1
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Ordek A, Gordesli-Duatepe FP. Impact of sodium nitroprusside concentration added to batch cultures of Escherichia coli biofilms on the c-di-GMP levels, morphologies and adhesion of biofilm-dispersed cells. BIOFOULING 2022; 38:796-813. [PMID: 36229918 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2022.2131399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm dispersion can be triggered by the application of dispersing agents such as nitric oxide (NO)-donors, resulting in the release of biofilm-dispersed cells into the environment. In this work, biofilm-dispersed cells were obtained by adding different concentrations of NO-donor sodium nitroprusside (0.5, 5, 50 µM, and 2.5 mM of SNP) to batch cultures of pre-formed Escherichia coli biofilms. Except for those dispersed by 5 µM of SNP, biofilm-dispersed cells were found to be wider and longer than the planktonic cells and to have higher c-di-GMP levels and greater adhesion forces to silicon nitride surfaces in water as measured by atomic force microscope. Consequently, the optimum concentration of SNP to disperse E. coli biofilms was found to be 5 µM of SNP, whose addition to batch cultures resulted in a significant biofilm dispersion and the dispersed cells having c-di-GMP levels, morphologies and adhesion strengths similar to their planktonic counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Ordek
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, Graduate School, Izmir University of Economics, Izmir, Turkey
| | - F Pinar Gordesli-Duatepe
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Izmir University of Economics, Izmir, Turkey
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2
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Laskowski D, Strzelecki J, Dahm H, Balter A. Adhesion heterogeneity of individual bacterial cells in an axenic culture studied by atomic force microscopy. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2021; 13:668-674. [PMID: 34060237 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The evaluation of bacterial adhesive properties at a single-cell level is critical for under standing the role of phenotypic heterogeneity in bacterial attachment and community formation. Bacterial population exhibits a wide variety of adhesive properties at the single-cell level, suggesting that bacterial adhesion is a rather complex process and some bacteria are prone to phenotypic heterogeneity. This heterogeneity was more pronounced for Escherichia coli, where two subpopulations were detected. Subpopulations exhibiting higher adhesion forces may be better adapted to colonize a new surface, especially during sudden changes in environmental conditions. Escherichia coli was characterized by a higher adhesion force, a stronger ability to form biofilm and larger heterogeneity index calculated in comparison with Bacillus subtilis. Higher adhesion forces are associated with a more efficient attachment of bacteria observed in an adhesion assay and might provide a basis for successful colonization, survival and multiplications in changing environment. The atomic force microscopy provides a platform for investigation of the adhesion heterogeneity of individual cells within a population, which may be expected to underpin further elucidation of the adaptive significance of phenotypic heterogeneity in a natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Laskowski
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, Toruń, 87-100, Poland
| | - Janusz Strzelecki
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Grudzia˛dzka 5, Toruń, 87-100, Poland
| | - Hanna Dahm
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, Toruń, 87-100, Poland
| | - Aleksander Balter
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Grudzia˛dzka 5, Toruń, 87-100, Poland
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3
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Na X, Wang J, Ma W, Xu X, Zhong L, Wu C, Du M, Zhu B. Reduced Adhesive Force Leading to Enhanced Thermal Stability of Soy Protein Particles by Combined Preheating and Ultrasonic Treatment. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:3015-3025. [PMID: 33685122 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Developing liquid systems with high protein contents is drawing intensive attention; however, this is challenged by heat-induced aggregation and gelation of proteins. Herein, we described a facile but robust approach of combined preheating and ultrasonic treatment (CPUT) to fabricate soy protein particles (SPPs) with enhanced heat stability. Results showed that these heat-stable particles, upon reheating at 1% (w/v), showed antiaggregation property evidenced from no obvious changes of the particle size distributions of suspensions. Besides, no gelation was found in the reheated test for SPPs suspended even at a concentration of 10% (w/v). In contrast, the control formed sol-gel after heating. The rearrangements of soy protein molecules by CPUT led to the formation of SPPs with reduced surface energy, which was primarily responsible for their heat stability. These findings highlighted that the CPUT could prepare thermally stable soy proteins, providing insights into the application of soy proteins in protein-enriched beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Limin Zhong
- Ganzhou Quanbiao Biological Technolgy Co., Ltd., Ganzhou 341100, China
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Eskhan AO, Abu-Lail NI. Force-Averaging DLVO Model Predictions of the Adhesion Strengths Quantified for Pathogenic Listeria monocytogenes EGDe Grown under Variable pH Stresses. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:8947-8964. [PMID: 32633976 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The roles of the bacterial surface biopolymers of pathogenic Listeria monocytogenes EGDe grown under variable pH conditions in governing their adhesion to a model surface of silicon nitride were investigated using atomic force microscopy under water. Our results indicated that the adhesion forces were the highest for cells cultured in media adjusted to pH 7 followed by 1.39, 1.49, 1.57, and 2.18-fold reductions at pH 6, 8, 9, and 5, respectively. Adhesion energies followed the same trends with 1.35, 1.67, 2.20, and 2.79-fold reductions in energies at pH 6, 8, 9, and 5, respectively, compared to the energy measured at pH 7. Furthermore, the structural properties of the bacterial surface biopolymer brush represented by the biopolymer brush thickness (Lo) and the molecular density (Γ) were determined by fitting a steric model of repulsion to the approach force-distance data. The Lo values followed the same trends as adhesion forces and energies, with thickness being highest at pH 7 followed by 1.82, 2.99, 3.11, and 4.66-fold reductions at pH 6, 8, 9, and 5, respectively. Γ was the highest at pH 5 and was followed by 1.26, 1.27, 1.70, and 2.82-fold reductions at pH 8, 9, 6, and 7, respectively. Our results indicated that bacterial adhesion forces and energies increased linearly with the product of Lo and Γ representing the number of biopolymers per unit length of the bacterial surface. To predict the adhesion forces and energies measured, a force-averaging model of the soft-particle analysis of the Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory was used. In addition to the standard parameters accounted for in the soft-particle analysis of the DLVO theory such as surface potential, hydrophobicity, and size, this averaging model incorporates in it structural bacterial parameters such as Lo and Γ as well as a surface coverage factor (ϕ) that represents the fraction of the bacterial surface covered by biopolymers. When the soft-particle analysis of DLVO was considered, repulsive hydrogen bond strengths were predicted at close distances of approach (<0.3 nm). In comparison, the force-averaging model predicted that attractive hydrogen bonds dominate the bacterial adhesion strengths quantified. The highest adhesion quantified for cells grown at pH 7 was related to longer and more spaced biopolymers, higher contents of cellular carbohydrates, and more hydrophilic biopolymers, each of which contributes to higher possibilities for hydrogen bonding formation. These results are significant in designing new strategies that aim at controlling bacterial adhesion to surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma O Eskhan
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Nehal I Abu-Lail
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, 78249, United States
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5
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Gordesli-Duatepe FP, Park BJ, Kawas LH, Abu-Lail NI. Atomic Force Microscopy Investigation of the Contributions of Listeria monocytogenes Cell-Wall Biomacromolecules to Their Adherence and Mechanics. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:5872-5883. [PMID: 32544332 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c04025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the contributions of the pathogenic Listeria monocytogenes cell-wall biomacromolecules to the bacterial mechanics and adhesion to a model inert surface of silicon nitride in water were investigated by atomic force microscopy. Chemical ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and biological enzymatic trypsin treatments of cells were performed to partially or totally remove the bacterial cell-wall proteins and carbohydrates. Removal of 48.2% proteins and 29.2% of carbohydrates from the cell-wall of the bacterium by the EDTA treatment resulted in a significant decrease in the length of the bacterial cell-wall biomacromolecules and an increase in the rigidity of the bacterial cells as predicted from fitting a model of steric repulsion to the force-distance approach data and classic Hertz model to the indentation-force data, respectively. In comparison, removal of almost all the cell-wall proteins (99.5% removal) and 8.6% of cell-wall carbohydrates by the trypsin treatment resulted in an increase in the elasticity of the bacterial cells, an increase in the extension of the cell-wall biomacromolecules, and a significant decrease in their apparent grafting densities. In addition, adhesion strength of native-untreated L. monocytogenes to silicon nitride in water decreased by 30% on average after the EDTA treatment and further decreased by 60% on average after the trypsin treatment, showing a positive correlation with the% removal of cell-wall proteins by the EDTA and trypsin treatments, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Pinar Gordesli-Duatepe
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Izmir University of Economics, 35330 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Bong J Park
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Leen H Kawas
- Department of Veterinary and Comparative Anatomy, Pharmacology, and Physiology, Washington State University Pullman, Washington 99164-6520, United States
| | - Nehal I Abu-Lail
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
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Daboss S, Lin J, Godejohann M, Kranz C. Redox Switchable Polydopamine-Modified AFM-SECM Probes: A Probe for Electrochemical Force Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2020; 92:8404-8413. [PMID: 32337984 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Polydopamine (PDA) has high potential in biorelevant applications as a versatile thin film material, e.g., as adhesive coating for cell immobilization or for sensing applications due to the plethora of functional groups. In this study we present the modification of conductive colloidal atomic force-scanning electrochemical microscopy (AFM-SECM) probes with electrochemically deposited PDA resulting in functional probes for quantitative electrochemical adhesion studies. Surface functionality of PDA can be altered by oxidation or reduction of functional groups applying an appropriate potential to the PDA-modified AFM-SECM probe, thereby enabling adhesion measurements under potential control. This facilitates probing specific interactions of surface groups present in PDA with various surfaces of different wettabilities. The versatility of such switchable AFM-SECM probes is demonstrated for electrochemical force spectroscopic studies at model samples such as plasma-treated gold substrates, hydrophobic or hydrophilic self-assembled monolayers, and for adhesion measurements of bacteria in dependence of altered surface charges of the colloidal probe. The maximum obtained adhesion force of a positively polarized PDA-modified AFM-SECM probe was 6.2 ± 2.2 nN, and it was about 50% less (i.e., 2.6 ± 1.1 nN) for a negatively polarized probe at a hydrophilic OH-terminated gold surface. In situ control of the active surface groups enabled investigations on the influence of surface charges on adhesion. Furthermore, plateaus of constant force were observed, which are a characteristic of polymer structures. Finally, electrochemical force measurements with switchable probes were used for the first time during adhesion studies of bacterial cells (i.e., Pseudomonas fluorescens). Positively biased PDA-coated colloidal probes revealed adhesion forces of 6.0 ± 1.1 nN, whereas significantly reduced adhesion forces 1.1 ± 0.7 nN were observed for negatively biased PDA-modified colloidal probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Daboss
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Jing Lin
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Matthias Godejohann
- MG Optical Solutions GmbH, Industriestraße 23, 86919 Utting am Ammersee, Germany
| | - Christine Kranz
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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Variations in the Morphology, Mechanics and Adhesion of Persister and Resister E. coli Cells in Response to Ampicillin: AFM Study. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9050235. [PMID: 32392749 PMCID: PMC7277365 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9050235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Persister bacterial cells are great at surviving antibiotics. The phenotypic means by which they do that are underexplored. As such, atomic force microscope (AFM) was used to quantify the contributions of the surface properties of the outer membrane of multidrug resistance (MDR)-Escherichia coli Strains (A5 and A9) in the presence of ampicillin at minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) (resistant cells) and at 20× MIC (persistent cells). The properties quantified were morphology, root mean square (RMS) roughness, adhesion, elasticity, and bacterial surface biopolymers' thickness and grafting density. Compared to untreated cells, persister cells of E. coli A5 increased their RMS, adhesion, apparent grafting density, and elasticity by 1.2, 3.4, 2.0, and 3.3 folds, respectively, and decreased their surface area and brush thickness by 1.3 and 1.2 folds, respectively. Similarly, compared to untreated cells, persister cells of E. coli A9 increased their RMS, adhesion and elasticity by 1.6, 4.4, and 4.5 folds, respectively; decreased their surface area and brush thickness by 1.4 and 1.6 folds, respectively; and did not change their grafting densities. Our results indicate that resistant and persistent E. coli A5 cells battled ampicillin by decreasing their size and going through dormancy. The resistant E. coli A9 cells resisted ampicillin through elongation, increased surface area, and adhesion. In contrast, the persistent E. coli A9 cells resisted ampicillin through increased roughness, increased surface biopolymers' grafting densities, increased cellular elasticities, and decreased surface areas. Mechanistic insights into how the resistant and persistent E. coli cells respond to ampicillin's treatment are instrumental to guide design efforts exploring the development of new antibiotics or renovating the existing antibiotics that may kill persistent bacteria by combining more than one mechanism of action.
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8
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Deliorman M, Duatepe FPG, Davenport EK, Fransson BA, Call DR, Beyenal H, Abu-Lail NI. Responses of Acinetobacter baumannii Bound and Loose Extracellular Polymeric Substances to Hyperosmotic Agents Combined with or without Tobramycin: An Atomic Force Microscopy Study. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:9071-9083. [PMID: 31184900 PMCID: PMC7607972 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, contributions of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) to the nanoscale mechanisms through which the multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii responds to antimicrobial and hyperosmotic treatments were investigated by atomic force microscopy. Specifically, the adhesion strengths to a control surface of silicon nitride (Si3N4) and the lengths of bacterial surface biopolymers of bound and loose EPS extracted from A. baumannii biofilms were quantified after individual or synergistic treatments with hyperosmotic agents (NaCl and maltodextrin) and an antibiotic (tobramycin). In the absence of any treatment, the loose EPS were significantly longer in length and higher in adhesion to Si3N4 than the bound EPS. When used individually, the hyperosmotic agents and tobramycin collapsed the A. baumannii bound and loose EPS. The combined treatment of maltodextrin with tobramycin collapsed only the loose EPS and did not alter the adhesion of both bound and loose EPS to Si3N4. In addition, the combined treatment was not as effective in collapsing the EPS molecules as when tobramycin was applied alone. Finally, the effects of treatments were dose-dependent. Altogether, our findings suggest that a sequential treatment could be effective in treating A. baumannii biofilms, in which a hyperosmotic agent is used first to collapse the EPS and limit the diffusion of nutrients into the biofilm, followed by the use of an antibiotic to kill the bacterial cells that escape from the biofilm because of starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammedin Deliorman
- Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | | | - Emily K. Davenport
- Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, 99164 Pullman, Washington, United States
| | - Boel A. Fransson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, 99164 Pullman, Washington, United States
| | - Douglas R. Call
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, 99164 Pullman, Washington, United States
| | - Haluk Beyenal
- Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, 99164 Pullman, Washington, United States
| | - Nehal I. Abu-Lail
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, 78249 San Antonio, Texas, United States
- Corresponding Author:. Phone: +1 210 458 8131
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Uzoechi SC, Abu-Lail NI. The Effects of β-Lactam Antibiotics on Surface Modifications of Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli: A Multiscale Approach. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2019; 25:135-150. [PMID: 30869575 PMCID: PMC6599534 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927618015696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Possible multidrug-resistant (MDR) mechanisms of four resistant strains of Escherichia coli to a model β-lactam, ampicillin, were investigated using contact angle measurements of wettability, crystal violet assays of permeability, biofilm formation, fluorescence imaging, and nanoscale analyses of dimensions, adherence, and roughness. Upon exposure to ampicillin, one of the resistant strains, E. coli A5, changed its phenotype from elliptical to spherical, maintained its roughness and biofilm formation abilities, decreased its length and surface area, maintained its cell wall integrity, increased its hydrophobicity, and decreased its nanoscale adhesion to a model surface of silicon nitride. Such modifications are suggested to allow these cells to conserve energy during metabolic dormancy. In comparison, resistant strains E. coli D4, A9, and H5 elongated their cells, increased their roughness, increased their nanoscale adhesion forces, became more hydrophilic, and increased their biofilm formation upon exposure to ampicillin. These results suggest that these strains resisted ampicillin through biofilm formation that possibly introduces diffusion limitations to antibiotics. Investigations of how MDR bacterial cells modify their surfaces in response to antibiotics can guide research efforts aimed at designing more effective antibiotics and new treatment strategies for MDR bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C. Uzoechi
- Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Nehal I. Abu-Lail
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
- Author for correspondence: Nehal I. Abu-Lail,
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Perni S, Preedy EC, Landini P, Prokopovich P. Influence of csgD and ompR on Nanomechanics, Adhesion Forces, and Curli Properties of E. coli. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:7965-7974. [PMID: 27434665 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b02342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Curli are bacterial appendages involved in the adhesion of cells to surfaces; their synthesis is regulated by many genes such as csgD and ompR. The expression of the two curli subunits (CsgA and CsgB) in Escherichia coli (E. coli) is regulated by CsgD; at the same time, csgD transcription is under the control of OmpR. Therefore, both genes are involved in the control of curli production. In this work, we elucidated the role of these genes in the nanomechanical and adhesive properties of E. coli MG1655 (a laboratory strain not expressing significant amount of curli) and its curli-producing mutants overexpressing OmpR and CsgD, employing atomic force microscopy (AFM). Nanomechanical analysis revealed that the expression of these genes gave origin to cells with a lower Young's modulus (E) and turgidity (P0), whereas the adhesion forces were unaffected when genes involved in curli formation were expressed. AFM was also employed to study the primary structure of the curli expressed through the freely jointed chain (FJC) model for polymers. CsgD increased the number of curli on the surface more than OmpR did, and the overexpression of both genes did not result in a greater number of curli. Neither of the genes had an impact on the structure (total length of the polymer and number and length of Kuhn segments) of the curli. Our results further suggest that, despite the widely assumed role of curli in cell adhesion, cell adhesion force is also dictated by surface properties because no relation between the number of curli expressed on the surface and cell adhesion was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Perni
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Cardiff University , Cardiff, U.K. CF10 3NB
| | - Emily Callard Preedy
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Cardiff University , Cardiff, U.K. CF10 3NB
| | - Paolo Landini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Milan , 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Polina Prokopovich
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Cardiff University , Cardiff, U.K. CF10 3NB
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Arslan B, Ju X, Zhang X, Abu-Lail NI. Heterogeneity and Specificity of Nanoscale Adhesion Forces Measured between Self-Assembled Monolayers and Lignocellulosic Substrates: A Chemical Force Microscopy Study. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:10233-10245. [PMID: 26339982 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b02633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Lack of fundamental understanding of cellulase interactions with different plant cell wall components during cellulose saccharification hinders progress toward achieving an economic production of biofuels from renewable plant biomass. Here, chemical force microscopy (CFM) was utilized to quantify the interactions between two surfaces that model either hydrophilic or hydrophobic functional groups of cellulases and a set of lignocellulosic substrates prepared through Kraft, sulfite, or organosolv pulping with defined chemical composition. The measured forces were then decoupled into specific and nonspecific components using the Poisson statistical approach. Heterogeneities in the distributions of forces as a function of the pretreatment method were mapped. Our results showed that hydrophobic domains and chemical moieties involved in hydrogen bonding and polar interactions were homogeneously distributed on all substrates but with distribution densities that varied with the type of the pretreatment method used to prepare substrates. In addition, we showed that increasing surface lignin coverage increased the heterogeneity of the substrates. When forces were decoupled, our results indicated that xylan reduced the strength of hydrogen bonding between the hydrophilic model surface and substrates. Permanent dipole-dipole interactions dominated the adhesion of the hydrophilic model surface to lignosulfonates, whereas hydrophobic interactions facilitated the adhesion of the hydrophobic model surface to Kraft lignin. We further showed that the structure of lignin determines the type of forces that dominate lignocellulosic interactions with other surfaces. Our findings suggest that nonproductive binding of cellulases to lignocellulosic biomass can be reduced by altering the hydrophobicity and/or chemical moieties involved in the polar interactions and by utilizing organosolv as a pretreatment method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baran Arslan
- Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99164-6515, United States
| | - Xiaohui Ju
- Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Bioproducts' Science and Engineering Laboratory, Washington State University , Richland, Washington 99354-1670, United States
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Bioproducts' Science and Engineering Laboratory, Washington State University , Richland, Washington 99354-1670, United States
| | - Nehal I Abu-Lail
- Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99164-6515, United States
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Analysis of long- and short-range contribution to adhesion work in cardiac fibroblasts: an atomic force microscopy study. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2014; 49:217-224. [PMID: 25686942 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.12.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) for single-cell force spectroscopy (SCFS) and Poisson statistic were used to analyze the detachment work recorded during the removal of gold-covered microspheres from cardiac fibroblasts. The effect of Cytochalasin D, a disruptor of the actin cytoskeleton, on cell adhesion was also tested. The adhesion work was assessed using a Poisson analysis also derived from single-cell force spectroscopy retracting curves. The use of Poisson analysis to get adhesion work from AFM curves is quite a novel method, and in this case, proved to be effective to study the short-range and long-range contributions to the adhesion work. This method avoids the difficult identification of minor peaks in the AFM retracting curves by creating what can be considered an average adhesion work. Even though the effect of actin depolymerisation is well documented, its use revealed that control cardiac fibroblasts (CT) exhibit a work of adhesion at least 5 times higher than that of the Cytochalasin treated cells. However, our results indicate that in both cells short-range and long-range contributions to the adhesion work are nearly equal and the same heterogeneity index describes both cells. Therefore, we infer that the different adhesion behaviors might be explained by the presence of fewer membrane adhesion molecules available at the AFM tip-cell interface under circumstances where the actin cytoskeleton has been disrupted.
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13
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Guo S, Puniredd SR, Jańczewski D, Lee SSC, Teo SLM, He T, Zhu X, Vancso GJ. Barnacle larvae exploring surfaces with variable hydrophilicity: influence of morphology and adhesion of "footprint" proteins by AFM. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:13667-13676. [PMID: 25055115 DOI: 10.1021/am503147m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Interaction forces of adhesive proteins employed by cyprid larvae of Amphibalanus amphitrite for temporary attachment during surface exploration in marine fouling were studied by AFM force spectroscopy using chemically modified, reactive colloidal probes. The proteins were covalently attached to the surfaces of the probes by incubation in the protein deposits (footprints) left behind at the surface by the cyprids. This covalent coupling enabled robust and reproducible probing of adhesion of the attachment proteins to model surfaces with variable hydrophilicity. Three model monolayer surfaces were designed and prepared that exhibited different wettabilities derived from variations in the monolayer chemical composition. The morphology and size of cyprid protein deposits was imaged by AFM. The deposits showed larger area of spreading on more hydrophobic surfaces, whereas the overall volume of the secreted proteins exhibited no significant variation. Notable difference in adhesion forces was found among the surfaces by force spectroscopy, with substantially higher values measured on the hydrophobic surface (21 ± 2 nN) than that measured on the more hydrophilic surface (7.2 ± 1 nN). The same surfaces were also tested in laboratory essays. Rather surprisingly, no significant differences were found in values of fractional cyprid settlement among the surfaces studied, indicating that variations of surface wettability and adhesion strength of settlement proteins may be insufficient to explain settlement trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifeng Guo
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research) , 3 Research Link, Singapore 117602
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Perni S, Preedy EC, Prokopovich P. Success and failure of colloidal approaches in adhesion of microorganisms to surfaces. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 206:265-74. [PMID: 24342736 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Biofilms are communities of cells attached to surfaces, their contributions to biological process may be either a benefit or a threat depending on the microorganism involved and on the type of substrate and environment. Biofilm formation is a complex series of steps; due to the size of microorganisms, the initial phase of biofilm formation, the bacterial adhesion to the surface, has been studied and modeled using theories developed in colloidal science. In this review the application of approaches such as Derjaguin, Landau, Verwey, Overbeek (DLVO) theory and its extended version (xDLVO), to bacterial adhesion is described along with the suitability and applicability of such approaches to the investigation of the interface phenomena regulating cells adhesion. A further refinement of the xDLVO theory encompassing the brush model is also discussed. Finally, the evidences of phenomena neglected in colloidal approaches, such as surface heterogeneity and fluid flow, likely to be the source of failure are defined.
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Eskhan AO, Abu-Lail NI. A new approach to decoupling of bacterial adhesion energies measured by AFM into specific and nonspecific components. Colloid Polym Sci 2014; 292:343-353. [PMID: 24563576 PMCID: PMC3927919 DOI: 10.1007/s00396-013-3017-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A new method to decoupling of bacterial interactions measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM) into specific and nonspecific components is proposed. The new method is based on computing the areas under the approach and retraction curves. To test the efficacy of the new method, AFM was used to probe the repulsion and adhesion energies present between L. monocytogenes cells cultured at five pH values (5, 6, 7, 8 and 9) and silicon nitride (Si3N4). Overall adhesion energy was then decoupled into its specific and nonspecific components using the new method as well as using Poisson statistical approach. Poisson statistical method represents the most commonly used approach to decouple bacterial interactions into their components. For all pH conditions investigated, specific energies dominated the adhesion and a transition in adhesion and repulsion energies for cells cultured at pH 7 was observed. When compared, the differences in the specific and nonspecific energies obtained using Poisson analysis and the new method were on average 2.2% and 6.7%, respectively. The relatively close energies obtained using the two approaches demonstrate the efficacy of the new method as an alternative way to decouple adhesion energies into their specific and nonspecific components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma O. Eskhan
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-2710
| | - Nehal I. Abu-Lail
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-2710
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16
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Gordesli FP, Abu-Lail NI. Impact of ionic strength of growth on the physiochemical properties, structure, and adhesion of Listeria monocytogenes polyelectrolyte brushes to a silicon nitride surface in water. J Colloid Interface Sci 2012; 388:257-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2012.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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17
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Dorobantu LS, Goss GG, Burrell RE. Atomic force microscopy: A nanoscopic view of microbial cell surfaces. Micron 2012; 43:1312-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Gordesli FP, Abu-Lail NI. Combined Poisson and soft-particle DLVO analysis of the specific and nonspecific adhesion forces measured between L. monocytogenes grown at various temperatures and silicon nitride. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:10089-10098. [PMID: 22917240 DOI: 10.1021/es300653w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Adhesion forces between pathogenic L. monocytogenes EGDe and silicon nitride (Si(3)N(4)) were measured using atomic force microscopy (AFM) under water and at room temperature for cells grown at five different temperatures (10, 20, 30, 37, and 40 °C). Adhesion forces were then decoupled into specific (hydrogen bonding) and nonspecific (electrostatic and Lifshitz-van der Waals) force components using Poisson statistical analysis. The strongest specific and nonspecific attraction forces were observed for cells grown at 30 °C, compared to those observed for cells grown at higher or lower temperatures, respectively. By combining the results of Poisson analysis with the results obtained through soft-particle Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) analysis, the contributions of the Lifshitz-van der Waals and electrostatic forces to the overall nonspecific interaction forces were determined. Our results showed that the Lifshitz-van der Waals attraction forces dominated the total nonspecific adhesion forces for all investigated thermal conditions. However, irrespective of the temperature of growth investigated, hydrogen bonding forces were always stronger than the nonspecific forces. Finally, by combining Poisson analysis with soft-particle analysis of DLVO forces, the closest separation distances where the irreversible bacterial adhesion takes place can be determined relatively easily. For all investigated thermal conditions, the closest separation distances were <1 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Pinar Gordesli
- Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-2710, United States
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Henny C. van der Mei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, W. J. Kolff Institute, University Medical Center and University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Henk J. Busscher
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, W. J. Kolff Institute, University Medical Center and University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Gordesli FP, Abu-Lail NI. The role of growth temperature in the adhesion and mechanics of pathogenic L. monocytogenes: an AFM study. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:1360-1373. [PMID: 22133148 DOI: 10.1021/la203639k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The adhesion strengths of pathogenic L. monocytogenes EGDe to a model surface of silicon nitride were quantified using atomic force microscopy (AFM) in water for cells grown under five different temperatures (10, 20, 30, 37, and 40 °C). The temperature range investigated was chosen to bracket the thermal conditions in which L. monocytogenes survive in the environment. Our results indicated that adhesion force and energy quantified were at their maximum when the bacteria were grown at 30 °C. The higher adhesion observed at 30 °C compared to the adhesion quantified for bacterial cells grown at 37, 40, 20, and 10 °C was associated with longer and denser bacterial surface biopolymer brushes as predicted from fitting a model of steric repulsion to the approach distance-force data as well from the results of protein colorimetric assays. Theoretically predicted adhesion energies based on soft-particle DLVO theory agreed well with the adhesion energies computed from AFM force-distance retraction data (r(2) = 0.94); showing a minimum energy barrier to adhesion at 30 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Pinar Gordesli
- Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-2710, USA
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