1
|
Glycoproteins Involved in Sea Urchin Temporary Adhesion. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21030145. [PMID: 36976195 PMCID: PMC10057474 DOI: 10.3390/md21030145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomedical adhesives, despite having been used increasingly in recent years, still face a major technological challenge: strong adhesion in wet environments. In this context, biological adhesives secreted by marine invertebrates have appealing characteristics to incorporate into new underwater biomimetic adhesives: water resistance, nontoxicity and biodegradability. Little is still known about temporary adhesion. Recently, a transcriptomic differential analysis of sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus tube feet pinpointed 16 adhesive/cohesive protein candidates. In addition, it has been demonstrated that the adhesive secreted by this species is composed of high molecular weight proteins associated with N-Acetylglucosamine in a specific chitobiose arrangement. As a follow-up, we aimed to investigate which of these adhesive/cohesive protein candidates were glycosylated through lectin pulldowns, protein identification by mass spectroscopy and in silico characterization. We demonstrate that at least five of the previously identified protein adhesive/cohesive candidates are glycoproteins. We also report the involvement of a third Nectin variant, the first adhesion-related protein to be identified in P. lividus. By providing a deeper characterization of these adhesive/cohesive glycoproteins, this work advances our understanding of the key features that should be replicated in future sea urchin-inspired bioadhesives.
Collapse
|
2
|
The Involvement of Cell-Type-Specific Glycans in Hydra Temporary Adhesion Revealed by a Lectin Screen. Biomimetics (Basel) 2022; 7:biomimetics7040166. [PMID: 36278723 PMCID: PMC9589958 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics7040166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydra is a freshwater solitary polyp, capable of temporary adhesion to underwater surfaces. The reversible attachment is based on an adhesive material that is secreted from its basal disc cells and left behind on the substrate as a footprint. Despite Hydra constituting a standard model system in stem cell biology and tissue regeneration, few studies have addressed its bioadhesion. This project aimed to characterize the glycan composition of the Hydra adhesive, using a set of 23 commercially available lectins to label Hydra cells and footprints. The results indicated the presence of N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, fucose, and mannose in the adhesive material. The labeling revealed a meshwork-like substructure in the footprints, implying that the adhesive is mainly formed by fibers. Furthermore, lectins might serve as a marker for Hydra cells and structures, e.g., many labeled as glycan-rich nematocytes. Additionally, some unexpected patterns were uncovered, such as structures associated with radial muscle fibers and endodermal gland cells in the hypostome of developing buds.
Collapse
|
3
|
Mussel adhesion: A fundamental perspective on factors governing strong underwater adhesion. Biointerphases 2022; 17:058501. [DOI: 10.1116/6.0002051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-based underwater adhesives of marine organisms exhibit extraordinary binding strength in high salinity based on utilizing a variety of molecular interaction mechanisms. These include acid-base interactions, bidentate bindings or complex hydrogen bonding interactions, and electrochemical manipulation of interfacial bonding. In this Perspective, we briefly review recent progress in the field, and we discuss how interfacial electrochemistry can vary interfacial forces by concerted tuning of surface charging, hydration forces, and tuning of the interfacial ion concentration. We further discuss open questions, controversial findings, and new paths into understanding and utilizing redox-proteins and derived polymers for enhancing underwater adhesion in a complex salt environment.
Collapse
|
4
|
Algrain M, Hennebert E, Bertemes P, Wattiez R, Flammang P, Lengerer B. In the footsteps of sea stars: deciphering the catalogue of proteins involved in underwater temporary adhesion. Open Biol 2022; 12:220103. [PMID: 35975651 PMCID: PMC9382459 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sea stars adhere strongly but temporarily to underwater substrata via the secretion of a blend of proteins, forming an adhesive footprint that they leave on the surface after detachment. Their tube feet enclose a duo-gland adhesive system comprising two types of adhesive cells, contributing different layers of the footprint and de-adhesive cells. In this study, we characterized the catalogue of sea star footprint proteins (Sfps) in the species Asterias rubens to gain insights in their potential function. We identified 16 Sfps and mapped their expression to type 1 and/or type 2 adhesive cells or to de-adhesive cells by double fluorescent in situ hybridization. Based on their cellular expression pattern and their conserved functional domains, we propose that the identified Sfps serve different functions during attachment, with two Sfps coupling to the surface, six providing cohesive strength and the rest forming a binding matrix. Immunolabelling of footprints with antibodies directed against one protein of each category confirmed these roles. A de-adhesive gland cell-specific astacin-like proteinase presumably weakens the bond between the adhesive material and the tube foot surface during detachment. Overall, we provide a model for temporary adhesion in sea stars, including a comprehensive list of the proteins involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Algrain
- Laboratory of Biology of Marine Organisms and Biomimetics, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Place du Parc 23, Mons 7000, Belgium
| | - Elise Hennebert
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Place du Parc 23, Mons 7000, Belgium
| | - Philip Bertemes
- Institute of Zoology and Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Ruddy Wattiez
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Microbiology, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Place du Parc 23, Mons 7000, Belgium
| | - Patrick Flammang
- Laboratory of Biology of Marine Organisms and Biomimetics, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Place du Parc 23, Mons 7000, Belgium
| | - Birgit Lengerer
- Institute of Zoology and Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Decoding the byssus fabrication by spatiotemporal secretome analysis of scallop foot. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:2713-2722. [PMID: 35685371 PMCID: PMC9168380 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The first secretome about scallop byssal adhesion is profiled based on a new computational strategy. Scallop byssal secretome covered almost all of the known structural elements and functional domains of aquatic adhesives. The EGF-like domain containing proteins, the Tyr-rich proteins and 4C-repeats containing proteins are the main components of scallop byssus. A novel “nearby secretion” model of scallop byssus secretion and adhesion is proposed.
Secretome is involved in almost all physiological, developmental, and pathological processes, but to date there is still a lack of highly-efficient research strategy to comprehensively study the secretome of invertebrates. Adhesive secretion is a ubiquitous and essential physiological process in aquatic invertebrates with complicated protein components and unresolved adhesion mechanisms, making it a good subject for secretome profiling studies. Here we proposed a computational pipeline for systematic profiling of byssal secretome based on spatiotemporal transcriptomes of scallop. A total of 186 byssus-related proteins (BRPs) were identified, which represented the first characterized secretome of scallop byssal adhesion. Scallop byssal secretome covered almost all of the known structural elements and functional domains of aquatic adhesives, which suggested this secretome-profiling strategy had both high efficiency and accuracy. We revealed the main components of scallop byssus (including EGF-like domain containing proteins, the Tyr-rich proteins and 4C-repeats containing proteins) and the related modification enzymes primarily contributing to the rapid byssus assembly and adhesion. Spatiotemporal expression and co-expression network analyses of BRPs suggested a simultaneous secretion pattern of scallop byssal proteins across the entire region of foot and revealed their diverse functions on byssus secretion. In contrast to the previously proposed “root-initiated secretion and extension-based assembly” model, our findings supported a novel “foot-wide simultaneous secretion and in situ assembly” model of scallop byssus secretion and adhesion. Systematic analysis of scallop byssal secretome provides important clues for understanding the aquatic adhesive secretion process, as well as a common framework for studying the secretome of non-model invertebrates.
Collapse
|
6
|
Comparative proteomics for an in-depth understanding of bioadhesion mechanisms and evolution across metazoans. J Proteomics 2022; 256:104506. [PMID: 35123052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2022.104506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bioadhesion is a critical process for many marine and freshwater invertebrate animals. Bioadhesives mainly made of proteins have remarkable adhesive ability underwater. Unraveling the molecular composition of bioadhesives is fundamental to understanding their physiological roles as well as their potential for biotechnology applications and antibiofouling strategies. With the development of high-throughput methods such as proteomics, bioadhesive protein data in diverse taxa are rapidly accumulating, but the common mechanism across species is elusive due to the vast variety of bioadhesives. In this review, bioadhesive proteins from various taxa are reviewed, with the aim of facilitating researchers to appreciate the diversity of bioadhesive proteins (mostly 20-40) across species. By comparing proteomes across species, it was found that glycine-rich, epidermal growth factor, peroxidase, and DOPA together with typical extracellular domains are the most commonly used domains. Additionally, permanent and temporary adhesion show obvious differences in terms of domains or proteins. A basic recipe for bioadhesives composed of six components is proposed: structural elements, extracellular domains, modification enzymes, proteinase inhibitors, cytoskeletal proteins, and others. The extracellular domains are mostly related to interactions with other macromolecules (proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids), suggesting that domain shuffling and macromolecule interaction might be fundamental for bioadhesive evolution.
Collapse
|
7
|
Tommasini G, Dufil G, Fardella F, Strakosas X, Fergola E, Abrahamsson T, Bliman D, Olsson R, Berggren M, Tino A, Stavrinidou E, Tortiglione C. Seamless integration of bioelectronic interface in an animal model via in vivo polymerization of conjugated oligomers. Bioact Mater 2021; 10:107-116. [PMID: 34901533 PMCID: PMC8637319 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Leveraging the biocatalytic machinery of living organisms for fabricating functional bioelectronic interfaces, in vivo, defines a new class of micro-biohybrids enabling the seamless integration of technology with living biological systems. Previously, we have demonstrated the in vivo polymerization of conjugated oligomers forming conductors within the structures of plants. Here, we expand this concept by reporting that Hydra, an invertebrate animal, polymerizes the conjugated oligomer ETE-S both within cells that expresses peroxidase activity and within the adhesive material that is secreted to promote underwater surface adhesion. The resulting conjugated polymer forms electronically conducting and electrochemically active μm-sized domains, which are inter-connected resulting in percolative conduction pathways extending beyond 100 μm, that are fully integrated within the Hydra tissue and the secreted mucus. Furthermore, the introduction and in vivo polymerization of ETE-S can be used as a biochemical marker to follow the dynamics of Hydra budding (reproduction) and regeneration. This work paves the way for well-defined self-organized electronics in animal tissue to modulate biological functions and in vivo biofabrication of hybrid functional materials and devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Tommasini
- Istituto di Scienze Applicate e Sistemi Intelligenti "E. Caianiello", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Gwennaël Dufil
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linkoping University, SE-60174, Norrkoping, Sweden
| | - Federica Fardella
- Istituto di Scienze Applicate e Sistemi Intelligenti "E. Caianiello", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Xenofon Strakosas
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linkoping University, SE-60174, Norrkoping, Sweden
| | - Eugenio Fergola
- Istituto di Scienze Applicate e Sistemi Intelligenti "E. Caianiello", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Tobias Abrahamsson
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linkoping University, SE-60174, Norrkoping, Sweden
| | - David Bliman
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Roger Olsson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linkoping University, SE-60174, Norrkoping, Sweden
| | - Angela Tino
- Istituto di Scienze Applicate e Sistemi Intelligenti "E. Caianiello", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Eleni Stavrinidou
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linkoping University, SE-60174, Norrkoping, Sweden
| | - Claudia Tortiglione
- Istituto di Scienze Applicate e Sistemi Intelligenti "E. Caianiello", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Koch TL, Hauser F, Grimmelikhuijzen CJP. An evolutionary genomics view on neuropeptide genes in Hydrozoa and Endocnidozoa (Myxozoa). BMC Genomics 2021; 22:862. [PMID: 34847889 PMCID: PMC8638164 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08091-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The animal phylum Cnidaria consists of six classes or subphyla: Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Cubozoa, Staurozoa, Anthozoa, and Endocnidozoa. Cnidarians have an early evolutionary origin, diverging before the emergence of the Bilateria. Extant members from this phylum, therefore, are important resources for understanding the evolution of the nervous system. Cnidarian nervous systems are strongly peptidergic. Using genomics, we have recently shown that three neuropeptide families (the X1PRX2amides, GRFamides, and GLWamides) are wide-spread in four (Scyphozoa, Cubozoa, Staurozoa, Anthozoa) out of six cnidarian classes or subphyla, suggesting that these three neuropeptide families emerged in the common cnidarian ancestor. In the current paper, we analyze the remaining cnidarian class, Hydrozoa, and the subphylum Endocnidozoa, to make firm conclusions about the evolution of neuropeptide genes in Cnidaria. RESULTS We analyzed sixteen hydrozoan species with a sequenced genome or transcriptome, using a recently developed software program for discovering neuropeptide genes. These species belonged to various hydrozoan subclasses and orders, among them the laboratory models Hydra, Hydractinia, and Clytia. We found that each species contained three to five neuropeptide families. A common feature for all hydrozoans was that they contained genes coding for (i) X1PRX2amide peptides, (ii) GRFamide peptides, and (iii) GLWamide peptides. These results support our previous conclusions that these three neuropeptide families evolved early in evolution. In addition to these three neuropeptide families, hydrozoans expressed up to two other neuropeptide gene families, which, however, were only occurring in certain animal groups. Endocnidozoa (Myxozoa) are microscopically small endoparasites, which are strongly reduced. For long, it was unknown to which phylum these parasites belonged, but recently they have been associated with cnidarians. We analyzed nine endocnidozoan species and found that two of them (Polypodium hydriforme and Buddenbrockia plumatellae) expressed neuropeptide genes. These genes coded for neuropeptides belonging to the GRFamide and GLWamide families with structures closely resembling them from hydrozoans. CONCLUSIONS We found X1PRX2amide, GRFamide, and GLWamide peptides in all species belonging to the Hydrozoa, confirming that these peptides originated in the common cnidarian ancestor. In addition, we discovered GRFamide and GLWamide peptide genes in some members of the Endocnidozoa, thereby linking these parasites to Hydrozoa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L. Koch
- Section for Cell and Neurobiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frank Hauser
- Section for Cell and Neurobiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cornelis J. P. Grimmelikhuijzen
- Section for Cell and Neurobiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Alama-Bermejo G, Meyer E, Atkinson SD, Holzer AS, Wiśniewska MM, Kolísko M, Bartholomew JL. Transcriptome-Wide Comparisons and Virulence Gene Polymorphisms of Host-Associated Genotypes of the Cnidarian Parasite Ceratonova shasta in Salmonids. Genome Biol Evol 2021; 12:1258-1276. [PMID: 32467979 PMCID: PMC7487138 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evaa109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceratonova shasta is an important myxozoan pathogen affecting the health of salmonid fishes in the Pacific Northwest of North America. Ceratonova shasta exists as a complex of host-specific genotypes, some with low to moderate virulence, and one that causes a profound, lethal infection in susceptible hosts. High throughput sequencing methods are powerful tools for discovering the genetic basis of these host/virulence differences, but deep sequencing of myxozoans has been challenging due to extremely fast molecular evolution of this group, yielding strongly divergent sequences that are difficult to identify, and unavoidable host contamination. We designed and optimized different bioinformatic pipelines to address these challenges. We obtained a unique set of comprehensive, host-free myxozoan RNA-seq data from C. shasta genotypes of varying virulence from different salmonid hosts. Analyses of transcriptome-wide genetic distances and maximum likelihood multigene phylogenies elucidated the evolutionary relationship between lineages and demonstrated the limited resolution of the established Internal Transcribed Spacer marker for C. shasta genotype identification, as this marker fails to differentiate between biologically distinct genotype II lineages from coho salmon and rainbow trout. We further analyzed the data sets based on polymorphisms in two gene groups related to virulence: cell migration and proteolytic enzymes including their inhibitors. The developed single-nucleotide polymorphism-calling pipeline identified polymorphisms between genotypes and demonstrated that variations in both motility and protease genes were associated with different levels of virulence of C. shasta in its salmonid hosts. The prospective use of proteolytic enzymes as promising candidates for targeted interventions against myxozoans in aquaculture is discussed. We developed host-free transcriptomes of a myxozoan model organism from strains that exhibited different degrees of virulence, as a unique source of data that will foster functional gene analyses and serve as a base for the development of potential therapeutics for efficient control of these parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gema Alama-Bermejo
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Centro de Investigación Aplicada y Transferencia Tecnológica en Recursos Marinos Almirante Storni (CIMAS), CCT CONICET - CENPAT, San Antonio Oeste, Argentina
| | - Eli Meyer
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University
| | | | - Astrid S Holzer
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Monika M Wiśniewska
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kolísko
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Davey PA, Power AM, Santos R, Bertemes P, Ladurner P, Palmowski P, Clarke J, Flammang P, Lengerer B, Hennebert E, Rothbächer U, Pjeta R, Wunderer J, Zurovec M, Aldred N. Omics-based molecular analyses of adhesion by aquatic invertebrates. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:1051-1075. [PMID: 33594824 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Many aquatic invertebrates are associated with surfaces, using adhesives to attach to the substratum for locomotion, prey capture, reproduction, building or defence. Their intriguing and sophisticated biological glues have been the focus of study for decades. In all but a couple of specific taxa, however, the precise mechanisms by which the bioadhesives stick to surfaces underwater and (in many cases) harden have proved to be elusive. Since the bulk components are known to be based on proteins in most organisms, the opportunities provided by advancing 'omics technologies have revolutionised bioadhesion research. Time-consuming isolation and analysis of single molecules has been either replaced or augmented by the generation of massive data sets that describe the organism's translated genes and proteins. While these new approaches have provided resources and opportunities that have enabled physiological insights and taxonomic comparisons that were not previously possible, they do not provide the complete picture and continued multi-disciplinarity is essential. This review covers the various ways in which 'omics have contributed to our understanding of adhesion by aquatic invertebrates, with new data to illustrate key points. The associated challenges are highlighted and priorities are suggested for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Davey
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Anne Marie Power
- Ryan Institute, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Room 226, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Romana Santos
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Centro de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente (MARE), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, 1749-016, Portugal
| | - Philip Bertemes
- Institute of Zoology and Center of Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Peter Ladurner
- Institute of Zoology and Center of Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Pawel Palmowski
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Jessica Clarke
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Patrick Flammang
- Biology of Marine Organisms and Biomimetics Unit, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Place du Parc 23, Mons, 7000, Belgium
| | - Birgit Lengerer
- Institute of Zoology and Center of Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Elise Hennebert
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Place du Parc 23, Mons, 7000, Belgium
| | - Ute Rothbächer
- Institute of Zoology and Center of Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Robert Pjeta
- Institute of Zoology and Center of Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Julia Wunderer
- Institute of Zoology and Center of Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Michal Zurovec
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Nick Aldred
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hamada M, Satoh N, Khalturin K. A Reference Genome from the Symbiotic Hydrozoan, Hydra viridissima. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2020; 10:3883-3895. [PMID: 32900905 PMCID: PMC7642931 DOI: 10.1534/g3.120.401411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Various Hydra species have been employed as model organisms since the 18th century. Introduction of transgenic and knock-down technologies made them ideal experimental systems for studying cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in regeneration, body-axis formation, senescence, symbiosis, and holobiosis. In order to provide an important reference for genetic studies, the Hydra magnipapillata genome (species name has been changed to H. vulgaris) was sequenced a decade ago (Chapman et al., 2010) and the updated genome assembly, Hydra 2.0, was made available by the National Human Genome Research Institute in 2017. While H. vulgaris belongs to the non-symbiotic brown hydra lineage, the green hydra, Hydra viridissima, harbors algal symbionts and belongs to an early diverging clade that separated from the common ancestor of brown and green hydra lineages at least 100 million years ago (Schwentner and Bosch 2015; Khalturin et al., 2019). While interspecific interactions between H. viridissima and endosymbiotic unicellular green algae of the genus Chlorella have been a subject of interest for decades, genomic information about green hydras was nonexistent. Here we report a draft 280-Mbp genome assembly for Hydra viridissima strain A99, with a scaffold N50 of 1.1 Mbp. The H. viridissima genome contains an estimated 21,476 protein-coding genes. Comparative analysis of Pfam domains and orthologous proteins highlights characteristic features of H. viridissima, such as diversification of innate immunity genes that are important for host-symbiont interactions. Thus, the H. viridissima assembly provides an important hydrozoan genome reference that will facilitate symbiosis research and better comparisons of metazoan genome architectures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayuko Hamada
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
- Ushimado Marine Institute, Okayama University, Setouchi, Okayama 701-4303, Japan
- Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Noriyuki Satoh
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Konstantin Khalturin
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Whole-Body Imaging of Neural and Muscle Activity during Behavior in Hydra vulgaris: Effect of Osmolarity on Contraction Bursts. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0539-19.2020. [PMID: 32699071 PMCID: PMC7452734 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0539-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural code relates the activity of the nervous system to the activity of the muscles to the generation of behavior. To decipher it, it would be ideal to comprehensively measure the activity of the entire nervous system and musculature in a behaving animal. As a step in this direction, we used the cnidarian Hydra vulgaris to explore how physiological and environmental conditions alter simple contractile behavior and its accompanying neural and muscle activity. We used whole-body calcium imaging of neurons and muscle cells and studied the effect of temperature, media osmolarity, nutritional state, and body size on contractile behavior. In mounted Hydra preparations, changes in temperature, nutrition state, or body size did not have a major effect on neural or muscle activity, or on contractile behavior. But changes in media osmolarity systematically altered contractile behavior and foot detachments, increasing their frequency in hypo-osmolar media solutions and decreasing it in hyperosmolar media. Similar effects were seen in ectodermal, but not in endodermal muscle. Osmolarity also bidirectionally changed the activity of contraction burst (CB) neurons, but did not affect the network of rhythmic potential (RP) neurons in the ectoderm. These findings show osmolarity-dependent changes in the activity of CB neurons and ectodermal muscle, consistent with the hypothesis that CB neurons respond to media hypo-osmolarity, activating ectodermal muscle to generate CBs. This dedicated reflex could serve as an excretory system to prevent osmotic injury. This work demonstrates the feasibility of studying an entire neuronal and muscle activity in a behaving animal.
Collapse
|
13
|
Pjeta R, Lindner H, Kremser L, Salvenmoser W, Sobral D, Ladurner P, Santos R. Integrative Transcriptome and Proteome Analysis of the Tube Foot and Adhesive Secretions of the Sea Urchin Paracentrotus lividus. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030946. [PMID: 32023883 PMCID: PMC7037938 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Echinoderms, such as the rock-boring sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus, attach temporarily to surfaces during locomotion using their tube feet. They can attach firmly to any substrate and release from it within seconds through the secretion of unknown molecules. The composition of the adhesive, as well as the releasing secretion, remains largely unknown. This study re-analyzed a differential proteome dataset from Lebesgue et al. by mapping mass spectrometry-derived peptides to a P. lividusde novo transcriptome generated in this study. This resulted in a drastic increase in mapped proteins in comparison to the previous publication. The data were subsequently combined with a differential RNAseq approach to identify potential adhesion candidate genes. A gene expression analysis of 59 transcripts using whole mount in situ hybridization led to the identification of 16 transcripts potentially involved in bioadhesion. In the future these data could be useful for the production of synthetic reversible adhesives for industrial and medical purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Pjeta
- Institute of Zoology and Center of Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (R.P.); (W.S.)
| | - Herbert Lindner
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (H.L.); (L.K.)
| | - Leopold Kremser
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (H.L.); (L.K.)
| | - Willi Salvenmoser
- Institute of Zoology and Center of Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (R.P.); (W.S.)
| | - Daniel Sobral
- Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia–Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
| | - Peter Ladurner
- Institute of Zoology and Center of Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (R.P.); (W.S.)
- Correspondence: (P.L.); (R.S.)
| | - Romana Santos
- Centro de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence: (P.L.); (R.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pjeta R, Wunderer J, Bertemes P, Hofer T, Salvenmoser W, Lengerer B, Coassin S, Erhart G, Beisel C, Sobral D, Kremser L, Lindner H, Curini-Galletti M, Stelzer CP, Hess MW, Ladurner P. Temporary adhesion of the proseriate flatworm Minona ileanae. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20190194. [PMID: 31495318 PMCID: PMC6745481 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Flatworms can very rapidly attach to and detach from many substrates. In the presented work, we analysed the adhesive system of the marine proseriate flatworm Minona ileanae. We used light-, scanning- and transmission electron microscopy to analyse the morphology of the adhesive organs, which are located at the ventral side of the tail-plate. We performed transcriptome sequencing and differential RNA-seq for the identification of tail-specific transcripts. Using in situ hybridization expression screening, we identified nine transcripts that were expressed in the cells of the adhesive organs. Knock-down of five of these transcripts by RNA interference led to a reduction of the animal's attachment capacity. Adhesive proteins in footprints were confirmed using mass spectrometry and antibody staining. Additionally, lectin labelling of footprints revealed the presence of several sugar moieties. Furthermore, we determined a genome size of about 560 Mb for M. ileanae. We demonstrated the potential of Oxford Nanopore sequencing of genomic DNA as a cost-effective tool for identifying the number of repeats within an adhesive protein and for combining transcripts that were fragments of larger genes. A better understanding of the molecules involved in flatworm bioadhesion can pave the way towards developing innovative glues with reversible adhesive properties. This article is part of the theme issue 'Transdisciplinary approaches to the study of adhesion and adhesives in biological systems'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Pjeta
- Institute of Zoology and Center of Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Julia Wunderer
- Institute of Zoology and Center of Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Philip Bertemes
- Institute of Zoology and Center of Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Teresa Hofer
- Institute of Zoology and Center of Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Willi Salvenmoser
- Institute of Zoology and Center of Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Birgit Lengerer
- Biology of Marine Organisms and Biomimetics, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Stefan Coassin
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gertraud Erhart
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian Beisel
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Leopold Kremser
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Herbert Lindner
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Claus-Peter Stelzer
- Research Institute for Limnology, University of Innsbruck, 5310 Mondsee, Austria
| | - Michael W. Hess
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Peter Ladurner
- Institute of Zoology and Center of Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jackrel SL, White JD, Evans JT, Buffin K, Hayden K, Sarnelle O, Denef VJ. Genome evolution and host‐microbiome shifts correspond with intraspecific niche divergence within harmful algal bloom‐forming
Microcystis aeruginosa. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:3994-4011. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.15198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara L. Jackrel
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - Jeffrey D. White
- Department of Biology Framingham State University Framingham MA USA
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA
| | - Jacob T. Evans
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - Kyle Buffin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - Kristen Hayden
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - Orlando Sarnelle
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA
| | - Vincent J. Denef
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Transcriptional characterisation of the Exaiptasia pallida pedal disc. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:581. [PMID: 31299887 PMCID: PMC6626399 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5917-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biological adhesion (bioadhesion), enables organisms to attach to surfaces as well as to a range of other targets. Bioadhesion evolved numerous times independently and is ubiquitous throughout the kingdoms of life. To date, investigations have focussed on various taxa of animals, plants and bacteria, but the fundamental processes underlying bioadhesion and the degree of conservation in different biological systems remain poorly understood. This study had two aims: 1) To characterise tissue-specific gene regulation in the pedal disc of the model cnidarian Exaiptasia pallida, and 2) to elucidate putative genes involved in pedal disc adhesion. RESULTS Five hundred and forty-seven genes were differentially expressed in the pedal disc compared to the rest of the animal. Four hundred and twenty-seven genes were significantly upregulated and 120 genes were significantly downregulated. Forty-one condensed gene ontology terms and 19 protein superfamily classifications were enriched in the pedal disc. Eight condensed gene ontology terms and 11 protein superfamily classifications were depleted. Enriched superfamilies were consistent with classifications identified previously as important for the bioadhesion of unrelated marine invertebrates. A host of genes involved in regulation of extracellular matrix generation and degradation were identified, as well as others related to development and immunity. Ab initio prediction identified 173 upregulated genes that putatively code for extracellularly secreted proteins. CONCLUSION The analytical workflow facilitated identification of genes putatively involved in adhesion, immunity, defence and development of the E. pallida pedal disc. When defence, immunity and development-related genes were identified, those remaining corresponded most closely to formation of the extracellular matrix (ECM), implicating ECM in the adhesion of anemones to surfaces. This study therefore provides a valuable high-throughput resource for the bioadhesion community and lays a foundation for further targeted research to elucidate bioadhesion in the Cnidaria.
Collapse
|
17
|
Rees DJ, Hanifi A, Obille A, Alexander R, Sone ED. Fingerprinting of Proteins that Mediate Quagga Mussel Adhesion using a De Novo Assembled Foot Transcriptome. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6305. [PMID: 31004089 PMCID: PMC6474901 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41976-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The European freshwater mollusk Dreissena bugensis (quagga mussel), an invasive species to North America, adheres to surfaces underwater via the byssus: a non-living protein 'anchor'. In spite of its importance as a biofouling species, the sequence of the majority of byssal proteins responsible for adhesion are not known, and little genomic data is available. To determine protein sequence information, we utilized next-generation RNA sequencing and de novo assembly to construct a cDNA library of the quagga mussel foot transcriptome, which contains over 200,000 transcripts. Quagga mussel byssal proteins were extracted from freshly induced secretions and analyzed using LC-MS/MS; peptide spectra were matched to the transcriptome to fingerprint the entire protein primary sequences. We present the full sequences of fourteen novel quagga mussel byssal proteins, named Dreissena bugensis foot proteins 4 to 17 (Dbfp4-Dbfp17), and new sequence data for two previously observed byssal proteins Dbfp1 and Dbfp2. Theoretical masses of the newly discovered proteins range from 4.3 kDa to 21.6 kDa. These protein sequences are unique but contain features similar to glue proteins from other species, including a high degree of polymorphism, proteins with repeated peptide motifs, disordered protein structure, and block structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Rees
- Institute of Biomaterials & Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Arash Hanifi
- Institute of Biomaterials & Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Angelico Obille
- Institute of Biomaterials & Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Robert Alexander
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eli D Sone
- Institute of Biomaterials & Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zeng F, Wunderer J, Salvenmoser W, Hess MW, Ladurner P, Rothbächer U. Papillae revisited and the nature of the adhesive secreting collocytes. Dev Biol 2019; 448:183-198. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
19
|
Wunderer J, Lengerer B, Pjeta R, Bertemes P, Kremser L, Lindner H, Ederth T, Hess MW, Stock D, Salvenmoser W, Ladurner P. A mechanism for temporary bioadhesion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:4297-4306. [PMID: 30782790 PMCID: PMC6410801 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1814230116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The flatworm Macrostomum lignano features a duo-gland adhesive system that allows it to repeatedly attach to and release from substrates in seawater within a minute. However, little is known about the molecules involved in this temporary adhesion. In this study, we show that the attachment of M. lignano relies on the secretion of two large adhesive proteins, M. lignano adhesion protein 1 (Mlig-ap1) and Mlig-ap2. We revealed that both proteins are expressed in the adhesive gland cells and that their distribution within the adhesive footprints was spatially restricted. RNA interference knockdown experiments demonstrated the essential function of these two proteins in flatworm adhesion. Negatively charged modified sugars in the surrounding water inhibited flatworm attachment, while positively charged molecules impeded detachment. In addition, we found that M. lignano could not adhere to strongly hydrated surfaces. We propose an attachment-release model where Mlig-ap2 attaches to the substrate and Mlig-ap1 exhibits a cohesive function. A small negatively charged molecule is secreted that interferes with Mlig-ap1, inducing detachment. These findings are of relevance for fundamental adhesion science and efforts to mitigate biofouling. Further, this model of flatworm temporary adhesion may serve as the starting point for the development of synthetic reversible adhesion systems for medicinal and industrial applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Wunderer
- Institute of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Center of Molecular Bioscience Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Birgit Lengerer
- Institute of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Center of Molecular Bioscience Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Biology of Marine Organisms and Biomimetics, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Robert Pjeta
- Institute of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Center of Molecular Bioscience Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Philip Bertemes
- Institute of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Center of Molecular Bioscience Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Leopold Kremser
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Herbert Lindner
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Ederth
- Division of Molecular Physics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Michael W Hess
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - David Stock
- Institute for Material Technology, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Willi Salvenmoser
- Institute of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Center of Molecular Bioscience Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Peter Ladurner
- Institute of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
- Center of Molecular Bioscience Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Foulon V, Boudry P, Artigaud S, Guérard F, Hellio C. In Silico Analysis of Pacific Oyster ( Crassostrea gigas) Transcriptome over Developmental Stages Reveals Candidate Genes for Larval Settlement. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E197. [PMID: 30625986 PMCID: PMC6337334 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Following their planktonic phase, the larvae of benthic marine organisms must locate a suitable habitat to settle and metamorphose. For oysters, larval adhesion occurs at the pediveliger stage with the secretion of a proteinaceous bioadhesive produced by the foot, a specialized and ephemeral organ. Oyster bioadhesive is highly resistant to proteomic extraction and is only produced in very low quantities, which explains why it has been very little examined in larvae to date. In silico analysis of nucleic acid databases could help to identify genes of interest implicated in settlement. In this work, the publicly available transcriptome of Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas over its developmental stages was mined to select genes highly expressed at the pediveliger stage. Our analysis revealed 59 sequences potentially implicated in adhesion of C. gigas larvae. Some related proteins contain conserved domains already described in other bioadhesives. We propose a hypothetic composition of C. gigas bioadhesive in which the protein constituent is probably composed of collagen and the von Willebrand Factor domain could play a role in adhesive cohesion. Genes coding for enzymes implicated in DOPA chemistry were also detected, indicating that this modification is also potentially present in the adhesive of pediveliger larvae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Foulon
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopole Brest-Iroise, Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France.
| | - Pierre Boudry
- Ifremer, Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, Centre Bretagne, 29280 Plouzané, France.
| | - Sébastien Artigaud
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopole Brest-Iroise, Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France.
| | - Fabienne Guérard
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopole Brest-Iroise, Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France.
| | - Claire Hellio
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopole Brest-Iroise, Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Bernards MA, Schorno S, McKenzie E, Winegard TM, Oke I, Plachetzki D, Fudge DS. Unraveling inter-species differences in hagfish slime skein deployment. J Exp Biol 2018; 221:221/24/jeb176925. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.176925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Hagfishes defend themselves from fish predators by producing defensive slime consisting of mucous and thread components that interact synergistically with seawater to pose a suffocation risk to their attackers. Deployment of the slime occurs in a fraction of a second and involves hydration of mucous vesicles as well as unraveling of the coiled threads to their full length of ∼150 mm. Previous work showed that unraveling of coiled threads (or ‘skeins’) in Atlantic hagfish requires vigorous mixing with seawater as well as the presence of mucus, whereas skeins from Pacific hagfish tend to unravel spontaneously in seawater. Here, we explored the mechanisms that underlie these different unraveling modes, and focused on the molecules that make up the skein glue, a material that must be disrupted for unraveling to proceed. We found that Atlantic hagfish skeins are also held together with a protein glue, but compared with Pacific hagfish glue, it is less soluble in seawater. Using SDS-PAGE, we identified several soluble proteins and glycoproteins that are liberated from skeins under conditions that drive unraveling in vitro. Peptides generated by mass spectrometry of five of these proteins and glycoproteins mapped strongly to 14 sequences assembled from Pacific hagfish slime gland transcriptomes, with all but one of these sequences possessing homologs in the Atlantic hagfish. Two of these sequences encode unusual acidic proteins that we propose are the structural glycoproteins that make up the skein glue. These sequences have no known homologs in other species and are likely to be unique to hagfishes. Although the ecological significance of the two modes of skein unraveling described here are unknown, they may reflect differences in predation pressure, with selection for faster skein unraveling in the Eptatretus lineage leading to the evolution of a glue that is more soluble.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Bernards
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Sarah Schorno
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Evan McKenzie
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Timothy M. Winegard
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Isdin Oke
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - David Plachetzki
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, & Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Douglas S. Fudge
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lengerer B, Ladurner P. Properties of temporary adhesion systems of marine and freshwater organisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:221/16/jeb182717. [PMID: 30166319 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.182717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Underwater adhesive secretions are a promising source of inspiration for biomedical and industrial applications. Although marine permanent adhesives have been extensively investigated, reversible adhesion, e.g. as used for locomotion and feeding, is still poorly understood. Here, we summarise the current knowledge on secretion-based, temporary adhesive systems in aquatic environments, with a special emphasis on the morphology and structure of adhesive organs and adhesive material. Many animals employing temporary adhesion to the substratum rely on so-called duo-gland adhesive organs, consisting of two secretory gland cells and one supportive cell. We give a detailed depiction of a basic duo-gland adhesive organ and variations thereof. Additionally, we discuss temporary adhesive systems with an alternative building plan. Next, the topography of secreted adhesive footprints is described based on examples. The limited data on the composition of temporary adhesives are summarised, separating known protein components and carbohydrate residues. There are still large gaps in our understanding of temporary adhesion. We discuss three proposed models for detachment, although the actual mechanism of voluntary detachment is still a matter for debate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Lengerer
- Biology of Marine Organisms and Biomimetics, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Peter Ladurner
- Institute of Zoology and Center of Molecular Bioscience Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lengerer B, Bonneel M, Lefevre M, Hennebert E, Leclère P, Gosselin E, Ladurner P, Flammang P. The structural and chemical basis of temporary adhesion in the sea star Asterina gibbosa. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 9:2071-2086. [PMID: 30202680 PMCID: PMC6122182 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.9.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Background: Marine biological adhesives are a promising source of inspiration for biomedical and industrial applications. Nevertheless, natural adhesives and especially temporary adhesion systems are mostly unexplored. Sea stars are able to repeatedly attach and detach their hydraulic tube feet. This ability is based on a duo-gland system and, upon detachment, the adhesive material stays behind on the substrate as a 'footprint'. In recent years, characterization of sea star temporary adhesion has been focussed on the forcipulatid species Asterias rubens. Results: We investigated the temporary adhesion system in the distantly related valvatid species Asterina gibbosa. The morphology of tube feet was described using histological sections, transmission-, and scanning electron microscopy. Ultrastructural investigations revealed two adhesive gland cell types that both form electron-dense secretory granules with a more lucid outer rim and one de-adhesive gland cell type with homogenous granules. The footprints comprised a meshwork on top of a thin layer. This topography was consistently observed using various methods like scanning electron microscopy, 3D confocal interference microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and light microscopy with crystal violet staining. Additionally, we tested 24 commercially available lectins and two antibodies for their ability to label the adhesive epidermis and footprints. Out of 15 lectins labelling structures in the area of the duo-gland adhesive system, only one also labelled footprints indicating the presence of glycoconjugates with α-linked mannose in the secreted material. Conclusion: Despite the distant relationship between the two sea star species, the morphology of tube feet and topography of footprints in A. gibbosa shared many features with the previously described findings in A. rubens. These similarities might be due to the adaptation to a benthic life on rocky intertidal areas. Lectin- and immuno-labelling indicated similarities but also some differences in adhesive composition between the two species. Further research on the temporary adhesive of A. gibbosa will allow the identification of conserved motifs in sea star adhesion and might facilitate the development of biomimetic, reversible glues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Lengerer
- Biology of Marine Organisms and Biomimetics Unit, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Marie Bonneel
- Biology of Marine Organisms and Biomimetics Unit, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Mathilde Lefevre
- Cell Biology Unit, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Elise Hennebert
- Cell Biology Unit, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Philippe Leclère
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Center for Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons, 20 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel Gosselin
- Laboratory of Physics of Surfaces and Interfaces (LPSI), University of Mons, 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Peter Ladurner
- Institute of Zoology and Center of Molecular Bioscience Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Patrick Flammang
- Biology of Marine Organisms and Biomimetics Unit, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Buffet JP, Corre E, Duvernois-Berthet E, Fournier J, Lopez PJ. Adhesive gland transcriptomics uncovers a diversity of genes involved in glue formation in marine tube-building polychaetes. Acta Biomater 2018; 72:316-328. [PMID: 29597026 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tube-building sabellariid polychaetes are hermatypic organisms capable of forming vast reefs in highly turbulent marine habitats. Sabellariid worms assemble their tube by gluing together siliceous and calcareous clastic particles using a polyelectrolytic biocement. Here, we performed transcriptomic analyses to investigate the genes that are differentially expressed in the parathorax region, which contains the adhesive gland and tissues, from the rest of the body. We found a large number of candidate genes to be involved in the composition and formation of biocement in two species: Sabellaria alveolata and Phragmatopoma caudata. Our results indicate that the glue is likely to be composed by a large diversity of cement-related proteins, including Poly(S), GY-rich, H-repeat and miscellaneous categories. However, sequences divergence and differences in expression profiles between S. alveolata and P. caudata of cement-related proteins may reflect adaptation to the type of substratum used to build their tube, and/or to their habitat (temperate vs tropical, amplitude of pH, salinity …). Related to the L-DOPA metabolic pathways and linked with the genes that were differentially expressed in the parathorax region, we found that tyrosinase and peroxidase gene families may have undergone independent expansion in the two Sabellariidae species investigated. Our data also reinforce the importance of protein modifications in cement formation. Altogether these new genomic resources help to identify novel transcripts encoding for cement-related proteins, but also important enzymes putatively involved in the chemistry of the adhesion process, such as kinases, and may correspond to new targets to develop biomimetic approaches. STATEMENTS OF SIGNIFICANCE The diversity of bioadhesives elaborated by marine invertebrates is a tremendous source of inspiration to develop biomimetic approaches for biomedical and technical applications. Recent studies on the adhesion system of mussel, barnacle and sea star had highlighted the usefulness of high-throughput RNA sequencing in accelerating the development of biomimetic adhesives. Adhesion in sandcastle worms, which involves catechol and phosphate chemistries, polyelectrolyte complexes, supramolecular architectures, and a coacervation process, is a useful model to develop multipurpose wet adhesives. Using transcriptomic tools, we have explored the diversity of genes encoding for structural and catalytic proteins involved in cement formation of two sandcastle worm species, Sabellaria alveolata and Phragmatopoma caudata. The important genomic resource generated should help to design novel "blue" adhesives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Buffet
- UMR Biologie des Organismes et des Ecosystèmes Aquatiques, MNHN/CNRS-7208 Sorbonne Université/IRD-207/UCN /UA, 43 rue Cuvier, Paris 75005, France
| | - Erwan Corre
- Station Biologique - FR 2424, CNRS/Sorbonne Université, ABiMS, Roscoff 29680, France
| | | | - Jérôme Fournier
- UMR Biologie des Organismes et des Ecosystèmes Aquatiques, MNHN/CNRS-7208 Sorbonne Université/IRD-207/UCN /UA, 43 rue Cuvier, Paris 75005, France
| | - Pascal Jean Lopez
- UMR Biologie des Organismes et des Ecosystèmes Aquatiques, MNHN/CNRS-7208 Sorbonne Université/IRD-207/UCN /UA, 43 rue Cuvier, Paris 75005, France.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
DeMartini DG, Errico JM, Sjoestroem S, Fenster A, Waite JH. A cohort of new adhesive proteins identified from transcriptomic analysis of mussel foot glands. J R Soc Interface 2018; 14:rsif.2017.0151. [PMID: 28592662 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2017.0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptive attachment of marine mussels to a wide range of substrates in a high-energy, saline environment has been explored for decades and is a significant driver of bioinspired wet adhesion research. Mussel attachment relies on a fibrous holdfast known as the byssus, which is made by a specialized appendage called the foot. Multiple adhesive and structural proteins are rapidly synthesized, secreted and moulded by the foot into holdfast threads. About 10 well-characterized proteins, namely the mussel foot proteins (Mfps), the preCols and the thread matrix proteins, are reported as representing the bulk of these structures. To explore how robust this proposition is, we sequenced the transcriptome of the glandular tissues that produce and secrete the various holdfast components using next-generation sequencing methods. Surprisingly, we found around 15 highly expressed genes that have not previously been characterized, but bear key similarities to the previously defined mussel foot proteins, suggesting additional contribution to byssal function. We verified the validity of these transcripts by polymerase chain reaction, cloning and Sanger sequencing as well as confirming their presence as proteins in the byssus. These newly identified proteins greatly expand the palette of mussel holdfast biochemistry and provide new targets for investigation into bioinspired wet adhesion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G DeMartini
- Marine Science Institute, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-6150, USA
| | - John M Errico
- Marine Science Institute, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-6150, USA
| | - Sebastian Sjoestroem
- Marine Science Institute, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-6150, USA
| | - April Fenster
- Marine Science Institute, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-6150, USA
| | - J Herbert Waite
- Marine Science Institute, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-6150, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Smith AM, Papaleo C, Reid CW, Bliss JM. RNA-Seq reveals a central role for lectin, C1q and von Willebrand factor A domains in the defensive glue of a terrestrial slug. BIOFOULING 2017; 33:741-754. [PMID: 28899232 PMCID: PMC6124484 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2017.1361413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The tough, hydrogel glue produced by the slug Arion subfuscus achieves impressive performance through metal-based, protein cross-links. The primary sequence of these proteins was determined through transcriptome sequencing and proteome analysis by tandem mass spectrometry. The main proteins that correlate with adhesive function are a group of 11 small, highly abundant lectin-like proteins. These proteins matched the ligand-binding C-lectin, C1q or H-lectin domains. The variety of different lectin-like proteins and their potential for oligomerization suggests that they function as versatile and potent cross-linkers. In addition, the glue contains five matrilin-like proteins that are rich in von Willebrand factor A (VWA) and EGF domains. Both C-lectins and VWA domains are known to bind to ligands using divalent cations. These findings are consistent with the double network mechanism proposed for slug glue, with divalent ions serving as sacrificial bonds to dissipate energy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Smith
- Ithaca College, Department of Biology, 953 Danby Road, Ithaca, NY 14850 607-274-3975, ,
| | - Cassandra Papaleo
- Ithaca College, Department of Biology, 953 Danby Road, Ithaca, NY 14850 607-274-3975, ,
| | - Christopher W. Reid
- Bryant University, Science and Technology Department, 1150 Douglas Pike, Smithfield, RI 02917 401-232-6000,
| | - Joseph M. Bliss
- Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University 100 Dudley Street, Providence, RI 02905, 401-274-1100,
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Holz O, Apel D, Steinmetz P, Lange E, Hopfenmüller S, Ohler K, Sudhop S, Hassel M. Bud detachment in hydra requires activation of fibroblast growth factor receptor and a Rho-ROCK-myosin II signaling pathway to ensure formation of a basal constriction. Dev Dyn 2017; 246:502-516. [PMID: 28411398 PMCID: PMC5518445 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background:Hydra propagates asexually by exporting tissue into a bud, which detaches 4 days later as a fully differentiated young polyp. Prerequisite for detachment is activation of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling. The mechanism which enables constriction and tissue separation within the monolayered ecto‐ and endodermal epithelia is unknown. Results: Histological sections and staining of F‐actin by phalloidin revealed conspicuous cell shape changes at the bud detachment site indicating a localized generation of mechanical forces and the potential enhancement of secretory functions in ectodermal cells. By gene expression analysis and pharmacological inhibition, we identified a candidate signaling pathway through Rho, ROCK, and myosin II, which controls bud base constriction and rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton. Specific regional myosin phosphorylation suggests a crucial role of ectodermal cells at the detachment site. Inhibition of FGFR, Rho, ROCK, or myosin II kinase activity is permissive for budding, but represses myosin phosphorylation, rearrangement of F‐actin and constriction. The young polyp remains permanently connected to the parent by a broad tissue bridge. Conclusions: Our data suggest an essential role of FGFR and a Rho‐ROCK‐myosin II pathway in the control of cell shape changes required for bud detachment. Developmental Dynamics 246:502–516, 2017. © 2017 The Authors Developmental Dynamics published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Association of Anatomists Hydra bud detachment involves the separation of two intact epithelia without cell death. Remarkable cell shape changes and multicellular rosettes at the bud base indicate functional specification and strong mechanical forces. mRNA colocalization, phospho‐myosin analysis and similar phenotypes obtained by pharmacological inhibition suggest a tight correlation between FGFR and a Rho‐ROCK‐Myosin II candidate signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Holz
- Philipps-Universität Marburg, Faculty of Biology, Morphology and Evolution of Invertebrates, Marburg, Germany
| | - David Apel
- Philipps-Universität Marburg, Faculty of Biology, Morphology and Evolution of Invertebrates, Marburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Steinmetz
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ellen Lange
- Philipps-Universität Marburg, Faculty of Biology, Morphology and Evolution of Invertebrates, Marburg, Germany
| | - Simon Hopfenmüller
- Philipps-Universität Marburg, Faculty of Biology, Morphology and Evolution of Invertebrates, Marburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Ohler
- Philipps-Universität Marburg, Faculty of Biology, Morphology and Evolution of Invertebrates, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Sudhop
- Center for Applied Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (CANTER), Munich University of Applied Sciences, Munich, Germany
| | - Monika Hassel
- Philipps-Universität Marburg, Faculty of Biology, Morphology and Evolution of Invertebrates, Marburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|