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Lou S, Wang P, Ma B, Wu J, Zhang D. Biofouling protection for marine optical windows by electrolysis of seawater to generate chlorine using a novel Co-based catalyst electrode. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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2
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OUP accepted manuscript. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2022; 98:6576764. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiac053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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3
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Patil JS, Anil AC. Simulation experiments to elucidate variable fluorescence as a potential proxy for bulk microalgal viability from natural water, sediments and biofilms: Implication in ships ballast water management. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 222:242-249. [PMID: 29859464 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The variable fluorescence fluorometry measuring microalgal biomass (initial fluorescence - F0, a chl-a proxy) and photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) has been suggested as a potential tool in ballast-water assessment. In ballast tank, microalgae can be found in contiguous compartments i.e., in water, sediment, and biofilms. Therefore the utility of F0 and Fv/Fm depends upon proper background corrections, which is straightforward for water samples but not for sediment and biofilms. This study proposes procedures for correcting F0 values from sediment and biofilms. Irrespective of the saturation flash protocol used on any sample types the outcome of the results from viable and non-viable microalgae will remain same. Stress experiments (continuous darkness and biocide treatments) confirm that variable fluorescence (Fv) can be used as a potential proxy for viable cells as the values were negligible for non-viable cells and increased with an increase in abundance. Through this study, the utility of Fv and σPSII (functional-absorption-cross-section of photosystem II) along with F0 and Fv/Fm in providing additional information on cell-viability and algal-size group during assessment is discussed. The findings will have implications not only from the perspective of ballast water but also in testing/assays of specific interest (e.g. toxicity, water treatments, antifouling) and ecological studies involving microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagadish S Patil
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, 403 004, Goa, India.
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4
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Venkatnarayanan S, Sriyutha Murthy P, Nancharaiah YV, Kirubagaran R, Venugopalan VP. Chlorination induced damage and recovery in marine diatoms: Assay by SYTOX® Green staining. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 124:819-826. [PMID: 28117130 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Phytoplankton entrained into cooling water systems of coastal power stations are subjected to acute chemical stress due to biocides (chlorine) used for biofouling control. They are subsequently released into the environment, where they may survive/recover or succumb. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the susceptibility of a centric (Chaetoceros lorenzianus) and pennate (Navicula sp.) diatom to in-plant administered concentrations of chlorine (0.2-0.5mg/L, TRO). Viability of cells exposed to chlorine was assessed by SYTOX® Green fluorimetry and was compared with other conventional end points like total cell counts, chlorophyll a content and cellular autofluorescence. Results showed a concentration-dependant reduction in viability, chlorophyll a and autofluorescence. C. lorenzianus cells were more susceptible to chlorine compared to Navicula sp. SYTOX® Green staining appears to be a sensitive method to assess chlorine-induced damages. The data show that in-use levels of chlorination can potentially impact entrained organisms; however, they can recover when returned to coastal waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Venkatnarayanan
- Biofouling and Biofilm Processes Section, Water and Steam Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Kalpakkam 603 102, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P Sriyutha Murthy
- Biofouling and Biofilm Processes Section, Water and Steam Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Kalpakkam 603 102, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Yarlagadda V Nancharaiah
- Biofouling and Biofilm Processes Section, Water and Steam Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Kalpakkam 603 102, Tamil Nadu, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai 400 094, India
| | - Ramalingam Kirubagaran
- Marine Biotechnology, ESSO-National Institute of Ocean Technology, Pallikaranai, Chennai 600 100, India
| | - Vayalam P Venugopalan
- Biofouling and Biofilm Processes Section, Water and Steam Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Kalpakkam 603 102, Tamil Nadu, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai 400 094, India.
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Chavan P, Kumar R, Kirubagaran R, Venugopalan VP. Comparative toxicological effects of two antifouling biocides on the marine diatom Chaetoceros lorenzianus: Damage and post-exposure recovery. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 144:97-106. [PMID: 28601522 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Antifouling biocides are commonly used in coastal electric power stations to prevent biofouling in their condenser cooling systems. However, the environmental impact of the chemical biocides is less understood than the thermal stress effects caused by the condenser effluents. In this study, Chaetoceros lorenzianus, a representative marine diatom, was used to analyse the toxicity of two antifouling biocides, chlorine and chlorine dioxide. The diatom cells were subjected to a range of concentrations of the biocides (from 0.05 to 2mg/L, as total residual oxidants, TRO) for contact time of 30min. They were analysed for viability, genotoxicity, chlorophyll a and cell density endpoints. The cells were affected at all concentrations of the biocides (0.05-2mg/L), showing dose-dependent decrease in viability and increase in DNA damage. The treated cells were later incubated in filtered seawater devoid of biocide to check for recovery. The cells were able to recover in terms of overall viability and DNA damage, when they had been initially treated with low concentrations of the biocides (0.5mg/L of Cl2 or 0.2mg/L of ClO2). Chlorophyll a analysis showed irreparable damage at all concentrations, while cell density showed increasing trend of reduction, if treated above 0.5mg/L of Cl2 and 0.2mg/L of ClO2. The data indicated that in C. lorenzianus, cumulative toxic effects and recovery potential of ClO2 up to 0.2mg/L were comparable with those of Cl2, up to 0.5mg/L concentration in terms of the studied endpoints. The results indicate that at the biocide levels currently being used at power stations, recovery of the organism is feasible upon return to ambient environment. Similar studies should be carried out on other planktonic and benthic organisms, which will be helpful in the formulation of future guidelines for discharge of upcoming antifouling biocides such as chlorine dioxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Chavan
- Biofouling and Biofilm Processes Section, Water and Steam Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Kalpakkam 603102, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Biofouling and Biofilm Processes Section, Water and Steam Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Kalpakkam 603102, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Ramalingam Kirubagaran
- Marine Biotechnology, ESSO-National Institute of Ocean Technology, Pallikaranai, Chennai 600100, India
| | - Vayalam P Venugopalan
- Biofouling and Biofilm Processes Section, Water and Steam Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Kalpakkam 603102, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India.
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6
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Reddy GKK, Nancharaiah YV, Venugopalan VP. Long alkyl-chain imidazolium ionic liquids: Antibiofilm activity against phototrophic biofilms. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 155:487-496. [PMID: 28475985 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Biofilm formation is problematic and hence undesirable in medical and industrial settings. In addition to bacteria, phototrophic organisms are an integral component of biofilms that develop on surfaces immersed in natural waters. 1-Alkyl-3-methyl imidazolium ionic liquids (IL) with varying alkyl chain length were evaluated for their influence on the formation of monospecies (Navicula sp.) and multispecies biofilms under phototrophic conditions. An IL with a long alkyl side chain, 1-hexadecyl-3-methylimidaazolium chloride ([C16(MIM)][Cl]) retarded growth, adhesion and biofilm formation of Navicula sp. at concentrations as low as 5μM. Interestingly, [C16(MIM)][Cl] was very effective in preventing multispecies phototrophic biofilms on fibre reinforced plastic surfaces immersed in natural waters (fresh and seawater). SYTOX® Green staining and chlorophyll leakage assay confirmed that the biocidal activity of the IL was exerted through cell membrane disruption. The data show that [C16(MIM)][Cl] is a potent inhibitor of phototrophic biofilms at micromolar concentrations and a promising agent for biofilm control in re-circulating cooling water systems. This is the first report that ionic liquids inhibit biofilm formation by phototrophic organisms which are important members of biofilms in streams and cooling towers.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kiran Kumar Reddy
- Biofouling and Biofilm Processes Section, Water and Steam Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Kalpakkam, 603102, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar Complex, Mumbai, 400 094, India
| | - Y V Nancharaiah
- Biofouling and Biofilm Processes Section, Water and Steam Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Kalpakkam, 603102, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar Complex, Mumbai, 400 094, India.
| | - V P Venugopalan
- Biofouling and Biofilm Processes Section, Water and Steam Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Kalpakkam, 603102, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar Complex, Mumbai, 400 094, India
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7
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Sathasivam R, Ebenezer V, Guo R, Ki JS. Physiological and biochemical responses of the freshwater green algae Closterium ehrenbergii to the common disinfectant chlorine. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 133:501-508. [PMID: 27552343 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine (Cl2) is widely used as a disinfectant in water treatment plants and for cleaning swimming pools; it is finally discharged into aquatic environments, possibly causing damage to the non-target organisms in the receiving water bodies. Present study evaluated the effects of the biocide Cl2 to the green alga Closterium ehrenbergii (C. ehrenbergii). Growth rate, chlorophyll a levels, carotenoids, chlorophyll autofluorescence, and antioxidant enzymes were monitored up to 72-h after Cl2 exposure. C. ehrenbergii showed dose-dependent decrease in growth rate and cell division after exposure to Cl2. By using cell counts, the median effective concentration (EC50)-72-h was calculated to be 0.071mgL(-1). Cl2 significantly decreased the pigment levels and chlorophyll autofluorescence intensity, indicating that the photosystem was damaged in C. ehrenbergii. In addition, it increased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cells. This stressor significantly increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione, and affected the physiology of the cells. These results indicate that Cl2 induces oxidative stress in the cellular metabolic process and leads to physiological and biochemical damages in the green algae. Cl2 discharged in industrial effluents and from water treatment plants may cause harmful effects to the C. ehrenbergii a common freshwater microalgae and other non-target organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramaraj Sathasivam
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, South Korea
| | - Vinitha Ebenezer
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, South Korea
| | - Ruoyu Guo
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, South Korea
| | - Jang-Seu Ki
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, South Korea.
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Baragi LV, Anil AC. Synergistic effect of elevated temperature, pCO2 and nutrients on marine biofilm. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 105:102-109. [PMID: 26936123 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Natural marine biofilms provide signatures of the events that occur over a period of time and can be used as bioindicators of environmental changes. Hence, the effects of temperature (30 and 34°C), pCO2 (400 and 1500μatm) and nutrients (unenriched and enriched f/2 media) on the marine biofilm were evaluated using a 2×2×2 factorial design. In unenriched condition, acidification significantly increased the abundance of phytoperiphytes whereas reduced that of bacteria and it was vice versa in the enriched condition. Warming had significant negative effect on the abundance of both phytoperiphytes and bacteria, except in unenriched condition wherein it favoured bacterial growth. Synergistically, acidification and warming had deleterious effects resulting in further reduction in the abundance of both phytoperiphytes and bacteria, except in enriched condition wherein bacterial abundance increased. Such changes in biofilm communities in response to warming and acidification can have cascading effect on the subsequent build-up of macrofouling community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalita V Baragi
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, India
| | - Arga Chandrashekar Anil
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, India.
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Patil JS, Saino T. Effect of biofilm on fluorescence measurements derived from fast repetition rate fluorometers. BIOFOULING 2015; 31:417-432. [PMID: 26098144 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2015.1052416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluates, for the first time, the influence of biofilms on single and double optical window (SOW and DOW, respectively) fast repetition rate fluorometer (FRRF) measurements of microalgal photosystem-II initial fluorescence (F0), maximum fluorescence (Fm), variable fluorescence (Fv = Fm - F0), quantum yield (Fv/Fm) and functional absorption cross section (σPSII)]. Biofilms with chlorophyll > 0.1 μg cm(-2) and > 0.3 μgcm(-2) on SOW and DOW, respectively, produced a substantial increase in fluorescence. However, the relative magnitude of biofouling effects depended on sample chlorophyll concentrations, being more critical at concentrations < 1 mg m(-3). In DOW-FRRF, biofilms affected F0 (increased) and Fv/Fm (decreased) but not Fv and σPSII, whereas in SOW-FRRF, biofilms increased fluorescence and showed a variable effect on Fv/Fm and σPSII, because only biofilms on SOW attained actual Fm. As a result, the biofilm effect was substantial on SOW-FRRF measurements. On the other hand, the neutral-density filters (representing non-chlorophyll containing biofilms) with different transmission levels reduced the fluorescence signal. Correction procedures for the above photosystem-II parameters are proposed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagadish S Patil
- a Biofouling & Bioinvasion Division , CSIR - National Institute of Oceanography , Dona Paula , India
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Yang C, Yu Y, Sun W, Xia C. Indole derivatives inhibited the formation of bacterial biofilm and modulated Ca2+ efflux in diatom. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2014; 88:62-69. [PMID: 25287229 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Marine biofouling is a serious environmental problem worldwide. As an effort to find environmental friendly antifoulants, indole derivatives were determined for their activities to inhibit the growth of bacteria and diatom. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of indole derivatives against bacteria were very low, especially for 6-chloroindole. It was proved that 6-chloroindole obviously inhibited the growth of bacteria, interfered with the formation of bacterial biofilm, destroyed bacterial cell morphology and also inhibited the growth of diatom Cylindrotheca sp. as well. By using noninvasive micro-test technique (NMT), 6-chloroindole triggered algal cellular Ca(2+) efflux. The highest value was 72.03 pmol cm(-2)s(-1), 10.6 times of the control group. The present studies indicated that indole derivatives might have the potential to be new antifouling agents because of their excellent antibacterial and anti-algal activities. At the same time, Ca(2+) efflux might be one of the mechanisms that indole derivatives inhibited the growth of diatom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiyun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Biological Research Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China.
| | - Yanan Yu
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Wenjun Sun
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Chuanhai Xia
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Biological Research Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China.
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Ebenezer V, Ki JS. Physiological and biochemical responses of the marine dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum exposed to the oxidizing biocide chlorine. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2013; 92:129-134. [PMID: 23582993 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Toxic effects of the commonly used biocide chlorine (Cl2) on the marine dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum were assessed using growth-, pigment- and enzyme activity-based endpoints. Cell count, chlorophyll a levels, carotenoids, and chlorophyll autofluorescence were monitored up to 72h after exposure to Cl2, and these parameters showed a dose- and time-dependent decrease. The 72-h median effective concentration (EC50) based on growth rate was 1.177mgL(-1). Cl2 dose above 0.5mgL(-1) were toxic to P. minimum after 6-h exposure to Cl2; the effect increased with increase in exposure time as revealed by a significant reduction in growth rate and decreased chlorophyll fluorescence. Moreover, the activities of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase and catalase, were altered proportionally with increasing Cl2 dose. The results of this study show that Cl2 concentrations as observed in power-plant discharges and in drinking-water systems cause physiological and biochemical damage to the microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinitha Ebenezer
- Department of Life Science, Sangmyung University, Seoul 110-743, South Korea
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Zhang Y, Hu Z. Combined treatment ofPseudomonas aeruginosabiofilms with bacteriophages and chlorine. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 110:286-95. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 07/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Landoulsi J, Cooksey KE, Dupres V. Review--Interactions between diatoms and stainless steel: focus on biofouling and biocorrosion. BIOFOULING 2011; 27:1109-1124. [PMID: 22050233 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2011.629043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
There is a considerable body of information regarding bacterially enhanced corrosion, however, this review focuses on diatoms (unicellular algae) whose contribution to biocorrosion is less well studied. The reasons why diatoms have been neglected in studies of biocorrosion in natural waters are discussed and the question whether diatoms should be considered as inert with respect of electrochemical processes is considered. A particular focus is given to the case of stainless steels (SS), which are widely used in variety of applications in natural waters. Basic information on the cell biology of diatoms is included in the review, particularly with respect to their ability to 'sense' and adhere to surfaces. Investigations at the nanoscale are reviewed as these studies provide information about the behavior of cells at interfaces. Recent advances include the use of atomic force microscopy (AFM), although only a few studies have been applied to diatoms. Regarding the electrochemical behavior of SS, the mechanisms by which diatoms influence the potential ennoblement process is discussed. Such studies reveal the association of diatoms, in addition to bacteria, with biocorrosion processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Landoulsi
- Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface, CNRS-UMR 7197, Université Pierre & Marie Curie - Paris VI, 4 Place Jussieu, Case 178, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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