normal functioning of the central nervous system. Ischemic stroke inflicts damage upon the BBB, triggering adverse stroke outcomes such as cerebral edema, hemorrhagic transformation, and aggravated neuroinflammation. Therefore, effective repair of the damaged BBB after stroke and neovascularization that allows for the unique selective transfer of substances from the BBB after stroke is necessary and important for the recovery of brain function. This review focuses on four important therapies that have effects of BBB tissue repair after stroke in the last seven years. Most of these new therapies show increased expression of BBB tight-junction proteins, and some show beneficial results in terms of enhanced pericyte coverage at the injured vessels. This review also briefly outlines three effective classes of approaches and their mechanisms for promoting neoangiogenesis following a stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liujie Qi
- School of Material Science and Engineering & Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Magnesium Alloy & Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Ministry of Education), Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Material Science and Engineering & Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Magnesium Alloy & Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Ministry of Education), Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaojing Sun
- School of Material Science and Engineering & Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Magnesium Alloy & Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Ministry of Education), Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Hang Li
- School of Material Science and Engineering & Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Magnesium Alloy & Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Ministry of Education), Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Kun Zhang
- School of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Jingan Li
- School of Material Science and Engineering & Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Magnesium Alloy & Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Ministry of Education), Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
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Ou Z, Wang Y, Yao J, Chen L, Miao H, Han Y, Hu X, Chen J. Astragaloside IV promotes angiogenesis by targeting SIRT7/VEGFA signaling pathway to improve brain injury after cerebral infarction in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115598. [PMID: 37820565 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral infarction (CI) has become one of the leading causes of death and acquired disability worldwide. Astragaloside IV (AST IV), one of the basic components of Astragalus membranaceus, has a protective effect on CI. However, the underlying mechanism has not been conclusively elucidated. Therefore, this study aims to explore the underlying mechanism of AST IV improving brain injury after CI. Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) were used to simulate cerebral infarction injury in SD rats and HUVECs cells. Neurologic score, Evans blue, TTC and HE staining were used to observe brain injury in rats. Cell viability and migration were measured in vitro. Angiogenesis was detected by immunofluorescence and tube formation assay, and cell cycle was detected by flow cytometry. Western blot was used to find the expression of related proteins. Molecular docking, virtual mutation, site-directed mutagenesis, MST, and lentivirus silencing were used for target validation. The results showed that AST IV alleviated neurological impairment and promoted angiogenesis after CI. Moreover, AST IV greatly increased the transcription levels of SIRT6 and SIRT7, but had no effect on SIRT1-SIRT5, and promoted cell viability, migration, angiogenesis and S phase ratio in OGD/R-induced HUVECs. Furthermore, AST IV up-regulated the protein expressions of CDK4, cyclin D1, VEGFA and VEGF2R. Interestingly, AST IV not only bound to SIRT7, but also increased the expression of SIRT7. Silencing SIRT7 by lentivirus neutralizes the positive effects of AST IV. Taken together, the present study revealed that AST IV may improve brain tissue damage after CI by targeting SIRT7/VEGFA signaling pathway to promote angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Ou
- Department of neurology, Changshu Hospital affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 6 Huanghe Road, Changshu, Jiangsu 215500, China; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jianxin Yao
- Department of neurology, Changshu Hospital affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 6 Huanghe Road, Changshu, Jiangsu 215500, China; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of neurology, Changshu Hospital affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 6 Huanghe Road, Changshu, Jiangsu 215500, China
| | - Hong Miao
- Department of neurology, Changshu Hospital affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 6 Huanghe Road, Changshu, Jiangsu 215500, China
| | - Yang Han
- Department of neurology, Changshu Hospital affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 6 Huanghe Road, Changshu, Jiangsu 215500, China
| | - Xin Hu
- Department of neurology, Changshu Hospital affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 6 Huanghe Road, Changshu, Jiangsu 215500, China
| | - Juping Chen
- Department of neurology, Changshu Hospital affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 6 Huanghe Road, Changshu, Jiangsu 215500, China; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Pan Y, Liu Y, Wei W, Yang X, Wang Z, Xin W. Extracellular Vesicles as Delivery Shippers for Noncoding RNA-Based Modulation of Angiogenesis: Insights from Ischemic Stroke and Cancer. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2205739. [PMID: 36592424 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202205739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke and systemic cancer are two of the leading causes of mortality. Hypoxia is a central pathophysiological component in ischemic stroke and cancer, representing a joint medical function. This function includes angiogenesis regulation. Vascular remodeling coupled with axonal outgrowth following cerebral ischemia is critical in improving poststroke neurological functional recovery. Antiangiogenic strategies can inhibit cancer vascularization and play a vital role in impeding cancer growth, invasion, and metastasis. Although there are significant differences in the cause of angiogenesis across both pathophysiological conditions, emerging evidence states that common signaling structures, such as extracellular vesicles (EVs) and noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), are involved in this context. EVs, heterogeneous membrane vesicles encapsulating proteomic genetic information from parental cells, act as multifunctional regulators of intercellular communication. Among the multifaceted roles in modulating biological responses, exhaustive evidence shows that ncRNAs are selectively sorted into EVs, modulating common specific aspects of cancer development and stroke prognosis, namely, angiogenesis. This review will discuss recent advancements in the EV-facilitated/inhibited progression of specific elements of angiogenesis with a particular concern about ncRNAs within these vesicles. The review is concluded by underlining the clinical opportunities of EV-derived ncRNAs as diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongli Pan
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of Göttingen, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Lower Saxony, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, China
| | - Yuheng Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of Göttingen, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Lower Saxony, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang, Sichuan, 621000, China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Zengguang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Wenqiang Xin
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of Göttingen, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Lower Saxony, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, 300052, China
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Ahmed Z, Tokhi A, Arif M, Rehman NU, Sheibani V, Rauf K, Sewell RDE. Fraxetin attenuates disrupted behavioral and central neurochemical activity in a model of chronic unpredictable stress. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1135497. [PMID: 37033640 PMCID: PMC10078985 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1135497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) induces long-term neuronal and synaptic plasticity with a neurohormonal disbalance leading to the development of co-existing anxiety, depression, and cognitive decline. The side effects and delayed onset of current clinically used antidepressants has prompted a quest for antidepressants with minimum drawbacks. Fraxetin is a natural coumarin derivative with documented antioxidant and neuroprotective activity though its effects on stress are unknown. This study therefore aimed to investigate any possible acute effect of fraxetin in behavioral tests including a CUS paradigm in correlation with brain regional neurochemical changes. Methods: Mice were subjected to a series of mild stressors for 14 days to induce CUS. Furthermore, behavioral performance in the open field test, forced swim test (FST), Y-maze and elevated plus-maze were evaluated. Postmortem frontal cortical, hippocampal and striatal tissues were analyzed via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for neurochemical changes. Result: Acute administration of fraxetin (20-60 mg/kg, orally) decreased depression-like behavior in the FST and behavioral anxiety in both the open field test and elevated plus-maze. Memory deficits induced during the CUS paradigm were markedly improved as reflected by enhanced Y maze performance. Concurrent biochemical and neurochemical analyses revealed that only the two higher fraxetin doses decreased elevated serum corticosterone levels while diminished serotonin levels in the frontal cortex, striatum and hippocampus were reversed, though noradrenaline was only raised in the striatum. Concomitantly, dopamine levels were restored by fraxetin at the highest dose exclusively in the frontal cortex. Conclusion: Acute treatment with fraxetin attenuated CUS-induced behavioral deficits, ameliorated the increased corticosterone level and restored altered regional neurotransmitter levels and this may indicate a potential application of fraxetin in the management of anxiety and depression modeled by CUS. However, further studies are warranted regarding the chronic effects of fraxetin behaviorally and neurochemically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad campus, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed Tokhi
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad campus, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Mehreen Arif
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad campus, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Naeem Ur Rehman
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad campus, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Vahid Sheibani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of MedicalSciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Khalid Rauf
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad campus, Abbottabad, Pakistan
- *Correspondence: Khalid Rauf,
| | - Robert D. E. Sewell
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Inhibition of the Type III Secretion System of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium via Treatment with Fraxetin. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0294922. [PMID: 36377917 PMCID: PMC9769827 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02949-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasingly serious problem of bacterial drug resistance has led to the development of antivirulence agents. The Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI)-encoded type III secretion system (T3SS) and its effector proteins are important virulence factors for S. Typhimurium invasion and replication in host cells and for antivirulence drug screening. Fraxetin is isolated from Fraxinus spp. Extensive studies have reported its multiple pharmacological activities. However, it remains to be elucidated whether fraxetin affects the function of the S. Typhimurium T3SS. In this study, the anti-infection mechanism of fraxetin on S. Typhimurium and its T3SS was investigated. Fraxetin inhibited the S. Typhimurium invasion of HeLa cells without affecting the growth of bacteria in vitro. Further findings on the mechanism showed that fraxetin had an inhibitory effect on the S. Typhimurium T3SS by inhibiting the transcription of the pathogenesis-related SPI-1 transcriptional activator genes hilD, hilC, and rtsA. Animal experiments showed that fraxetin treatment protected mice against S. Typhimurium infection. Collectively, we provide the first demonstration that fraxetin may serve as an effective T3SS inhibitor for the development of treatments for Salmonella infection. IMPORTANCE The increasingly serious problem of bacterial antibiotic resistance limits the clinical application of antibiotics, which increases the need for the development of antivirulence agents. The type III secretion system (T3SS) plays a critical role in host cell invasion and pathogenesis of Salmonella and becomes a popular target for antivirulence agents screening. Our study found, for the first time, that fraxetin inhibited S. Typhimurium invasion by inhibiting the transcription of genes in a feed-forward regulatory loop. Further in vivo testing showed that fraxetin decreased bacterial burdens in the spleen and liver of S. Typhimurium-infected mice and improved survival outcomes in an in vivo mouse model of S. Typhimurium infection. Collectively, these results demonstrate that fraxetin inhibits S. Typhimurium infection by targeting the T3SS and may serve as a potential agent for the treatment of S. Typhimurium infection.
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