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Patil D, Aravindan S, Yadav MJ, Rao PV. Surface modification of a commercial bone plate (Ti6Al4V) implant for improved antibacterial and cytocompatibility via thermal dewetting of a silver thin film. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2024; 10:035017. [PMID: 38564254 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ad34dc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The high demand for bone grafts has motivated the development of implants with excellent osteogenic activity, whereas the risk of implant-associated infection, particularly given the rise of antimicrobial resistance, has compelled the development of implants with innovative antimicrobial strategies in which a small amount of bactericidal agent can effectively kill a wide range of bacteria. To induce antibacterial property, the surface of Grade-5 bone plate titanium implants used in clinical applications was modified using direct current (DC) sputter coating followed by thermal annealing. The 15 nm silver film-coated implants were thermally annealed in the furnace for 15 min at 750 °C. The modified implant surface's antibacterial efficacy againstEscherichia coli(E. coli),Staphylococcus aureus(S. aureus),Salmonella typhi, andMethicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureusbacteria has been assessed using a colony-forming assay. On the modified implant surface, the growth ofE. coliandS. aureusbacteria is reduced by 99.72%, while highly drug-resistant bacteria are inhibited by 96.59%. The MTT assay was used to assess the cytotoxicity of the modified bone-implant surface against NIH3T3 mouse fibroblast cells. The modified bone-implant surface promoted fibroblast growth and demonstrated good cytocompatibility. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of the implant were not harmed by this novel surface modification method. This method is simple and provides new insight into surface modification of commercial metallic implants to have effective antibacterial properties against various classes of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Patil
- Department of Production Engineering, National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nandu - 620015, India
| | - Sivanandam Aravindan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi - 110016, India
| | - Mahesh J Yadav
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi - 110016, India
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2
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Pavan M, Fanti CD, Lucia AD, Canato E, Acquasaliente L, Sonvico F, Delgado J, Hicks A, Torrelles JB, Kulkarni V, Dwivedi V, Zanellato AM, Galesso D, Pasut G, Buttini F, Martinez-Sobrido L, Guarise C. AEROSOLIZED SULFATED HYALURONAN DERIVATIVES PROLONG THE SURVIVAL OF K18 ACE2 MICE INFECTED WITH A LETHAL DOSE OF SARS-COV-2. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023:106489. [PMID: 37311533 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Despite several vaccines that are currently approved for human use to control the pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), there is an urgent medical need for therapeutic and prophylactic options. SARS-CoV-2 binding and entry in human cells involves interactions of its spike (S) protein with several host cell surface factors, including heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2), and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). In this paper we investigated the potential of sulphated Hyaluronic Acid (sHA), a HSPG mimicking polymer, to inhibit the binding of SARS-CoV-2 S protein to human ACE2 receptor. After the assessment of different sulfation degree of sHA backbone, a series of sHA functionalized with different hydrophobic side chains were synthesized and screened. The compound showing the highest binding affinity to the viral S protein was further characterized by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) towards ACE2 and viral S protein binding domain. Selected compounds were formulated as solutions for nebulization and, after being characterized in terms of aerosolization performance and droplet size distribution, their efficacy was assessed in vivo using the K18 human (h)ACE2 transgenic mouse model of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Pavan
- Fidia Farmaceutici SpA, via Ponte della Fabbrica 3/A, 35031 Abano Terme, Italy.
| | - Chiara D Fanti
- Fidia Farmaceutici SpA, via Ponte della Fabbrica 3/A, 35031 Abano Terme, Italy
| | - Alba Di Lucia
- Fidia Farmaceutici SpA, via Ponte della Fabbrica 3/A, 35031 Abano Terme, Italy
| | - Elena Canato
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 5, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Laura Acquasaliente
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 5, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Fabio Sonvico
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27a, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Jennifer Delgado
- Disease Intervention and Prevention Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Amberlee Hicks
- Population Health and Host-Pathogens Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Jordi B Torrelles
- Population Health and Host-Pathogens Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Viraj Kulkarni
- Disease Intervention and Prevention Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Varun Dwivedi
- Disease Intervention and Prevention Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Anna M Zanellato
- Fidia Farmaceutici SpA, via Ponte della Fabbrica 3/A, 35031 Abano Terme, Italy
| | - Devis Galesso
- Fidia Farmaceutici SpA, via Ponte della Fabbrica 3/A, 35031 Abano Terme, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Pasut
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 5, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Francesca Buttini
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27a, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Luis Martinez-Sobrido
- Disease Intervention and Prevention Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Cristian Guarise
- Fidia Farmaceutici SpA, via Ponte della Fabbrica 3/A, 35031 Abano Terme, Italy
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3
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Kim YS, Guilak F. Engineering Hyaluronic Acid for the Development of New Treatment Strategies for Osteoarthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158662. [PMID: 35955795 PMCID: PMC9369020 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease that is characterized by inflammation of the joints, degradation of cartilage, and the remodeling of other joint tissues. Due to the absence of disease-modifying drugs for OA, current clinical treatment options are often only effective at slowing down disease progression and focus mainly on pain management. The field of tissue engineering has therefore been focusing on developing strategies that could be used not only to alleviate symptoms of OA but also to regenerate the damaged tissue. Hyaluronic acid (HA), an integral component of both the synovial fluid and articular cartilage, has gained widespread usage in developing hydrogels that deliver cells and biomolecules to the OA joint thanks to its biocompatibility and ability to support cell growth and the chondrogenic differentiation of encapsulated stem cells, providing binding sites for growth factors. Tissue-engineering strategies have further attempted to improve the role of HA as an OA therapeutic by developing diverse modified HA delivery platforms for enhanced joint retention and controlled drug release. This review summarizes recent advances in developing HA-based hydrogels for OA treatment and provides additional insights into how HA-based therapeutics could be further improved to maximize their potential as a viable treatment option for OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Seon Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Shriners Hospitals for Children—Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Farshid Guilak
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Shriners Hospitals for Children—Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63105, USA
- Correspondence:
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Guarise C, Tessari M, Pavan M, Pluda S, Lucia AD, Barbera C, Galesso D. Hydrophobic derivatives of sulfated hyaluronic acid as drug delivery systems for multi-target intra-articular treatment of post-traumatic osteoarthritis. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:2505-2513. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Addressing the Needs of the Rapidly Aging Society through the Development of Multifunctional Bioactive Coatings for Orthopedic Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052786. [PMID: 35269928 PMCID: PMC8911303 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The unprecedented aging of the world's population will boost the need for orthopedic implants and expose their current limitations to a greater extent due to the medical complexity of elderly patients and longer indwelling times of the implanted materials. Biocompatible metals with multifunctional bioactive coatings promise to provide the means for the controlled and tailorable release of different medications for patient-specific treatment while prolonging the material's lifespan and thus improving the surgical outcome. The objective of this work is to provide a review of several groups of biocompatible materials that might be utilized as constituents for the development of multifunctional bioactive coatings on metal materials with a focus on antimicrobial, pain-relieving, and anticoagulant properties. Moreover, the review presents a summary of medications used in clinical settings, the disadvantages of the commercially available products, and insight into the latest development strategies. For a more successful translation of such research into clinical practice, extensive knowledge of the chemical interactions between the components and a detailed understanding of the properties and mechanisms of biological matter are required. Moreover, the cost-efficiency of the surface treatment should be considered in the development process.
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Liu F, Liu X, Chen F, Fu Q. Mussel-inspired chemistry: A promising strategy for natural polysaccharides in biomedical applications. Prog Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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7
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Titanium implant coating based on dopamine-functionalized sulphated hyaluronic acid: in vivo assessment of biocompatibility and antibacterial efficacy. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 128:112286. [PMID: 34474837 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The number of total knee and/or hip replacements are expected to exceed 5 million a year by 2030; the incidence of biofilm-associated complications can vary from 1% in primary implants to 5.6% in case of revision. The purpose of this study was to test the ability of sHA-DA, a partially sulphated hyaluronic acid (sHA) functionalized with a dopamine (DA) moiety, to prevent acute bacterial growth in an in vivo model of an intra-operatively highly contaminated implant. Previously, in vitro studies showed that the DA moiety guarantees good performance as binding agent for titanium surface adhesion, while the negatively charged sHA has both a high efficiency in electrostatic binding of positively charged antibiotics, and bone regenerative effects. The in vitro testing also highlighted the effectiveness of the sHA-DA system in inhibiting bacterial spreading through a sustained release of the antibiotic payload from the implant coating. In this study the chemical stability of the sHA-DA to β-ray sterilization was demonstrated, based on evaluation by NMR, SEC-TDA Omnisec and HPLC-MS analysis, thus supporting the approach of terminal sterilization of the coated implant with no loss of efficacy. Furthermore, an in vivo study in rabbits was performed according to UNI EN ISO 10993-6 to assess the histocompatibility of titanium nails pre-coated with sHA-DA. The implants, placed in the femoral medullary cavity and harvested after 12 weeks, proved to be histocompatible and to allow bone growth in adhesion to the metal surface. Finally, an in vivo model of bacterial contamination was set up by injecting 1 mL of bacterial suspension containing 104 or 106 CFU of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) into the femoral medullary cavity of 30 rabbits. Titanium nails either uncoated or pre-coated with sHA-DA and loaded directly by the surgeon with 5% vancomycin were implanted in the surgical site. After 1 week, only the animals treated with pre-coated nails did not show the presence of systemic or local bacterial infection, as confirmed by microbiology and histology (Smeltzer score). Further insights into the animal model setup are crucial, however the results obtained suggest that the system can be effective in preventing the onset of the bacterial infective process.
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Qiang WP, He XD, Zhang K, Cheng YF, Lu ZS, Li CM, Kang ET, Xia QY, Xu LQ. Mussel Adhesive Mimetic Silk Sericin Prepared by Enzymatic Oxidation for the Construction of Antibacterial Coatings. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:3379-3388. [PMID: 34161086 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With the rapid development and advancement in orthodontic and orthopedic technologies, the demand for biomedical-grade titanium (Ti) alloys is growing. The Ti-based implants are susceptible to bacterial infections, leading to poor healing and osteointegration, resulting in implant failure or repeated surgical intervention. Silk sericin (SS) is hydrophilic, biocompatible, and biodegradable and could induce a low immunological response in vivo. As a result, it would be intriguing to investigate the use of hydrophilic SS in surface modification. In this work, the tyrosine moiety in SS was oxidized by tyrosinase (or polyphenol oxidase) to the 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) form, generating the catechol moiety-containing SS (SSC). Inspired by the adhesion of mussel foot proteins, the SSC coatings could be directly deposited onto multiple surfaces in SS and tyrosinase mixed stock solutions to create active surfaces with catechol groups. Further, the SSC-coated Ti surfaces were hybridized with silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) via in situ silver ion (Ag+) reduction. The antibacterial properties of the Ag NPs/SS-coated Ti surfaces are demonstrated, and they can prevent bacterial cell adhesion as well as early-stage biofilm formation. In addition, the developed Ag NPs/SSC-coated Ti surfaces exhibited a negligible level of cytotoxicity in L929 mouse fibroblast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Peng Qiang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Dong He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Yan Fang Cheng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Zhi Song Lu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Chang Ming Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - En Tang Kang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, 117576 Singapore
| | - Qing You Xia
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Li Qun Xu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
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Guarise C, Ceradini D, Tessari M, Pavan M, Moro S, Salmaso V, Barbera C, Beninatto R, Galesso D. Amphiphilic peptide-based MMP3 inhibitors for intra-articular treatment of knee OA. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 38:116132. [PMID: 33872958 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Since 2007, Metalloproteases (MMPs) have been considered potential targets for treating osteoarthritis (OA), for which the primary pathogenic event is the extensive degeneration of articular cartilage. MMP3 is an enzyme critical for these degenerative changes. However, problems of selectivity, low bioavailability and poor metabolic profile during clinical trials of MMPs inhibitors (MMPIs) led to limited beneficial effect and thus did not justify further pursuit of the clinical studies. In a previous work, a new alkyl derivative of hyaluronic acid (HA), HYADD4®, previously approved as intra-articular treatment for knee OA, was studied in vitro and in vivo as MMP3I. Molecular simulation studies confirmed the interaction between the alkyl side chain of this HA derivative and the additional S1' pocket of MMP3. However, the high MW and the polar HA backbone of HYADD4® imply a high desolvation energy cost, which can potentially decrease its inhibitory potency. In this study, a new class of MMP3Is based on a small peptide backbone (CGV) chemically derivatized with an alkyl chain was developed through interactive cycles of design, synthesis and screening, accompanied by computational evaluation and optimization. Two MMP3Is, e(I) and l(II), were selected because of their effective inhibitory activity (3.2 and 10.2 µM, respectively) and water solubility. Both MMPIs showed a broad range of inhibitory effects against almost all the MMPs tested. In an in vitro model of inflammatory OA, e(I) was the most effective MMPI: at the concentration of 93 µM, it reversed inflammatory outcomes. Moreover, because of its amphiphilic structure, the e(I) MMPI promoted stable micellar formulation at concentrations higher than 0.2 mg/mL in water. The findings were confirmed by TEM and Nile red staining analysis. Based on these results, the e(I) MMPI can be considered a good candidate for the intra-articular treatment of OA, and the micellar formulation of this peptide in an aqueous buffer can potentially increase the bioavailability and, thus, the efficacy of the MMPIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Guarise
- Fidia Farmaceutici S.p.A., via Ponte della Fabbrica 3/A, 35031 Abano Terme (PD), Italy.
| | - Davide Ceradini
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles Iela 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | - Martina Tessari
- Fidia Farmaceutici S.p.A., via Ponte della Fabbrica 3/A, 35031 Abano Terme (PD), Italy
| | - Mauro Pavan
- Fidia Farmaceutici S.p.A., via Ponte della Fabbrica 3/A, 35031 Abano Terme (PD), Italy
| | - Stefano Moro
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Veronica Salmaso
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Carlo Barbera
- Fidia Farmaceutici S.p.A., via Ponte della Fabbrica 3/A, 35031 Abano Terme (PD), Italy
| | - Riccardo Beninatto
- Fidia Farmaceutici S.p.A., via Ponte della Fabbrica 3/A, 35031 Abano Terme (PD), Italy
| | - Devis Galesso
- Fidia Farmaceutici S.p.A., via Ponte della Fabbrica 3/A, 35031 Abano Terme (PD), Italy
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Xing F, Zhou C, Hui D, Du C, Wu L, Wang L, Wang W, Pu X, Gu L, Liu L, Xiang Z, Zhang X. Hyaluronic acid as a bioactive component for bone tissue regeneration: Fabrication, modification, properties, and biological functions. NANOTECHNOLOGY REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/ntrev-2020-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is widely distributed in the human body, and it is heavily involved in many physiological functions such as tissue hydration, wound repair, and cell migration. In recent years, HA and its derivatives have been widely used as advanced bioactive polymers for bone regeneration. Many medical products containing HA have been developed because this natural polymer has been proven to be nontoxic, noninflammatory, biodegradable, and biocompatible. Moreover, HA-based composite scaffolds have shown good potential for promoting osteogenesis and mineralization. Recently, many HA-based biomaterials have been fabricated for bone regeneration by combining with electrospinning and 3D printing technology. In this review, the polymer structures, processing, properties, and applications in bone tissue engineering are summarized. The challenges and prospects of HA polymers are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xing
- Department of Orthopaedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , 610041 , Chengdu , China
| | - Changchun Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University , 610064 , Chengdu , China
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University , 610064 , Chengdu , China
| | - Didi Hui
- Innovatus Oral Cosmetic & Surgical Institute , Norman , OK, 73069 , United States of America
| | - Colin Du
- Innovatus Oral Cosmetic & Surgical Institute , Norman , OK, 73069 , United States of America
| | - Lina Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University , 610064 , Chengdu , China
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University , 610064 , Chengdu , China
| | - Linnan Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , 610041 , Chengdu , China
| | - Wenzhao Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , 610041 , Chengdu , China
| | - Xiaobing Pu
- Department of Orthopedics Medical Center, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan , China
| | - Linxia Gu
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Sciences, College of Engineering & Science, Florida Institute of Technology , Melbourne , FL, 32901 , United States of America
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , 610041 , Chengdu , China
| | - Zhou Xiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , 610041 , Chengdu , China
| | - Xingdong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University , 610064 , Chengdu , China
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University , 610064 , Chengdu , China
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